remove mkdir call in tests; closes #397

unicodeplots size fix
plotly ticks fix
2016-07-22 11:18:47 -04:00 · 2016-07-22 09:45:44 -04:00 · 2016-07-21 11:01:04 -04:00 · 2016-07-19 11:17:27 -04:00 · 2016-07-19 10:32:23 -04:00 · 2016-07-18 16:19:58 -04:00
109 changed files with 15421 additions and 1983 deletions
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
 *.jl.cov
 *.jl.*.cov
 *.jl.mem
+.DS_Store
+examples/.ipynb_checkpoints/*
+examples/meetup/.ipynb_checkpoints/*
+deps/plotly-latest.min.js
@@ -4,10 +4,57 @@ os:
  - linux
  - osx
 julia:
-  - 0.4
+  - release
+  - nightly
+matrix:
+  allow_failures:
+    - julia: nightly
+
+# # before install:
+# #   - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then brew update          ; fi
+# #   - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then brew install wkhtmltopdf; fi
+
+# ref: http://askubuntu.com/a/556672 for the wkhtmltopdf apt repository info
+
+sudo: required
+before_install:
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then pwd ; fi
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then ./test/install_wkhtmltoimage.sh ; fi
+#   - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then  sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:pov/wkhtmltopdf  ; fi
+#   - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then  sudo apt-get -qq update                      ; fi
+#   - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then  sudo apt-get install -y wkhtmltopdf          ; fi
+#   - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then  wkhtmltopdf -V                               ; fi
+#   - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then  wkhtmltoimage -V                             ; fi
+#   echo 'exec xvfb-run -a -s "-screen 0 640x480x16" wkhtmltopdf "$@"' | sudo tee /usr/local/bin/wkhtmltopdf.sh >/dev/null
+# sudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/wkhtmltopdf.sh
+
+# # borrowed from Blink.jl's travis file
+# matrix:
+#   include:
+#     - os: linux
+#       julia: 0.4
+#       env: TESTCMD="xvfb-run julia"
+#     - os: osx
+#       julia: 0.4
+#       env: TESTCMD="julia"
+
+
+
 notifications:
-  email: false
+  email: true
 # uncomment the following lines to override the default test script
 script:
 - if [[ -a .git/shallow ]]; then git fetch --unshallow; fi
- - julia -e 'Pkg.clone(pwd()); Pkg.build("Plots"); Pkg.add("Gadfly"); Pkg.test("Plots"; coverage=true)'
+ - julia -e 'Pkg.clone(pwd()); Pkg.build("Plots")'
+ - julia test/travis_commands.jl
+ # - julia -e 'Pkg.clone("ImageMagick"); Pkg.build("ImageMagick")'
+ # - julia -e 'Pkg.clone("GR"); Pkg.build("GR")'
+ # # - julia -e 'Pkg.clone("https://github.com/tbreloff/ImageMagick.jl.git"); Pkg.checkout("ImageMagick","tb_write"); Pkg.build("ImageMagick")'
+ # - julia -e 'Pkg.clone("https://github.com/tbreloff/ExamplePlots.jl.git");'
+ # # - julia -e 'Pkg.clone("https://github.com/JunoLab/Blink.jl.git"); Pkg.build("Blink"); import Blink; Blink.AtomShell.install()'
+ # # - julia -e 'Pkg.clone("https://github.com/spencerlyon2/PlotlyJS.jl.git")'
+ # - julia -e 'ENV["PYTHON"] = ""; Pkg.add("PyPlot"); Pkg.build("PyPlot")'
+ #
+ # # - $TESTCMD -e 'Pkg.test("Plots"; coverage=false)'
+ # - julia -e 'Pkg.test("Plots"; coverage=false)'
+ # # - julia -e 'cd(Pkg.dir("Plots")); Pkg.add("Coverage"); using Coverage; Coveralls.submit(process_folder()); Codecov.submit(process_folder())'
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+
+# Plots.jl NEWS
+
+#### notes on release changes, ongoing development, and future planned work
+
+- All new development should target 0.7!
+
+---
+
+## 0.8 (current master/dev)
+
+#### 0.8.0
+
+- added dependency on PlotUtils
+- BREAKING: removed DataFrames support (now in StatPlots.jl)
+- BREAKING: removed boxplot/violin/density recipes (now in StatPlots.jl)
+- GR:
+    - inline iterm2 support
+    - trisurface support
+    - heatmap fix
+- PyPlot:
+    - ijulia display fix
+- GLVisualize:
+    - first try with shapes
+- iter_segments improvements
+- bar_width support
+- horizontal bars
+- improve tick display
+- better shape handling in pyplot, plotly
+- improved padding calcs
+- internal reorg of _plots method, add pipeline.jl
+
+---
+
+## 0.7
+
+#### 0.7.5
+
+- GR: LaTeX support
+- Changed docs url to juliaplots.github.io
+- added `contourf` seriestype
+- allow `plt[1]` to return first Subplot
+- allow `sp[1]` to return the first Series of the Subplot
+- `series[k]` now passes through to `series.d[k]`
+- allow calling `plot!(sp, ...)` to update a target Subplot
+- PyPlot: zorder fix
+- new DataFrames logic/recipe: more flexible/robust and allow Symbols for:
+	- `(:fillrange, :line_z, :marker_z, :markersize, :ribbon, :weights, :xerror, :yerror)`
+- new `display_type` and `extra_kwargs` plot attributes
+- surface fix
+
+#### 0.7.4
+
+- added snooped precompiles, but left commented out
+- GR fixes: markersize, shapes, legends
+- fixes to recipes
+- turned on Appveyor
+
+#### 0.7.3
+
+- rebuild violin and boxplot recipes
+- "plot recipes"
+- `cgrad` method for easy color gradient creation
+- improvements to inset subplots
+- Segments and iter_segments for NaN-separated vectors
+- `bar` recipe now creates a `shape` series
+- writemime fix for Interact.jl
+- `link = :square` option
+- !!! set `shape` attributes with line/fill, NOT marker/markerstroke !!!
+- basic DPI support
+- moved chorddiagram to PlotRecipes
+- GR:
+	- use temp files for img output
+	- basic support for marker strokes and other marker fixes
+- PyPlot:
+	- Switch to recipes for bar, histogram, histogram2d
+- GLVisualize
+	- subplots
+	- path/scatter and path3d/scatter3d
+	- initial drawing of axes
+- many smaller fixes and improvements
+
+#### 0.7.2
+
+- line_z arg for multicolored line segments
+- pyplot
+	- line_z (2d and 3d)
+	- pushed all fig updates into display pipeline
+	- remove native sticks/hline/vline in favor of recipes
+- unicodeplots cleanup, ijulia fixes, ascii canvas
+- `curves` series type
+- `iter_segments` iterator
+- moved arcdiagram out and into PlotRecipes (thanks @diegozea)
+- several other fixes/checks
+
+#### 0.7.1
+
+- inset (floating) subplots
+- change: when setting subplot/axis args from user recipes, they should apply only to their own subplot
+- trim for violin/boxplot
+- scatter3d recipe
+- removed plotly.js in favor of build.jl download
+- improvements/fixes to pgfplots backend
+- improvements/fixes to plotly/plotlyjs backends
+	- titles are annotations and properly placed with title_position
+	- hover attribute
+	- shapes (almost)
+	- scattergl
+- minimum perimeter logic in layout calc... fixed misaligned subplots
+- new clims attribute
+- more options for test_examples
+- GR refactor
+	- added transparency
+	- moved axis/grid logic out of series loop
+	- generalized 3d and polar projections
+- renamed get_mod to Base.cycle
+- pyplot log scale fixes
+- PLOTS_DEFAULTS environment var processing
+- rename :ellipse to :circle, :ellipse is now an alias
+- supported args/types cleanup
+- seriestype dependency methods and `@deps` macro
+- bbox `h_anchor`/`v_anchor`
+- new axis arg: `:link` is a list of subplots to link axes with
+- cleanup/simplification of glvisualize backend
+
+
+#### 0.7.0
+
+- Check out [the summary](http://juliaplots.github.io/plots_v0.7/)
+- Revamped and simplified internals
+- [Recipes, recipes, recipes](https://github.com/JuliaPlots/RecipesBase.jl/issues/6)
+- [Layouts and Subplots](https://github.com/tbreloff/Plots.jl/issues/60)
+- DataFrames is loaded automatically when installed
+- Overhaul to GroupBy mechanic (now offloads to a recipe)
+- Replaced much of the argument processing with recipes
+- Added series recipes, and began to strip down un-needed backend code.  Some recipes:
+	- line, step, sticks, bar, histogram, histogram2d, boxplot, violin, quiver, errorbars, density, ohlc
+- Added `@shorthands` and `@userplot` macros for recipe convenience
+- Better handling of errorbars and ribbons
+- New Axis type
+	- Tracks extrema and discrete values
+	- New `link_axes` functionality
+- `linetype` has been renamed `seriestype` (the alias is reversed)
+- Many fixes and huge cleanup in GR
+- Brand new subplot layout mechanics:
+	- `@layout` macro
+	- AbstractLayout, Subplot, GridLayout, and everything related
+	- Added dependency on Measures.jl
+	- Computations of axis/guide sizes and precise positioning
+- Refactored and compartmentalized default dictionaries for attributes
+- Deprecated Gadfly and Immerse backends
+- Added `series_annotations` attribute (previously that functionality was merged with `annotations`, which are not series-specific)
+- Removed `axis` attribute... currently not supporting twin (right) y axes
+- Check for `ENV["PLOTS_USE_ATOM_PLOTPANE"]` and default to false
+- Improved backend interface to reduce redundant code.  Template updated.
+- Added `html_output_format`, primarily for choosing between png and svg output in IJulia.
+- Partial support of Julia v0.5
+- Switched testing to dump reference images to JuliaPlots/PlotReferenceImages.jl
+- Moved docs-specific code to new JuliaPlots/PlotDocs.jl
+- Moved example list from ExamplePlots into Plots.
+- Added several examples and improved others.
+- Many other smaller changes and bug fixes.
+
+
+---
+
+## Version 0.6
+
+#### 0.6.2
+
+- `linewidth` fixes
+- `markershape` fix
+- converted center calc to centroid for shapes
+- new dependency on [RecipesBase](https://github.com/JuliaPlots/RecipesBase.jl)
+- REQUIRE upper limit for RecipesBase: 0.0.1
+- GR fixes/improvements (@jheinen)
+  - support `zlims`, `bins`
+  - allow Plots colormaps
+  - other bug fixes
+  - native image support
+- PGFPlots fixes/improvements (@pkofod)
+- DataFrames are handled by recipes
+- Plotly: zaxis, tick rotation, 3d axis fix
+- Improvements in handling discrete data
+- Support for image display
+- `arrow` keyword and support for adding arrows to paths
+- changed quiver recipe to use arrows
+- Bug fixes for boxplots, heatmaps, and more
+
+#### 0.6.1
+
+- `rotation` keyword
+- improved supported graphs
+- subplot bug fix
+
+#### 0.6.0
+
+- `apply_series_recipe` framework for built-in recipes
+- [boxplot/violin recipes](https://github.com/tbreloff/ExamplePlots.jl/blob/master/notebooks/boxplot.ipynb)
+- [errorbar/ribbon recipes](https://github.com/tbreloff/ExamplePlots.jl/blob/master/notebooks/errorbars.ipynb)
+- [quiver recipe](https://github.com/tbreloff/ExamplePlots.jl/blob/master/notebooks/quiver.ipynb)
+- `polar` coordinates
+- better support for shapes and custom polygons (see [batman](https://github.com/tbreloff/ExamplePlots.jl/blob/master/notebooks/batman.ipynb))
+- z-axis keywords
+- 3D indexing overhaul: `push!`, `append!` support
+- matplotlib colormap constants (`:inferno` is the new default colormap for Plots)
+- `typealias KW Dict{Symbol,Any}` used in place of splatting in many places
+- png generation for plotly backend using wkhtmltoimage
+- `normalize` and `weights` keywords
+- background/foreground subcategories for fine-tuning of looks
+- `add_theme`/`set_theme` and ggplot2 theme (see [this issue](https://github.com/tbreloff/Plots.jl/issues/201))
+- `PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND` environment variable
+- `barh` linetype
+- support for non-gridded surfaces with pyplot's trisurface
+- pyplot surface zcolor
+- internal refactor of supported.jl
+- `wrap` method to bypass input processing
+- `translate`, `scale` and `rotate` methods for coordinates and shapes
+- and many more minor fixes and improvements
+
+---
+
+## Version 0.5
+
+#### 0.5.4
+
+- old heatmaps have been renamed to hist2d, and true heatmaps implemented (see https://github.com/tbreloff/Plots.jl/issues/147)
+- lots of reorganization and redesign of the internals
+- lots of renaming to keep to conventions: AbstractPlot, AbstractBackend, etc
+- initial redesign of layouts
+- integration with Atom PlotPane
+- arc diagram and chord diagram (thanks to @diegozea: see https://github.com/tbreloff/Plots.jl/issues/163)
+- work on GR, GLVisualize, and PGFPlots backends (thanks @jheinen @dlfivefifty @pkofod)
+- improvements to Plotly setup (thanks @spencerlyon2)
+- overhaul to series creation logic and groupby mechanic
+- replace Dict with `typealias KW Dict{Symbol,Any}` in many places, also replacing keyword arg splatting
+- new `shape` linetype for plotting polygons in plot-coordinates (see https://github.com/tbreloff/ExamplePlots.jl/blob/master/notebooks/batman.ipynb)
+- many other fixes
+
+#### 0.5.3
+
+- `@gif` macro with `every`/`when` syntax
+- bezier curves and other graph drawing helpers
+- added FixedSizeArrays dependency with relevant functionality
+- merged lots of improvements to GR (thanks @jheinen)
+- `overwrite_figure`/`reuse` arg for reusing the same figure window
+- deprecated Qwt, Winston, and Bokeh backends
+- improved handling of 3D inputs (call `z=rand(10,10); surface(z)` for example)
+- fix IJulia display issue
+- lots of progress on PlotlyJS backend
+- and many other changes and fixes...
+
+#### 0.5.2
+
+- Added [GR.jl](https://github.com/jheinen/GR.jl) as a backend (unfinished but functional) All credit to @jheinen
+- Set defaults within backend calls (i.e. `gadfly(legend=false)`)
+- `abline!`; also extrema allows plotting functions without giving x (i.e. `plot(cos, 0, 10); plot!(sin)`) @pkofod @joshday
+- Integration with [PlotlyJS.jl](https://github.com/spencerlyon2/PlotlyJS.jl) for using Plotly inside a Blink window @spencerlyon2
+- The Plotly backend has been split into my built-in version (`plotly()`) and @spencerlyon2's backend (`plotlyjs()`)
+- Revamped backend setup code for easily adding new backends
+- New docs (WIP) at http://juliaplots.github.io/
+- Overhaul to `:legend` keyword (see https://github.com/tbreloff/Plots.jl/issues/135)
+- New dependency on Requires, allows auto-loading of DataFrames support
+- Support for plotting lists of Tuples and FixedSizeArrays
+- new `@animate` macro for super simple animations (see https://github.com/tbreloff/Plots.jl/issues/111#issuecomment-181515616)
+- allow Function for `:fillrange` and `zcolor` arguments (for example: `scatter(sin, 0:10, marker=15, fill=(cos,0.4), zcolor=sin)`)
+- allow vectors of PlotText without x/y coords (for example: `scatter(rand(10), m=20, ann=map(text, 1:10))`)
+- Lots and lots of fixes
+
+#### 0.5.1
+
+#### 0.5.0
+
+- `with` function for temporary defaults
+- contours
+- basic 3D plotting
+- preliminary support for Bokeh
+- `stroke` and `brush` for more fine-tuned control over visuals
+- smarter "magic" arguments: `line`, `marker`
@@ -1,266 +1,22 @@
 # Plots

 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/tbreloff/Plots.jl.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/tbreloff/Plots.jl)
+[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl](https://badges.gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl.svg)](https://gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+<!-- [![Plots](http://pkg.julialang.org/badges/Plots_0.3.svg)](http://pkg.julialang.org/?pkg=Plots&ver=0.3) -->
+<!-- [![Plots](http://pkg.julialang.org/badges/Plots_0.4.svg)](http://pkg.julialang.org/?pkg=Plots&ver=0.4) -->
+<!-- [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/tbreloff/Plots.jl/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/tbreloff/Plots.jl?branch=master) -->
+<!-- [![codecov.io](http://codecov.io/github/tbreloff/Plots.jl/coverage.svg?branch=master)](http://codecov.io/github/tbreloff/Plots.jl?branch=master) -->

 #### Author: Thomas Breloff (@tbreloff)

-Plotting interface and wrapper for several plotting packages.
-
-Please add wishlist items, bugs, or any other comments/questions to the issues list.
-
-## Examples for each implemented backend:
-
- [Qwt.jl](docs/qwt_examples.md)
- [Gadfly.jl](docs/gadfly_examples.md)
- [UnicodePlots.jl](docs/unicodeplots_examples.md)
-
-## Installation
-
-First, clone the package
-
-```julia
-Pkg.clone("https://github.com/tbreloff/Plots.jl.git")
-```
-
-then get any plotting packages you need (obviously, you should get at least one backend):
-
-```julia
-Pkg.add("Gadfly")                                     # [optional]
-Pkg.clone("https://github.com/tbreloff/Qwt.jl.git")   # [optional] requires pyqt and pyqwt
-Pkg.add("UnicodePlots")                               # [optional]
-```
-
-## Use
-
-Load it in.  The underlying plotting backends are not imported until `plotter()` is called (which happens
-on your first call to `plot` or `subplot`).  This means that you don't need any backends to be installed when you call `using Plots`.
-Plots will try to figure out a good default backend for you automatically based on what backends are installed.
-
-```julia
-using Plots
-```
-
-Do a plot in Gadfly, then save a png:
-
-```julia
-gadfly!()
-plot(rand(10,2); marker = :rect)   # this will bring up a browser window with the plot, set show=false if you don't want that
-savepng(Plots.IMG_DIR * "gadfly1.png")
-```
-
-which saves:
-
-![gadfly_plt](img/gadfly1.png)
-
-See the examples pages for lots of ways to plot in every supported backend.
-
-## API
-
-Call `plotter!(backend::Symbol)` or the shorthands (`gadfly!()`, `qwt!()`, `unicodeplots!()`, etc) to set the current plotting backend.
-Subsequent commands are converted into the relevant plotting commands for that package:
-
-```julia
-gadfly!()
-plot(1:10)    # this effectively calls `y = 1:10; Gadfly.plot(x=1:length(y), y=y)`
-qwt!()
-plot(1:10)    # this effectively calls `Qwt.plot(1:10)`
-```
-
-Use `plot` to create a new plot object, and `plot!` to add to an existing one:
-
-```julia
-plot(args...; kw...)                  # creates a new plot window, and sets it to be the `currentPlot`
-plot!(args...; kw...)                 # adds to the `currentPlot`
-plot!(plotobj, args...; kw...)        # adds to the plot `plotobj`
-```
-
-Now that you know which plot object you're updating (new, current, or other), I'll leave it off for simplicity.
-Here are some various args to supply, and the implicit mapping (AVec == AbstractVector and AMat == AbstractMatrix):
-
-```julia
-# one line... x = 1:length(y)
-plot(y::AVec; kw...)
-
-# one line (will assert length(x) == length(y))
-plot(x::AVec, y::AVec; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines (one per column of x), all sharing x = 1:size(y,1)
-plot(y::AMat; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines (one per column of x), all sharing x (will assert length(x) == size(y,1))
-plot(x::AVec, y::AMat; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines (one per column of x/y... will assert size(x) == size(y))
-plot(x::AMat, y::AMat; kw...)
-
-# one line, map function for range [xmin,xmax]
-plot(f::Function, xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines, map functions for range [xmin,xmax]
-plot(f::AVec{Function}, xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)
-
-# parametric plot... x = fx(u), y = fy(u)
-plot(fx::Function, fy::Function, umin::Real, umax::Real; kw...)
-
-# one line, y = f(x)... can swap x and f
-plot(x::AVec, f::Function; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines, yᵢⱼ = f(xᵢⱼ)... can swap f and x
-plot(x::AMat, f::Function; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines, yᵢⱼ = fⱼ(xᵢ)
-plot(x::AVec, fs::AVec{Function}; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines, each with x = 1:length(y[i])
-plot(y::AVec{AVec}; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines, will assert length(x) == length(y[i])
-plot(x::AVec, y::AVec{AVec}; kw...)
-
-# multiple lines, will assert length(x[i]) == length(y[i])
-plot(x::AVec{AVec}, y::AVec{AVec}; kw...)
-
-# n lines, all empty (for updating plots)
-plot(n::Integer; kw...)
-
-# TODO: DataFrames, categorical values
-```
-
-With `subplot`, create multiple plots at once, with flexible layout options:
-
-```julia
-y = rand(100,3)
-subplot(y; n = 3)             # create an automatic grid, and let it figure out the shape
-subplot(y; n = 3, nr = 1)     # create an automatic grid, but fix the number of rows
-subplot(y; n = 3, nc = 1)     # create an automatic grid, but fix the number of columns
-subplot(y; layout = [1, 2])   # explicit layout.  Lists the number of plots in each row
-```
-
-__Tip__: You can call `subplot!(args...; kw...)` to add to an existing subplot.
-
-__Tip__: Calling `subplot!` on a `Plot` object, or `plot!` on a `Subplot` object will throw an error.
-
-Shorthands:
-
-```julia
-scatter(args...; kw...)    = plot(args...; kw...,  linetype = :none, marker = :hexagon)
-scatter!(args...; kw...)   = plot!(args...; kw..., linetype = :none, marker = :hexagon)
-bar(args...; kw...)        = plot(args...; kw...,  linetype = :bar)
-bar!(args...; kw...)       = plot!(args...; kw..., linetype = :bar)
-histogram(args...; kw...)  = plot(args...; kw...,  linetype = :hist)
-histogram!(args...; kw...) = plot!(args...; kw..., linetype = :hist)
-heatmap(args...; kw...)    = plot(args...; kw...,  linetype = :heatmap)
-heatmap!(args...; kw...)   = plot!(args...; kw..., linetype = :heatmap)
-```
-
-Some keyword arguments you can set:
-
-```
-axis            # :left or :right
-color           # can be a string ("red") or a symbol (:red) or a ColorsTypes.jl 
-                #   Colorant (RGB(1,0,0)) or :auto (which lets the package pick)
-label           # string or symbol, applies to that line, may go in a legend
-width           # width of a line
-linetype        # :line, :step, :stepinverted, :sticks, :dots, :none, :heatmap, :hexbin, :hist, :bar
-linestyle       # :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot
-marker          # :none, :ellipse, :rect, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle,
-                #   :cross, :xcross, :star1, :star2, :hexagon
-markercolor     # same choices as `color`, or :match will set the color to be the same as `color`
-markersize      # size of the marker
-nbins           # number of bins for heatmap/hexbin and histograms
-heatmap_c       # color cutoffs for Qwt heatmaps
-fillto          # fillto value for area plots
-title           # string or symbol, title of the plot
-xlabel          # string or symbol, label on the bottom (x) axis
-ylabel          # string or symbol, label on the left (y) axis
-yrightlabel     # string or symbol, label on the right (y) axis
-reg             # true or false, add a regression line for each line
-size            # (Int,Int), resize the enclosing window
-pos             # (Int,Int), move the enclosing window to this position
-windowtitle     # string or symbol, set the title of the enclosing windowtitle
-screen          # Integer, move enclosing window to this screen number (for multiscreen desktops)
-show            # true or false, show the plot (in case you don't want the window to pop up right away)
-```
-
-Note that not every backend supports all options.
-
-If you don't include a keyword argument, these are the defaults:
-  
-```
-axis = :left
-color = :auto
-label = automatically generated (y1, y2, ...., or y1 (R), y2 (R) for the right axis)
-width = 1
-linetype = :line
-linestype = :solid
-marker = :none
-markercolor = :match
-markersize = 3
-nbins = 100
-heatmap_c = (0.15, 0.5)
-fillto = nothing
-title = ""
-xlabel = ""
-ylabel = ""
-yrightlabel = ""
-reg = false
-size = (800,600)
-pos = (0,0)
-windowtitle = ""
-screen = 1
-show = true
-```
-
-__Tip__: You can see the default value for a given argument with `plotDefault(arg::Symbol)`, and set the default value with `plotDefault!(arg::Symbol, value)`
-
-__Tip__: When plotting multiple lines, you can give every line the same trait by using the singular, or add an "s" to pluralize.
-          (yes I know it's not gramatically correct, but it's easy to use and implement)
-
-```julia
-# Note: The same width is applied to both lines, whereas 
-#       each line gets different color and axis.
-plot(rand(100,2); colors = [:red, RGB(.5,.5,0)],
-                  axiss = [:left, :right],
-                  width = 5)
-```
-
-# TODO
-
- [x] Plot vectors/matrices/functions
- [ ] Plot DataFrames
- [ ] Scales
- [ ] Categorical Inputs (strings, etc... for hist, bar? or can split one series into multiple?)
- [ ] Custom markers
- [ ] Special plots (boxplot, ohlc?)
- [x] Subplots
- [x] Histograms
- [ ] 3D plotting
- [ ] Scenes/Drawing
- [ ] Graphs
- [ ] Interactivity (GUIs)
- [x] Gadfly.jl
- [ ] PyPlot.jl
- [ ] Winston.jl
- [ ] Gaston.jl
- [ ] GLPlot.jl
- [x] Qwt.jl
- [ ] Bokeh.jl
- [ ] Plotly.jl
- [ ] GoogleCharts.jl
- [ ] Vega.jl
- [ ] PLplot.jl
- [ ] TextPlots.jl
- [ ] ASCIIPlots.jl
- [ ] Sparklines.jl
- [x] UnicodePlots.jl
- [ ] Hinton.jl
- [ ] ImageTerm.jl
- [ ] GraphViz.jl
- [ ] TikzGraphs.jl
- [ ] GraphLayout.jl
-
-# More information on backends (both supported and unsupported)
-
-See the wiki at: https://github.com/JuliaPlot/juliaplot_docs/wiki
+Plots is a plotting API and toolset.  My goals with the package are:

+- **Powerful**.  Do more with less.  Complex visualizations become easy.
+- **Intuitive**.  Stop reading so much documentation.  Commands should "just work".
+- **Concise**.  Less code means fewer mistakes and more efficient development/analysis.
+- **Flexible**.  Produce your favorite plots from your favorite package, but quicker and simpler.
+- **Consistent**.  Don't commit to one graphics package, use the same code everywhere.
+- **Lightweight**.  Very few dependencies.
+- **Smart**. Attempts to figure out what you **want** it to do... not just what you **tell** it.

+View the [full documentation](http://juliaplots.github.io).
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-julia 0.4-
+julia 0.4

-Colors
-FactCheck
+RecipesBase
+PlotUtils
+Reexport
+Compat
+FixedSizeArrays
+Measures
+Showoff
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 environment:
  matrix:
-  - JULIAVERSION: "julialang/bin/winnt/x86/0.3/julia-0.3-latest-win32.exe"
-  - JULIAVERSION: "julialang/bin/winnt/x64/0.3/julia-0.3-latest-win64.exe"
-  - JULIAVERSION: "julianightlies/bin/winnt/x86/julia-latest-win32.exe"
-  - JULIAVERSION: "julianightlies/bin/winnt/x64/julia-latest-win64.exe"
-
-branches:
-  only:
-    - master
-    - /release-.*/
+# Releases
+  - JULIAVERSION: "stable/win32"
+  - JULIAVERSION: "stable/win64"
+# Nightlies
+  - JULIAVERSION: "download/win32"
+  - JULIAVERSION: "download/win64"

 notifications:
  - provider: Email
@@ -18,17 +15,15 @@ notifications:

 install:
 # Download most recent Julia Windows binary
-  - ps: (new-object net.webclient).DownloadFile(
-        $("http://s3.amazonaws.com/"+$env:JULIAVERSION),
-        "C:\projects\julia-binary.exe")
+  - ps: (new-object net.webclient).DownloadFile($("http://status.julialang.org/"+$env:JULIAVERSION), "C:\projects\julia-binary.exe")
 # Run installer silently, output to C:\projects\julia
  - C:\projects\julia-binary.exe /S /D=C:\projects\julia

 build_script:
 # Need to convert from shallow to complete for Pkg.clone to work
  - IF EXIST .git\shallow (git fetch --unshallow)
-  - C:\projects\julia\bin\julia -e "versioninfo();
-      Pkg.clone(pwd(), \"Plots\"); Pkg.build(\"Plots\")"
+  - C:\projects\julia\bin\julia -e "versioninfo(); Pkg.clone(pwd(), \"Plots\"); Pkg.build(\"Plots\")"

 test_script:
-  - C:\projects\julia\bin\julia --check-bounds=yes -e "Pkg.test(\"Plots\")"
+  # - C:\projects\julia\bin\julia -e "Pkg.test(\"Plots\")"
+  - C:\projects\julia\bin\julia -e "include(Pkg.dir(\"Plots\", \"test\", \"travis_commands.jl\"))"
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+#TODO: download https://cdn.plot.ly/plotly-latest.min.js to deps/ if it doesn't exist
+
+local_fn = joinpath(dirname(@__FILE__), "plotly-latest.min.js")
+if !isfile(local_fn)
+	info("Cannot find deps/plotly-latest.min.js... downloading latest version.")
+	download("https://cdn.plot.ly/plotly-latest.min.js", local_fn)
+end
@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-
-module PlotExamples
-
-using Plots
-using Colors
-
-const DOCDIR = Pkg.dir("Plots") * "/docs"
-const IMGDIR = Pkg.dir("Plots") * "/img"
-
-doc"""
-Holds all data needed for a documentation example... header, description, and plotting expression (Expr)
-"""
-type PlotExample
-  header::String
-  desc::String
-  exprs::Vector{Expr}
-end
-
-
-# the examples we'll run for each
-const examples = PlotExample[
-  PlotExample("Lines",
-              "A simple line plot of the 3 columns.",
-              [:(plot(rand(100,3)))]),
-  PlotExample("Functions",
-              "Plot multiple functions.",
-              [:(plot(0:0.01:4π, [sin,cos]))]),
-  PlotExample("",
-              "You can also call it with plot(f, xmin, xmax).",
-              [:(plot([sin,cos], 0, 4π))]),
-  PlotExample("",
-              "Or make a parametric plot with plot(fx, fy, umin, umax).",
-              [:(plot(sin, x->sin(2x), 0, 2π))]),
-  PlotExample("Global",
-              "Change the guides/background without a separate call.",
-              [:(plot(rand(10); title="TITLE", xlabel="XLABEL", ylabel="YLABEL", background_color = RGB(0.5,0.5,0.5)))]),
-  PlotExample("Two-axis",
-              "Use the `axis` or `axiss` arguments.\n\nNote: This is only supported with Qwt right now",
-              [:(plot(Vector[randn(100), randn(100)*100]; axiss = [:left,:right]))]),
-  PlotExample("Vectors w/ pluralized args",
-              "Plot multiple series with different numbers of points.  Mix arguments that apply to all series (singular... see `marker`) with arguments unique to each series (pluralized... see `colors`).",
-              [:(plot(Vector[rand(10), rand(20)]; marker=:ellipse, markersize=8, colors=[:red,:blue]))]),
-  PlotExample("Build plot in pieces",
-              "Start with a base plot...",
-              [:(plot(rand(100)/3; reg=true, fillto=0))]),
-  PlotExample("",
-              "and add to it later.",
-              [:(scatter!(rand(100); markersize=6, color=:blue))]),
-  PlotExample("Heatmaps",
-              "",
-              [:(heatmap(randn(10000),randn(10000); nbins=200))]),
-  PlotExample("Lots of line types",
-              "Options: (:line, :step, :stepinverted, :sticks, :dots, :none, :heatmap, :hexbin, :hist, :bar)  \nNote: some may not work with all backends",
-              [:(plot(rand(20,4); linetypes=[:line, :step, :sticks, :dots], labels=["line","step","sticks","dots"]))]),
-  PlotExample("Bar",
-              "x is the midpoint of the bar. (todo: allow passing of edges instead of midpoints)",
-              [:(bar(randn(1000)))]),
-  PlotExample("Histogram",
-              "note: fillto isn't supported on all backends",
-              [:(histogram(randn(1000); nbins=50, fillto=20))]),
-  PlotExample("Subplots",
-              """
-                subplot and subplot! are distinct commands which create many plots and add series to them in a circular fashion.
-                You can define the layout with keyword params... either set the number of plots `n` (and optionally number of rows `nr` or 
-                number of columns `nc`), or you can set the layout directly with `layout`.  
-
-                Note: Gadfly is not very friendly here, and although you can create a plot and save a PNG, I haven't been able to actually display it.
-              """,
-              [:(subplot(randn(100,5); layout=[1,1,3], linetypes=[:line,:hist,:dots,:step,:bar], nbins=10, legend=false))]),
-  PlotExample("Adding to subplots",
-              "Note here the automatic grid layout, as well as the order in which new series are added to the plots.",
-              [:(subplot(randn(100,5); n=4))]),
-  PlotExample("",
-              "",
-              [:(subplot!(randn(100,3)))]),
-
-  
-]
-
-
-function generate_markdown(pkgname::Symbol)
-
-  # set up the plotter, and don't show the plots by default
-  plotter!(pkgname)
-  plotDefault!(:show, false)
-
-  # mkdir if necessary
-  try
-    mkdir("$IMGDIR/$pkgname")
-  end
-
-  # open the markdown file
-  md = open("$DOCDIR/$(pkgname)_examples.md", "w")
-
-  for (i,example) in enumerate(examples)
-
-    try
-
-      # run the code
-      map(eval, example.exprs)
-
-      # save the png
-      imgname = "$(pkgname)_example_$i.png"
-      savepng("$IMGDIR/$pkgname/$imgname")
-
-      # write out the header, description, code block, and image link
-      write(md, "### $(example.header)\n\n")
-      write(md, "$(example.desc)\n\n")
-      write(md, "```julia\n$(join(map(string, example.exprs), "\n"))\n```\n\n")
-      write(md, "![](../img/$pkgname/$imgname)\n\n")
-
-    catch ex
-      # TODO: put error info into markdown?
-      warn("Example $pkgname:$i failed with: $ex")
-    end
-
-    #
-  end
-
-  close(md)
-
-end
-
-# run it!
-# note: generate separately so it's easy to comment out
-generate_markdown(:qwt)
-generate_markdown(:gadfly)
-generate_markdown(:unicodeplots) 
-
-
-end # module
-
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-### Lines
-
-A simple line plot of the 3 columns.
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(100,3))
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_1.png)
-
-### Functions
-
-Plot multiple functions.
-
-```julia
-plot(0:0.01:4π,[sin,cos])
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_2.png)
-
-### 
-
-You can also call it with plot(f, xmin, xmax).
-
-```julia
-plot([sin,cos],0,4π)
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_3.png)
-
-### 
-
-Or make a parametric plot with plot(fx, fy, umin, umax).
-
-```julia
-plot(sin,(x->begin  # /Users/tom/.julia/v0.4/Plots/docs/example_generation.jl, line 33:
-            sin(2x)
-        end),0,2π)
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_4.png)
-
-### Global
-
-Change the guides/background without a separate call.
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(10); title="TITLE",xlabel="XLABEL",ylabel="YLABEL",background_color=RGB(0.5,0.5,0.5))
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_5.png)
-
-### Two-axis
-
-Use the `axis` or `axiss` arguments.
-
-Note: This is only supported with Qwt right now
-
-```julia
-plot(Vector[randn(100),randn(100) * 100]; axiss=[:left,:right])
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_6.png)
-
-### Vectors w/ pluralized args
-
-Plot multiple series with different numbers of points.  Mix arguments that apply to all series (singular... see `marker`) with arguments unique to each series (pluralized... see `colors`).
-
-```julia
-plot(Vector[rand(10),rand(20)]; marker=:ellipse,markersize=8,colors=[:red,:blue])
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_7.png)
-
-### Build plot in pieces
-
-Start with a base plot...
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(100) / 3; reg=true,fillto=0)
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_8.png)
-
-### 
-
-and add to it later.
-
-```julia
-scatter!(rand(100); markersize=6,color=:blue)
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_9.png)
-
-### Heatmaps
-
-
-
-```julia
-heatmap(randn(10000),randn(10000); nbins=200)
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_10.png)
-
-### Lots of line types
-
-Options: (:line, :step, :stepinverted, :sticks, :dots, :none, :heatmap, :hexbin, :hist, :bar)  
-Note: some may not work with all backends
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(20,4); linetypes=[:line,:step,:sticks,:dots],labels=["line","step","sticks","dots"])
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_11.png)
-
-### Bar
-
-x is the midpoint of the bar. (todo: allow passing of edges instead of midpoints)
-
-```julia
-bar(randn(1000))
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_12.png)
-
-### Histogram
-
-note: fillto isn't supported on all backends
-
-```julia
-histogram(randn(1000); nbins=50,fillto=20)
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_13.png)
-
-### Subplots
-
-  subplot and subplot! are distinct commands which create many plots and add series to them in a circular fashion.
-  You can define the layout with keyword params... either set the number of plots `n` (and optionally number of rows `nr` or 
-  number of columns `nc`), or you can set the layout directly with `layout`.  
-
-  Note: Gadfly is not very friendly here, and although you can create a plot and save a PNG, I haven't been able to actually display it.
-
-
-```julia
-subplot(randn(100,5); layout=[1,1,3],linetypes=[:line,:hist,:dots,:step,:bar],nbins=10,legend=false)
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_14.png)
-
-### Adding to subplots
-
-Note here the automatic grid layout, as well as the order in which new series are added to the plots.
-
-```julia
-subplot(randn(100,5); n=4)
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_15.png)
-
-### 
-
-
-
-```julia
-subplot!(randn(100,3))
-```
-
-![](../img/gadfly/gadfly_example_16.png)
-
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-### Lines
-
-A simple line plot of the 3 columns.
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(100,3))
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_1.png)
-
-### Functions
-
-Plot multiple functions.
-
-```julia
-plot(0:0.01:4π,[sin,cos])
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_2.png)
-
-### 
-
-You can also call it with plot(f, xmin, xmax).
-
-```julia
-plot([sin,cos],0,4π)
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_3.png)
-
-### 
-
-Or make a parametric plot with plot(fx, fy, umin, umax).
-
-```julia
-plot(sin,(x->begin  # /Users/tom/.julia/v0.4/Plots/docs/example_generation.jl, line 33:
-            sin(2x)
-        end),0,2π)
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_4.png)
-
-### Global
-
-Change the guides/background without a separate call.
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(10); title="TITLE",xlabel="XLABEL",ylabel="YLABEL",background_color=RGB(0.5,0.5,0.5))
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_5.png)
-
-### Two-axis
-
-Use the `axis` or `axiss` arguments.
-
-Note: This is only supported with Qwt right now
-
-```julia
-plot(Vector[randn(100),randn(100) * 100]; axiss=[:left,:right])
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_6.png)
-
-### Vectors w/ pluralized args
-
-Plot multiple series with different numbers of points.  Mix arguments that apply to all series (singular... see `marker`) with arguments unique to each series (pluralized... see `colors`).
-
-```julia
-plot(Vector[rand(10),rand(20)]; marker=:ellipse,markersize=8,colors=[:red,:blue])
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_7.png)
-
-### Build plot in pieces
-
-Start with a base plot...
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(100) / 3; reg=true,fillto=0)
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_8.png)
-
-### 
-
-and add to it later.
-
-```julia
-scatter!(rand(100); markersize=6,color=:blue)
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_9.png)
-
-### Heatmaps
-
-
-
-```julia
-heatmap(randn(10000),randn(10000); nbins=200)
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_10.png)
-
-### Lots of line types
-
-Options: (:line, :step, :stepinverted, :sticks, :dots, :none, :heatmap, :hexbin, :hist, :bar)  
-Note: some may not work with all backends
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(20,4); linetypes=[:line,:step,:sticks,:dots],labels=["line","step","sticks","dots"])
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_11.png)
-
-### Bar
-
-x is the midpoint of the bar. (todo: allow passing of edges instead of midpoints)
-
-```julia
-bar(randn(1000))
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_12.png)
-
-### Histogram
-
-note: fillto isn't supported on all backends
-
-```julia
-histogram(randn(1000); nbins=50,fillto=20)
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_13.png)
-
-### Subplots
-
-  subplot and subplot! are distinct commands which create many plots and add series to them in a circular fashion.
-  You can define the layout with keyword params... either set the number of plots `n` (and optionally number of rows `nr` or 
-  number of columns `nc`), or you can set the layout directly with `layout`.  
-
-  Note: Gadfly is not very friendly here, and although you can create a plot and save a PNG, I haven't been able to actually display it.
-
-
-```julia
-subplot(randn(100,5); layout=[1,1,3],linetypes=[:line,:hist,:dots,:step,:bar],nbins=10,legend=false)
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_14.png)
-
-### Adding to subplots
-
-Note here the automatic grid layout, as well as the order in which new series are added to the plots.
-
-```julia
-subplot(randn(100,5); n=4)
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_15.png)
-
-### 
-
-
-
-```julia
-subplot!(randn(100,3))
-```
-
-![](../img/qwt/qwt_example_16.png)
-
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-### Lines
-
-A simple line plot of the 3 columns.
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(100,3))
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_1.png)
-
-### Functions
-
-Plot multiple functions.
-
-```julia
-plot(0:0.01:4π,[sin,cos])
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_2.png)
-
-### 
-
-You can also call it with plot(f, xmin, xmax).
-
-```julia
-plot([sin,cos],0,4π)
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_3.png)
-
-### 
-
-Or make a parametric plot with plot(fx, fy, umin, umax).
-
-```julia
-plot(sin,(x->begin  # /Users/tom/.julia/v0.4/Plots/docs/example_generation.jl, line 33:
-            sin(2x)
-        end),0,2π)
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_4.png)
-
-### Global
-
-Change the guides/background without a separate call.
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(10); title="TITLE",xlabel="XLABEL",ylabel="YLABEL",background_color=RGB(0.5,0.5,0.5))
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_5.png)
-
-### Two-axis
-
-Use the `axis` or `axiss` arguments.
-
-Note: This is only supported with Qwt right now
-
-```julia
-plot(Vector[randn(100),randn(100) * 100]; axiss=[:left,:right])
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_6.png)
-
-### Vectors w/ pluralized args
-
-Plot multiple series with different numbers of points.  Mix arguments that apply to all series (singular... see `marker`) with arguments unique to each series (pluralized... see `colors`).
-
-```julia
-plot(Vector[rand(10),rand(20)]; marker=:ellipse,markersize=8,colors=[:red,:blue])
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_7.png)
-
-### Build plot in pieces
-
-Start with a base plot...
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(100) / 3; reg=true,fillto=0)
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_8.png)
-
-### 
-
-and add to it later.
-
-```julia
-scatter!(rand(100); markersize=6,color=:blue)
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_9.png)
-
-### Lots of line types
-
-Options: (:line, :step, :stepinverted, :sticks, :dots, :none, :heatmap, :hexbin, :hist, :bar)  
-Note: some may not work with all backends
-
-```julia
-plot(rand(20,4); linetypes=[:line,:step,:sticks,:dots],labels=["line","step","sticks","dots"])
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_11.png)
-
-### Bar
-
-x is the midpoint of the bar. (todo: allow passing of edges instead of midpoints)
-
-```julia
-bar(randn(1000))
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_12.png)
-
-### Histogram
-
-note: fillto isn't supported on all backends
-
-```julia
-histogram(randn(1000); nbins=50,fillto=20)
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_13.png)
-
-### Subplots
-
-  subplot and subplot! are distinct commands which create many plots and add series to them in a circular fashion.
-  You can define the layout with keyword params... either set the number of plots `n` (and optionally number of rows `nr` or 
-  number of columns `nc`), or you can set the layout directly with `layout`.  
-
-  Note: Gadfly is not very friendly here, and although you can create a plot and save a PNG, I haven't been able to actually display it.
-
-
-```julia
-subplot(randn(100,5); layout=[1,1,3],linetypes=[:line,:hist,:dots,:step,:bar],nbins=10,legend=false)
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_14.png)
-
-### Adding to subplots
-
-Note here the automatic grid layout, as well as the order in which new series are added to the plots.
-
-```julia
-subplot(randn(100,5); n=4)
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_15.png)
-
-### 
-
-
-
-```julia
-subplot!(randn(100,3))
-```
-
-![](../img/unicodeplots/unicodeplots_example_16.png)
-
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+git checkout master
+git merge --ff-only dev
+git push origin master
+git checkout dev
@@ -1,73 +1,255 @@
+
 __precompile__()

 module Plots

-using Colors
+using Compat
+using Reexport
+# @reexport using Colors
+# using Requires
+using FixedSizeArrays
+@reexport using RecipesBase
+using Base.Meta
+@reexport using PlotUtils
+import Showoff

 export
-  plotter,
-  plot,
-  subplot,
+    AbstractPlot,
+    Plot,
+    Subplot,
+    AbstractLayout,
+    GridLayout,
+    grid,
+    EmptyLayout,
+    bbox,
+    plotarea,
+    @layout,
+    AVec,
+    AMat,
+    KW,

-  plotter!,
-  plot!,
-  subplot!,
+    wrap,
+    set_theme,
+    add_theme,

-  currentPlot,
-  plotDefault,
-  scatter,
-  bar,
-  histogram,
-  heatmap,
+    plot,
+    plot!,

-  currentPlot!,
-  plotDefault!,
-  scatter!,
-  bar!,
-  histogram!,
-  heatmap!,
+    current,
+    default,
+    with,

-  savepng,
+    @userplot,
+    @shorthands,

-  backends,
-  qwt!,
-  gadfly!,
-  unicodeplots!
+    pie,
+    pie!,
+    plot3d,
+    plot3d!,
+
+    title!,
+    xlabel!,
+    ylabel!,
+    xlims!,
+    ylims!,
+    zlims!,
+    xticks!,
+    yticks!,
+    annotate!,
+    xflip!,
+    yflip!,
+    xaxis!,
+    yaxis!,
+
+    savefig,
+    png,
+    gui,
+
+    backend,
+    backends,
+    backend_name,
+    aliases,
+    dataframes,
+
+    Shape,
+    text,
+    font,
+    Axis,
+    stroke,
+    brush,
+    Surface,
+    OHLC,
+    arrow,
+    Segments,
+
+    debugplots,
+
+    supported_args,
+    supported_types,
+    supported_styles,
+    supported_markers,
+    is_subplot_supported,
+
+    Animation,
+    frame,
+    gif,
+    @animate,
+    @gif,
+
+    spy,
+
+    test_examples,
+    iter_segments,
+    coords,
+
+    translate,
+    translate!,
+    rotate,
+    rotate!,
+    center,
+    P2,
+    P3,
+    BezierCurve,
+    curve_points,
+    directed_curve

 # ---------------------------------------------------------

-
-const IMG_DIR = Pkg.dir("Plots") * "/img/"
-
+import Measures
+import Measures: Length, AbsoluteLength, Measure, BoundingBox, mm, cm, inch, pt, width, height, w, h
+typealias BBox Measures.Absolute2DBox
+export BBox, BoundingBox, mm, cm, inch, pt, px, pct, w, h

 # ---------------------------------------------------------

 include("types.jl")
 include("utils.jl")
-include("plotter.jl")
+include("components.jl")
+include("axes.jl")
+include("backends.jl")
 include("args.jl")
+include("themes.jl")
 include("plot.jl")
-include("subplot.jl")
+include("pipeline.jl")
+include("series.jl")
+include("layouts.jl")
+include("subplots.jl")
+include("recipes.jl")
+include("animation.jl")
+include("output.jl")
+include("examples.jl")
+include("arg_desc.jl")


 # ---------------------------------------------------------

-scatter(args...; kw...)    = plot(args...; kw...,  linetype = :none, marker = :hexagon)
-scatter!(args...; kw...)   = plot!(args...; kw..., linetype = :none, marker = :hexagon)
-bar(args...; kw...)        = plot(args...; kw...,  linetype = :bar)
-bar!(args...; kw...)       = plot!(args...; kw..., linetype = :bar)
-histogram(args...; kw...)  = plot(args...; kw...,  linetype = :hist)
-histogram!(args...; kw...) = plot!(args...; kw..., linetype = :hist)
-heatmap(args...; kw...)    = plot(args...; kw...,  linetype = :heatmap)
-heatmap!(args...; kw...)   = plot!(args...; kw..., linetype = :heatmap)
+# define and export shorthand plotting method definitions
+macro shorthands(funcname::Symbol)
+    funcname2 = Symbol(funcname, "!")
+    esc(quote
+        export $funcname, $funcname2
+        $funcname(args...; kw...) = plot(args...; kw..., seriestype = $(quot(funcname)))
+        $funcname2(args...; kw...) = plot!(args...; kw..., seriestype = $(quot(funcname)))
+    end)
+end
+
+@shorthands scatter
+@shorthands bar
+@shorthands barh
+@shorthands histogram
+@shorthands histogram2d
+@shorthands density
+@shorthands heatmap
+@shorthands hexbin
+@shorthands sticks
+@shorthands hline
+@shorthands vline
+@shorthands ohlc
+@shorthands contour
+@shorthands contourf
+@shorthands contour3d
+@shorthands surface
+@shorthands wireframe
+@shorthands path3d
+@shorthands scatter3d
+@shorthands boxplot
+@shorthands violin
+@shorthands quiver
+@shorthands curves
+
+pie(args...; kw...)        = plot(args...; kw...,  seriestype = :pie, aspect_ratio = :equal, grid=false, xticks=nothing, yticks=nothing)
+pie!(args...; kw...)       = plot!(args...; kw..., seriestype = :pie, aspect_ratio = :equal, grid=false, xticks=nothing, yticks=nothing)
+plot3d(args...; kw...)     = plot(args...; kw...,  seriestype = :path3d)
+plot3d!(args...; kw...)    = plot!(args...; kw..., seriestype = :path3d)
+
+
+title!(s::AbstractString; kw...)                 = plot!(; title = s, kw...)
+xlabel!(s::AbstractString; kw...)                = plot!(; xlabel = s, kw...)
+ylabel!(s::AbstractString; kw...)                = plot!(; ylabel = s, kw...)
+xlims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) = plot!(; xlims = lims, kw...)
+ylims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) = plot!(; ylims = lims, kw...)
+zlims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) = plot!(; zlims = lims, kw...)
+xlims!(xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)                     = plot!(; xlims = (xmin,xmax), kw...)
+ylims!(ymin::Real, ymax::Real; kw...)                     = plot!(; ylims = (ymin,ymax), kw...)
+zlims!(zmin::Real, zmax::Real; kw...)                     = plot!(; zlims = (zmin,zmax), kw...)
+xticks!{T<:Real}(v::AVec{T}; kw...)                       = plot!(; xticks = v, kw...)
+yticks!{T<:Real}(v::AVec{T}; kw...)                       = plot!(; yticks = v, kw...)
+xticks!{T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}(
+              ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...)     = plot!(; xticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
+yticks!{T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}(
+              ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...)     = plot!(; yticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
+annotate!(anns...; kw...)                                 = plot!(; annotation = anns, kw...)
+annotate!{T<:Tuple}(anns::AVec{T}; kw...)                 = plot!(; annotation = anns, kw...)
+xflip!(flip::Bool = true; kw...)                          = plot!(; xflip = flip, kw...)
+yflip!(flip::Bool = true; kw...)                          = plot!(; yflip = flip, kw...)
+xaxis!(args...; kw...)                                    = plot!(; xaxis = args, kw...)
+yaxis!(args...; kw...)                                    = plot!(; yaxis = args, kw...)
+
+title!(plt::Plot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; title = s, kw...)
+xlabel!(plt::Plot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                 = plot!(plt; xlabel = s, kw...)
+ylabel!(plt::Plot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                 = plot!(plt; ylabel = s, kw...)
+xlims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(plt::Plot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...)  = plot!(plt; xlims = lims, kw...)
+ylims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(plt::Plot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...)  = plot!(plt; ylims = lims, kw...)
+zlims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(plt::Plot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...)  = plot!(plt; zlims = lims, kw...)
+xlims!(plt::Plot, xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)                      = plot!(plt; xlims = (xmin,xmax), kw...)
+ylims!(plt::Plot, ymin::Real, ymax::Real; kw...)                      = plot!(plt; ylims = (ymin,ymax), kw...)
+zlims!(plt::Plot, zmin::Real, zmax::Real; kw...)                      = plot!(plt; zlims = (zmin,zmax), kw...)
+xticks!{T<:Real}(plt::Plot, ticks::AVec{T}; kw...)                    = plot!(plt; xticks = ticks, kw...)
+yticks!{T<:Real}(plt::Plot, ticks::AVec{T}; kw...)                    = plot!(plt; yticks = ticks, kw...)
+xticks!{T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}(plt::Plot,
+                          ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...)     = plot!(plt; xticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
+yticks!{T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}(plt::Plot,
+                          ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...)     = plot!(plt; yticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
+annotate!(plt::Plot, anns...; kw...)                                  = plot!(plt; annotation = anns, kw...)
+annotate!{T<:Tuple}(plt::Plot, anns::AVec{T}; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; annotation = anns, kw...)
+xflip!(plt::Plot, flip::Bool = true; kw...)                           = plot!(plt; xflip = flip, kw...)
+yflip!(plt::Plot, flip::Bool = true; kw...)                           = plot!(plt; yflip = flip, kw...)
+xaxis!(plt::Plot, args...; kw...)                                     = plot!(plt; xaxis = args, kw...)
+yaxis!(plt::Plot, args...; kw...)                                     = plot!(plt; yaxis = args, kw...)
+


 # ---------------------------------------------------------

+const CURRENT_BACKEND = CurrentBackend(:none)

-savepng(args...; kw...) = savepng(currentPlot(), args...; kw...)
-savepng(plt::PlottingObject, args...; kw...) = savepng(plt.plotter, plt, args...; kw...)
+function __init__()
+    setup_ijulia()
+    setup_atom()

+    if isdefined(Main, :PLOTS_DEFAULTS)
+        for (k,v) in Main.PLOTS_DEFAULTS
+            default(k, v)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+# if VERSION >= v"0.4.0-dev+5512"
+#     include("precompile.jl")
+#     _precompile_()
+# end

 # ---------------------------------------------------------

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+
+immutable Animation
+  dir::Compat.ASCIIString
+  frames::Vector{Compat.ASCIIString}
+end
+
+function Animation()
+  tmpdir = convert(Compat.ASCIIString, mktempdir())
+  Animation(tmpdir, Compat.ASCIIString[])
+end
+
+function frame{P<:AbstractPlot}(anim::Animation, plt::P=current())
+  i = length(anim.frames) + 1
+  filename = @sprintf("%06d.png", i)
+  png(plt, joinpath(anim.dir, filename))
+  push!(anim.frames, filename)
+end
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------
+
+"Wraps the location of an animated gif so that it can be displayed"
+immutable AnimatedGif
+  filename::Compat.ASCIIString
+end
+
+function gif(anim::Animation, fn = (isijulia() ? "tmp.gif" : tempname()*".gif"); fps::Integer = 20)
+  fn = abspath(fn)
+
+  try
+
+    # high quality
+    speed = round(Int, 100 / fps)
+    file = joinpath(Pkg.dir("ImageMagick"), "deps","deps.jl")
+    if isfile(file) && !haskey(ENV, "MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH")
+        include(file)
+    end
+    # prefix = get(ENV, "MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH", "")
+    run(`convert -delay $speed -loop 0 $(joinpath(anim.dir, "*.png")) -alpha off $fn`)
+
+  catch err
+    warn("""Tried to create gif using convert (ImageMagick), but got error: $err
+    ImageMagick can be installed by executing `Pkg.add("ImageMagick")`
+    Will try ffmpeg, but it's lower quality...)""")
+
+    # low quality
+    run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -framerate $fps -i $(anim.dir)/%06d.png -y $fn`)
+    # run(`ffmpeg -v warning -i  "fps=$fps,scale=320:-1:flags=lanczos"`)
+  end
+
+  info("Saved animation to ", fn)
+  AnimatedGif(fn)
+end
+
+
+
+# write out html to view the gif... note the rand call which is a hack so the image doesn't get cached
+function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", agif::AnimatedGif)
+    write(io, "<img src=\"$(relpath(agif.filename))?$(rand())>\" />")
+end
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------
+
+function _animate(forloop::Expr, args...; callgif = false)
+  if forloop.head != :for
+    error("@animate macro expects a for-block. got: $(forloop.head)")
+  end
+
+  # add the call to frame to the end of each iteration
+  animsym = gensym("anim")
+  countersym = gensym("counter")
+  block = forloop.args[2]
+
+  # create filter
+  n = length(args)
+  filterexpr = if n == 0
+    # no filter... every iteration gets a frame
+    true
+
+  elseif args[1] == :every
+    # filter every `freq` frames (starting with the first frame)
+    @assert n == 2
+    freq = args[2]
+    @assert isa(freq, Integer) && freq > 0
+    :(mod1($countersym, $freq) == 1)
+
+  elseif args[1] == :when
+    # filter on custom expression
+    @assert n == 2
+    args[2]
+
+  else
+    error("Unsupported animate filter: $args")
+  end
+
+  push!(block.args, :(if $filterexpr; frame($animsym); end))
+  push!(block.args, :($countersym += 1))
+
+  # add a final call to `gif(anim)`?
+  retval = callgif ? :(gif($animsym)) : animsym
+
+  # full expression:
+  esc(quote
+    $animsym = Animation()  # init animation object
+    $countersym = 1         # init iteration counter
+    $forloop                # for loop, saving a frame after each iteration
+    $retval                 # return the animation object, or the gif
+  end)
+end
+
+"""
+Builds an `Animation` using one frame per loop iteration, then create an animated GIF.
+
+Example:
+
+```
+  p = plot(1)
+  @gif for x=0:0.1:5
+    push!(p, 1, sin(x))
+  end
+```
+"""
+macro gif(forloop::Expr, args...)
+  _animate(forloop, args...; callgif = true)
+end
+
+"""
+Collect one frame per for-block iteration and return an `Animation` object.
+
+Example:
+
+```
+  p = plot(1)
+  anim = @animate for x=0:0.1:5
+    push!(p, 1, sin(x))
+  end
+  gif(anim)
+```
+"""
+macro animate(forloop::Expr, args...)
+  _animate(forloop, args...)
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+
+const _arg_desc = KW(
+
+# series args
+:label 				=> "String type. The label for a series, which appears in a legend.  If empty, no legend entry is added.",
+:seriescolor 		=> "Color Type. The base color for this series.  `:auto` (the default) will select a color from the subplot's `color_palette`, based on the order it was added to the subplot",
+:seriesalpha 		=> "Number in [0,1]. The alpha/opacity override for the series.  `nothing` (the default) means it will take the alpha value of the color.",
+:seriestype 		=> "Symbol. This is the identifier of the type of visualization for this series. Choose from $(_allTypes) or any series recipes which are defined.",
+:linestyle 			=> "Symbol. Style of the line (for path and bar stroke).  Choose from $(_allStyles)",
+:linewidth         	=> "Number. Width of the line (in pixels)",
+:linecolor         	=> "Color Type. Color of the line (for path and bar stroke).  `:match` will take the value from `:seriescolor`, (though histogram/bar types use `:black` as a default).",
+:linealpha         	=> "Number in [0,1]. The alpha/opacity override for the line.  `nothing` (the default) means it will take the alpha value of linecolor.",
+:fillrange         	=> "Number or AbstractVector.  Fills area from this to y for line-types, sets the base for bar/stick types, and similar for other types.",
+:fillcolor         	=> "Color Type. Color of the filled area of path or bar types.  `:match` will take the value from `:seriescolor`.",
+:fillalpha         	=> "Number in [0,1]. The alpha/opacity override for the fill area.  `nothing` (the default) means it will take the alpha value of fillcolor.",
+:markershape       	=> "Symbol, Shape, or AbstractVector. Choose from $(_allMarkers).",
+:markercolor       	=> "Color Type. Color of the interior of the marker or shape. `:match` will take the value from `:seriescolor`.",
+:markeralpha       	=> "Number in [0,1]. The alpha/opacity override for the marker interior.  `nothing` (the default) means it will take the alpha value of markercolor.",
+:markersize        	=> "Number or AbstractVector. Size (radius pixels) of the markers.",
+:markerstrokestyle 	=> "Symbol. Style of the marker stroke (border).  Choose from $(_allStyles)",
+:markerstrokewidth 	=> "Number. Width of the marker stroke (border. in pixels)",
+:markerstrokecolor 	=> "Color Type. Color of the marker stroke (border).  `:match` will take the value from `:seriescolor`.",
+:markerstrokealpha 	=> "Number in [0,1]. The alpha/opacity override for the marker stroke (border).  `nothing` (the default) means it will take the alpha value of markerstrokecolor.",
+:bins              	=> "Integer, NTuple{2,Integer}, AbstractVector. For histogram-types, defines the number of bins, or the edges, of the histogram.",
+:smooth            	=> "Bool.  Add a regression line?",
+:group             	=> "AbstractVector. Data is split into a separate series, one for each unique value in `group`.",
+:x                 	=> "Various. Input data. First Dimension",
+:y                 	=> "Various. Input data. Second Dimension",
+:z                 	=> "Various. Input data. Third Dimension. May be wrapped by a `Surface` for surface and heatmap types.",
+:marker_z          	=> "AbstractVector, Function `f(x,y,z) -> z_value`, or nothing. z-values for each series data point, which correspond to the color to be used from a markercolor gradient.",
+:line_z          	=> "AbstractVector, Function `f(x,y,z) -> z_value`, or nothing. z-values for each series line segment, which correspond to the color to be used from a linecolor gradient.  Note that for N points, only the first N-1 values are used (one per line-segment).",
+:levels            	=> "Integer, NTuple{2,Integer}. Number of levels (or x-levels/y-levels) for a contour type.",
+:orientation       	=> "Symbol.  Horizontal or vertical orientation for bar types.  Values `:h`, `:hor`, `:horizontal` correspond to horizontal (sideways, anchored to y-axis), and `:v`, `:vert`, and `:vertical` correspond to vertical (the default).",
+:bar_position      	=> "Symbol.  Choose from `:overlay` (default), `:stack`.  (warning: May not be implemented fully)",
+:bar_width         	=> "nothing or Number. Width of bars in data coordinates. When nothing, chooses based on x (or y when `orientation = :h`).",
+:bar_edges         	=> "Bool.  Align bars to edges (true), or centers (the default)?",
+:xerror            	=> "AbstractVector or 2-Tuple of Vectors. x (horizontal) error relative to x-value.  If 2-tuple of vectors, the first vector corresponds to the left error (and the second to the right)",
+:yerror            	=> "AbstractVector or 2-Tuple of Vectors. y (vertical) error relative to y-value.  If 2-tuple of vectors, the first vector corresponds to the bottom error (and the second to the top)",
+:ribbon            	=> "Number or AbstractVector.  Creates a fillrange around the data points.",
+:quiver            	=> "AbstractVector or 2-Tuple of vectors.  The directional vectors U,V which specify velocity/gradient vectors for a quiver plot.",
+:arrow             	=> "nothing (no arrows), Bool (if true, default arrows), Arrow object, or arg(s) that could be style or head length/widths.  Defines arrowheads that should be displayed at the end of path line segments (just before a NaN and the last non-NaN point).  Used in quiverplot, streamplot, or similar.",
+:normalize         	=> "Bool. Should normalize histogram types?  Trying for area == 1.",
+:weights           	=> "AbstractVector. Used in histogram types for weighted counts.",
+:contours          	=> "Bool. Add contours to the side-grids of 3D plots?  Used in surface/wireframe.",
+:match_dimensions  	=> "Bool. For heatmap types... should the first dimension of a matrix (rows) correspond to the first dimension of the plot (x-axis)?  The default is false, which matches the behavior of Matplotlib, Plotly, and others.  Note: when passing a function for z, the function should still map `(x,y) -> z`.",
+:subplot           	=> "Integer (subplot index) or Subplot object.  The subplot that this series belongs to.",
+:series_annotations => "AbstractVector of String or PlotText.  These are annotations which are mapped to data points/positions.",
+:primary            => "Bool.  Does this count as a 'real series'?  For example, you could have a path (primary), and a scatter (secondary) as 2 separate series, maybe with different data (see sticks recipe for an example).  The secondary series will get the same color, etc as the primary.",
+:hover 				=> "nothing or vector of strings. Text to display when hovering over each data point.",
+
+# plot args
+:plot_title               => "String. Title for the whole plot (not the subplots) (Note: Not currently implemented)",
+:background_color         => "Color Type.  Base color for all backgrounds.",
+:background_color_outside => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:background_color`).  Color outside the plot area(s)",
+:foreground_color         => "Color Type.  Base color for all foregrounds.",
+:size                     => "NTuple{2,Int}. (width_px, height_px) of the whole Plot",
+:pos                      => "NTuple{2,Int}. (left_px, top_px) position of the GUI window (note: currently unimplemented)",
+:window_title             => "String. Title of the window.",
+:show                     => "Bool.  Should this command open/refresh a GUI/display?  This allows displaying in scripts or functions without explicitly calling `display`",
+:layout                   => "Integer (number of subplots), NTuple{2,Integer} (grid dimensions), AbstractLayout (for example `grid(2,2)`), or the return from the `@layout` macro.  This builds the layout of subplots.",
+:link                     => "Symbol.  How/whether to link axis limits between subplots. Values: `:none`, `:x` (x axes are linked by columns), `:y` (y axes are linked by rows), `:both` (x and y are linked), `:all` (every subplot is linked together regardless of layout position).",
+:overwrite_figure         => "Bool.  Should we reuse the same GUI window/figure when plotting (true) or open a new one (false).",
+:html_output_format       => "Symbol.  When writing html output, what is the format?  `:png` and `:svg` are currently supported.",
+:inset_subplots 		  => "nothing or vector of 2-tuple (parent,bbox).  optionally pass a vector of (parent,bbox) tuples which are the parent layout and the relative bounding box of inset subplots",
+:dpi 					  => "Number.  Dots Per Inch of output figures",
+:display_type 			  => "Symbol (`:auto`, `:gui`, or `:inline`).  When supported, `display` will either open a GUI window or plot inline.",
+:extra_kwargs 			  => "KW (Dict{Symbol,Any}).  Pass a map of extra keyword args which may be specific to a backend.",
+
+# subplot args
+:title                    => "String. Subplot title.",
+:title_location           => "Symbol. Position of subplot title. Values: `:left`, `:center`, `:right`",
+:titlefont                => "Font. Font of subplot title.",
+:background_color_subplot => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:background_color`).  Base background color of the subplot.",
+:background_color_legend  => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:background_color_subplot`).  Background color of the legend.",
+:background_color_inside  => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:background_color_subplot`).  Background color inside the plot area (under the grid).",
+:foreground_color_subplot => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color`).  Base foreground color of the subplot.",
+:foreground_color_legend  => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`).  Foreground color of the legend.",
+:foreground_color_grid    => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of grid lines.",
+:foreground_color_title   => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of subplot title.",
+:color_palette            => "Vector of colors (cycle through) or color gradient (generate list from gradient) or `:auto` (generate a color list using `Colors.distiguishable_colors` and custom seed colors chosen to contrast with the background).  The color palette is a color list from which series colors are automatically chosen.",
+:legend                   => "Bool (show the legend?) or Symbol (legend position).  Symbol values: `:none`, `:best`, `:right`, `:left`, `:top`, `:bottom`, `:inside`, `:legend`, `:topright`, `:topleft`, `:bottomleft`, `:bottomright` (note: only some may be supported in each backend)",
+:colorbar                 => "Bool (show the colorbar?) or Symbol (colorbar position).  Symbol values: `:none`, `:best`, `:right`, `:left`, `:top`, `:bottom`, `:legend` (matches legend value) (note: only some may be supported in each backend)",
+:clims 					  => "`:auto` or NTuple{2,Number}.  Fixes the limits of the colorbar.",
+:legendfont               => "Font. Font of legend items.",
+:grid                     => "Bool. Show the grid lines?",
+:annotations              => "(x,y,text) tuple(s).  Can be a single tuple or a list of them.  Text can be String or PlotText (created with `text(args...)`)  Add one-off text annotations at the x,y coordinates.",
+:projection               => "Symbol or String.  '3d' or 'polar'",
+:aspect_ratio             => "Symbol (:equal) or Number (width to height ratio of plot area).",
+:margin                   => "Measure (multiply by `mm`, `px`, etc). Base for individual margins... not directly used.  Specifies the extra padding around subplots.",
+:left_margin              => "Measure (multiply by `mm`, `px`, etc) or `:match` (matches `:margin`).  Specifies the extra padding to the left of the subplot.",
+:top_margin               => "Measure (multiply by `mm`, `px`, etc) or `:match` (matches `:margin`).  Specifies the extra padding on the top of the subplot.",
+:right_margin             => "Measure (multiply by `mm`, `px`, etc) or `:match` (matches `:margin`).  Specifies the extra padding to the right of the subplot.",
+:bottom_margin            => "Measure (multiply by `mm`, `px`, etc) or `:match` (matches `:margin`).  Specifies the extra padding on the bottom of the subplot.",
+:subplot_index            => "Integer.  Internal (not set by user).  Specifies the index of this subplot in the Plot's `plt.subplot` list.",
+
+# axis args
+:guide     				  => "String. Axis guide (label).",
+:lims      				  => "NTuple{2,Number}. Force axis limits.  Only finite values are used (you can set only the right limit with `xlims = (-Inf, 2)` for example).",
+:ticks     				  => "Vector of numbers (set the tick values), Tuple of (tickvalues, ticklabels), or `:auto`",
+:scale     				  => "Symbol. Scale of the axis: `:none`, `:ln`, `:log2`, `:log10`",
+:rotation  				  => "Number. Degrees rotation of tick labels.",
+:flip      				  => "Bool.  Should we flip (reverse) the axis?",
+:tickfont  				  => "Font. Font of axis tick labels.",
+:guidefont 				  => "Font. Font of axis guide (label).",
+:foreground_color_axis    => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of axis ticks.",
+:foreground_color_border  => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of plot area border (spines).",
+:foreground_color_text    => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of tick labels.",
+:foreground_color_guide   => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of axis guides (axis labels).",
+
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+
+
+# xaxis(args...; kw...) = Axis(:x, args...; kw...)
+# yaxis(args...; kw...) = Axis(:y, args...; kw...)
+# zaxis(args...; kw...) = Axis(:z, args...; kw...)
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function Axis(sp::Subplot, letter::Symbol, args...; kw...)
+    # init with values from _plot_defaults
+    d = KW(
+        :letter => letter,
+        # :extrema => (Inf, -Inf),
+        :extrema => Extrema(),
+        :discrete_map => Dict(),   # map discrete values to discrete indices
+        :continuous_values => zeros(0),
+        :use_minor => false,
+        :show => true,  # show or hide the axis? (useful for linked subplots)
+    )
+
+    # get defaults from letter version, unless match
+    for (k,v) in _axis_defaults
+        lk = Symbol(letter, k)
+        lv = _axis_defaults_byletter[lk]
+        d[k] = (lv == :match ? v : lv)
+    end     
+
+    # merge!(d, _axis_defaults)
+    d[:discrete_values] = []
+
+    # update the defaults
+    update!(Axis(sp, d), args...; kw...)
+end
+
+function get_axis(sp::Subplot, letter::Symbol)
+    axissym = Symbol(letter, :axis)
+    if haskey(sp.attr, axissym)
+        sp.attr[axissym]
+    else
+        sp.attr[axissym] = Axis(sp, letter)
+    end::Axis
+end
+
+function process_axis_arg!(d::KW, arg, letter = "")
+    T = typeof(arg)
+    arg = get(_scaleAliases, arg, arg)
+
+    if typeof(arg) <: Font
+        d[Symbol(letter,:tickfont)] = arg
+        d[Symbol(letter,:guidefont)] = arg
+
+    elseif arg in _allScales
+        d[Symbol(letter,:scale)] = arg
+
+    elseif arg in (:flip, :invert, :inverted)
+        d[Symbol(letter,:flip)] = true
+
+    elseif T <: AbstractString
+        d[Symbol(letter,:guide)] = arg
+
+    # xlims/ylims
+    elseif (T <: Tuple || T <: AVec) && length(arg) == 2
+        sym = typeof(arg[1]) <: Number ? :lims : :ticks
+        d[Symbol(letter,sym)] = arg
+
+    # xticks/yticks
+    elseif T <: AVec
+        d[Symbol(letter,:ticks)] = arg
+
+    elseif arg == nothing
+        d[Symbol(letter,:ticks)] = []
+
+    elseif typeof(arg) <: Number
+        d[Symbol(letter,:rotation)] = arg
+
+    else
+        warn("Skipped $(letter)axis arg $arg")
+
+    end
+end
+
+# update an Axis object with magic args and keywords
+function update!(axis::Axis, args...; kw...)
+    # first process args
+    d = axis.d
+    for arg in args
+        process_axis_arg!(d, arg)
+    end
+
+    # then override for any keywords... only those keywords that already exists in d
+    for (k,v) in kw
+        if haskey(d, k)
+            if k == :discrete_values
+                # add these discrete values to the axis
+                for vi in v
+                    discrete_value!(axis, vi)
+                end
+            else
+                d[k] = v
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+    # replace scale aliases
+    if haskey(_scaleAliases, d[:scale])
+        d[:scale] = _scaleAliases[d[:scale]]
+    end
+
+    axis
+end
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Base.show(io::IO, axis::Axis) = dumpdict(axis.d, "Axis", true)
+# Base.getindex(axis::Axis, k::Symbol) = getindex(axis.d, k)
+Base.setindex!(axis::Axis, v, ks::Symbol...) = setindex!(axis.d, v, ks...)
+Base.haskey(axis::Axis, k::Symbol) = haskey(axis.d, k)
+Base.extrema(axis::Axis) = (ex = axis[:extrema]; (ex.emin, ex.emax))
+
+
+const _scale_funcs = Dict{Symbol,Function}(
+    :log10 => log10,
+    :log2 => log2,
+    :ln => log,
+)
+const _inv_scale_funcs = Dict{Symbol,Function}(
+    :log10 => exp10,
+    :log2 => exp2,
+    :ln => exp,
+)
+
+const _label_func = Dict{Symbol,Function}(
+    :log10 => x -> "10^$x",
+    :log2 => x -> "2^$x",
+    :ln => x -> "e^$x",
+)
+
+
+scalefunc(scale::Symbol) = x -> get(_scale_funcs, scale, identity)(Float64(x))
+invscalefunc(scale::Symbol) = x -> get(_inv_scale_funcs, scale, identity)(Float64(x))
+labelfunc(scale::Symbol, backend::AbstractBackend) = get(_label_func, scale, string)
+
+function optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis::Axis, ticks = nothing)
+    lims = axis_limits(axis)
+
+    # scale the limits
+    scale = axis[:scale]
+    scaled_lims = map(scalefunc(scale), lims)
+    # @show lims scaled_lims
+
+    # get a list of well-laid-out ticks
+    cv = if ticks == nothing
+        optimize_ticks(scaled_lims...,
+            k_min = 5, # minimum number of ticks
+            k_max = 8, # maximum number of ticks
+            # span_buffer = 0.0 # padding buffer in case nice ticks are closeby
+        )[1]
+    else
+        ticks
+    end
+
+    # # expand to ensure we see all the ticks
+    # expand_extrema!(axis, cv)
+
+    # rescale and return values and labels
+    # @show cv
+    ticklabels = if any(isfinite, cv)
+        map(labelfunc(scale, backend()), Showoff.showoff(cv, :plain))
+    else
+        UTF8String[]
+    end
+
+    tickvals = map(invscalefunc(scale), cv)
+    # @show tickvals ticklabels
+    # ticklabels = Showoff.showoff(tickvals, scale == :log10 ? :scientific : :auto)
+    tickvals, ticklabels
+    # basestr = scale == :log10 ? "10^" : scale == :log2 ? "2^" : scale == :ln ? "e^" : ""
+    # tickvals, ["$basestr$cvi" for cvi in cv]
+end
+
+# return (continuous_values, discrete_values) for the ticks on this axis
+function get_ticks(axis::Axis)
+    ticks = axis[:ticks]
+    ticks in (nothing, false) && return nothing
+
+    dvals = axis[:discrete_values]
+    cv, dv = if !isempty(dvals) && ticks == :auto
+        # discrete ticks...
+        axis[:continuous_values], dvals
+    elseif ticks == :auto
+        # compute optimal ticks and labels
+        optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis)
+    elseif typeof(ticks) <: AVec
+        # override ticks, but get the labels
+        optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis, ticks)
+    elseif typeof(ticks) <: NTuple{2}
+        # assuming we're passed (ticks, labels)
+        ticks
+    else
+        error("Unknown ticks type in get_ticks: $(typeof(ticks))")
+    end
+    # @show ticks dvals cv dv
+
+    # TODO: better/smarter cutoff values for sampling ticks
+    if length(cv) > 30
+        rng = Int[round(Int,i) for i in linspace(1, length(cv), 15)]
+        cv[rng], dv[rng]
+    else
+        cv, dv
+    end
+end
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function expand_extrema!(ex::Extrema, v::Number)
+    ex.emin = min(v, ex.emin)
+    ex.emax = max(v, ex.emax)
+    ex
+end
+
+function expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, v::Number)
+    expand_extrema!(axis[:extrema], v)
+end
+
+# these shouldn't impact the extrema
+expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, ::Void) = axis[:extrema]
+expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, ::Bool) = axis[:extrema]
+
+
+function expand_extrema!{MIN<:Number,MAX<:Number}(axis::Axis, v::Tuple{MIN,MAX})
+    ex = axis[:extrema]
+    ex.emin = min(v[1], ex.emin)
+    ex.emax = max(v[2], ex.emax)
+    ex
+end
+function expand_extrema!{N<:Number}(axis::Axis, v::AVec{N})
+    ex = axis[:extrema]
+    for vi in v
+        expand_extrema!(ex, vi)
+    end
+    ex
+end
+
+
+function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, d::KW)
+    # first expand for the data
+    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
+        data = d[letter]
+        axis = sp.attr[Symbol(letter, "axis")]
+        if eltype(data) <: Number || (isa(data, Surface) && all(di -> isa(di, Number), data.surf))
+            if !(eltype(data) <: Number)
+                # huh... must have been a mis-typed surface? lets swap it out
+                data = d[letter] = Surface(Matrix{Float64}(data.surf))
+            end
+            expand_extrema!(axis, data)
+        elseif data != nothing
+            # TODO: need more here... gotta track the discrete reference value
+            #       as well as any coord offset (think of boxplot shape coords... they all
+            #       correspond to the same x-value)
+            d[letter], d[Symbol(letter,"_discrete_indices")] = discrete_value!(axis, data)
+            expand_extrema!(axis, d[letter])
+        end
+    end
+
+    # # expand for fillrange/bar_width
+    # fillaxis, baraxis = sp.attr[:yaxis], sp.attr[:xaxis]
+    # if isvertical(d)
+    #     fillaxis, baraxis = baraxis, fillaxis
+    # end
+
+    # expand for fillrange
+    vert = isvertical(d)
+    fr = d[:fillrange]
+    if fr == nothing && d[:seriestype] == :bar
+        fr = 0.0
+    end
+    if fr != nothing
+        axis = sp.attr[vert ? :yaxis : :xaxis]
+        if typeof(fr) <: Tuple
+            for fri in fr
+                expand_extrema!(axis, fri)
+            end
+        else
+            expand_extrema!(axis, fr)
+        end
+    end
+
+    # expand for bar_width
+    if d[:seriestype] == :bar
+        dsym = vert ? :x : :y
+        data = d[dsym]
+
+        bw = d[:bar_width]
+        if bw == nothing
+            bw = d[:bar_width] = mean(diff(data))
+        end
+        # @show data bw
+
+        axis = sp.attr[Symbol(dsym, :axis)]
+        expand_extrema!(axis, maximum(data) + 0.5maximum(bw))
+        expand_extrema!(axis, minimum(data) - 0.5minimum(bw))
+    end
+
+end
+
+function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
+    expand_extrema!(sp[:xaxis], (xmin, xmax))
+    expand_extrema!(sp[:yaxis], (ymin, ymax))
+end
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# push the limits out slightly
+function widen(lmin, lmax)
+    span = lmax - lmin
+    # eps = max(1e-16, min(1e-2span, 1e-10))
+    eps = max(1e-16, 0.03span)
+    lmin-eps, lmax+eps
+end
+
+# figure out if widening is a good idea.  if there's a scale set it's too tricky,
+# so lazy out and don't widen
+function default_should_widen(axis::Axis)
+    should_widen = false
+    if axis[:scale] == :identity
+        for series in series_list(axis.sp)
+            if series.d[:seriestype] in (:scatter,) || series.d[:markershape] != :none
+                should_widen = true
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    should_widen
+end
+
+# using the axis extrema and limit overrides, return the min/max value for this axis
+function axis_limits(axis::Axis, should_widen::Bool = default_should_widen(axis))
+    ex = axis[:extrema]
+    amin, amax = ex.emin, ex.emax
+    lims = axis[:lims]
+    if (isa(lims, Tuple) || isa(lims, AVec)) && length(lims) == 2
+        if isfinite(lims[1])
+            amin = lims[1]
+        end
+        if isfinite(lims[2])
+            amax = lims[2]
+        end
+    end
+    if amax <= amin && isfinite(amin)
+        amax = amin + 1.0
+    end
+    if should_widen
+        widen(amin, amax)
+    else
+        amin, amax
+    end
+end
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# these methods track the discrete (categorical) values which correspond to axis continuous values (cv)
+# whenever we have discrete values, we automatically set the ticks to match.
+# we return (continuous_value, discrete_index)
+function discrete_value!(axis::Axis, dv)
+    cv_idx = get(axis[:discrete_map], dv, -1)
+    # @show axis[:discrete_map], axis[:discrete_values], dv
+    if cv_idx == -1
+        ex = axis[:extrema]
+        cv = max(0.5, ex.emax + 1.0)
+        expand_extrema!(axis, cv)
+        push!(axis[:discrete_values], dv)
+        push!(axis[:continuous_values], cv)
+        cv_idx = length(axis[:discrete_values])
+        axis[:discrete_map][dv] = cv_idx
+        cv, cv_idx
+    else
+        cv = axis[:continuous_values][cv_idx]
+        cv, cv_idx
+    end
+end
+
+# continuous value... just pass back with axis negative index
+function discrete_value!(axis::Axis, cv::Number)
+    cv, -1
+end
+
+# add the discrete value for each item.  return the continuous values and the indices
+function discrete_value!(axis::Axis, v::AVec)
+    n = length(v)
+    cvec = zeros(n)
+    discrete_indices = zeros(Int, n)
+    for i=1:n
+        cvec[i], discrete_indices[i] = discrete_value!(axis, v[i])
+    end
+    cvec, discrete_indices
+end
+
+# add the discrete value for each item.  return the continuous values and the indices
+function discrete_value!(axis::Axis, v::AMat)
+    n,m = size(v)
+    cmat = zeros(n,m)
+    discrete_indices = zeros(Int, n, m)
+    for i=1:n, j=1:m
+        cmat[i,j], discrete_indices[i,j] = discrete_value!(axis, v[i,j])
+    end
+    cmat, discrete_indices
+end
+
+function discrete_value!(axis::Axis, v::Surface)
+    map(Surface, discrete_value!(axis, v.surf))
+end
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function pie_labels(sp::Subplot, series::Series)
+    d = series.d
+    if haskey(d,:x_discrete_indices)
+        dvals = sp.attr[:xaxis].d[:discrete_values]
+        [dvals[idx] for idx in d[:x_discrete_indices]]
+    else
+        d[:x]
+    end
+end
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# compute the line segments which should be drawn for this axis
+function axis_drawing_info(sp::Subplot)
+    xaxis, yaxis = sp[:xaxis], sp[:yaxis]
+    xmin, xmax = axis_limits(xaxis)
+    ymin, ymax = axis_limits(yaxis)
+    xticks = get_ticks(xaxis)
+    yticks = get_ticks(yaxis)
+    spine_segs = Segments(2)
+    grid_segs = Segments(2)
+
+    if !(xaxis[:ticks] in (nothing, false))
+        f = scalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
+        invf = invscalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
+        t1 = invf(f(ymin) + 0.015*(f(ymax)-f(ymin)))
+        t2 = invf(f(ymax) - 0.015*(f(ymax)-f(ymin)))
+
+        push!(spine_segs, (xmin,ymin), (xmax,ymin)) # bottom spine
+        push!(spine_segs, (xmin,ymax), (xmax,ymax)) # top spine
+        for xtick in xticks[1]
+            push!(spine_segs, (xtick, ymin), (xtick, t1)) # bottom tick
+            push!(grid_segs,  (xtick, t1),   (xtick, t2)) # vertical grid
+            push!(spine_segs, (xtick, ymax), (xtick, t2)) # top tick
+        end
+    end
+
+    if !(yaxis[:ticks] in (nothing, false))
+        f = scalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
+        invf = invscalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
+        t1 = invf(f(xmin) + 0.015*(f(xmax)-f(xmin)))
+        t2 = invf(f(xmax) - 0.015*(f(xmax)-f(xmin)))
+
+        push!(spine_segs, (xmin,ymin), (xmin,ymax)) # left spine
+        push!(spine_segs, (xmax,ymin), (xmax,ymax)) # right spine
+        for ytick in yticks[1]
+            push!(spine_segs, (xmin, ytick), (t1, ytick)) # left tick
+            push!(grid_segs,  (t1, ytick),   (t2, ytick)) # horizontal grid
+            push!(spine_segs, (xmax, ytick), (t2, ytick)) # right tick
+        end
+    end
+
+    xticks, yticks, spine_segs, grid_segs
+end
+
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+
+immutable NoBackend <: AbstractBackend end
+
+const _backendType = Dict{Symbol, DataType}(:none => NoBackend)
+const _backendSymbol = Dict{DataType, Symbol}(NoBackend => :none)
+const _backends = Symbol[]
+const _initialized_backends = Set{Symbol}()
+
+backends() = _backends
+backend_name() = CURRENT_BACKEND.sym
+_backend_instance(sym::Symbol) = haskey(_backendType, sym) ? _backendType[sym]() : error("Unsupported backend $sym")
+
+macro init_backend(s)
+    str = lowercase(string(s))
+    sym = Symbol(str)
+    T = Symbol(string(s) * "Backend")
+    esc(quote
+        immutable $T <: AbstractBackend end
+        export $sym
+        $sym(; kw...) = (default(; kw...); backend(Symbol($str)))
+        backend_name(::$T) = Symbol($str)
+        push!(_backends, Symbol($str))
+        _backendType[Symbol($str)] = $T
+        _backendSymbol[$T] = Symbol($str)
+        include("backends/" * $str * ".jl")
+    end)
+end
+
+@init_backend Immerse
+@init_backend Gadfly
+@init_backend PyPlot
+@init_backend Qwt
+@init_backend UnicodePlots
+@init_backend Winston
+@init_backend Bokeh
+@init_backend Plotly
+@init_backend PlotlyJS
+@init_backend GR
+@init_backend GLVisualize
+@init_backend PGFPlots
+
+include("backends/web.jl")
+# include("backends/supported.jl")
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+# don't do anything as a default
+_create_backend_figure(plt::Plot) = nothing
+_prepare_plot_object(plt::Plot) = nothing
+_initialize_subplot(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot) = nothing
+
+_series_added(plt::Plot, series::Series) = nothing
+_series_updated(plt::Plot, series::Series) = nothing
+
+_before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot) = nothing
+
+title_padding(sp::Subplot) = sp[:title] == "" ? 0mm : sp[:titlefont].pointsize * pt
+guide_padding(axis::Axis) = axis[:guide] == "" ? 0mm : axis[:guidefont].pointsize * pt
+
+# TODO: this should account for both tick font and the size/length/rotation of tick labels
+function tick_padding(axis::Axis)
+    ptsz = axis[:tickfont].pointsize * pt
+    if axis[:ticks] in (nothing,false)
+        0mm
+    elseif axis[:letter] == :x
+        2mm + ptsz
+    else
+        8mm
+    end
+end
+
+# Set the (left, top, right, bottom) minimum padding around the plot area
+# to fit ticks, tick labels, guides, colorbars, etc.
+function _update_min_padding!(sp::Subplot)
+    # TODO: something different when `is3d(sp) == true`
+    leftpad   = tick_padding(sp[:yaxis]) + sp[:left_margin]   + guide_padding(sp[:yaxis])
+    toppad    = sp[:top_margin]    + title_padding(sp)
+    rightpad  = sp[:right_margin]
+    bottompad = tick_padding(sp[:xaxis]) + sp[:bottom_margin] + guide_padding(sp[:xaxis])
+    # @show (leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad)
+    sp.minpad = (leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad)
+end
+
+_update_plot_object(plt::Plot) = nothing
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+type CurrentBackend
+  sym::Symbol
+  pkg::AbstractBackend
+end
+CurrentBackend(sym::Symbol) = CurrentBackend(sym, _backend_instance(sym))
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+function pickDefaultBackend()
+    env_default = get(ENV, "PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND", "")
+    if env_default != ""
+        try
+            Pkg.installed(env_default)  # this will error if not installed
+            sym = Symbol(lowercase(env_default))
+            if haskey(_backendType, sym)
+                return backend(sym)
+            else
+                warn("You have set PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND=$env_default but it is not a valid backend package.  Choose from:\n\t",
+                     join(sort(_backends), "\n\t"))
+            end
+        catch
+            warn("You have set PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND=$env_default but it is not installed.")
+        end
+    end
+
+    # the ordering/inclusion of this package list is my semi-arbitrary guess at
+    # which one someone will want to use if they have the package installed...accounting for
+    # features, speed, and robustness
+    for pkgstr in ("PyPlot", "GR", "PlotlyJS", "Immerse", "Gadfly", "UnicodePlots")
+        if Pkg.installed(pkgstr) != nothing
+            return backend(Symbol(lowercase(pkgstr)))
+        end
+    end
+
+    # the default if nothing else is installed
+    backend(:plotly)
+end
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+"""
+Returns the current plotting package name.  Initializes package on first call.
+"""
+function backend()
+
+  global CURRENT_BACKEND
+  if CURRENT_BACKEND.sym == :none
+    pickDefaultBackend()
+  end
+
+  sym = CURRENT_BACKEND.sym
+  if !(sym in _initialized_backends)
+
+    # initialize
+    println("[Plots.jl] Initializing backend: ", sym)
+
+    inst = _backend_instance(sym)
+    try
+      _initialize_backend(inst)
+    catch err
+      warn("Couldn't initialize $sym.  (might need to install it?)")
+      rethrow(err)
+    end
+
+    push!(_initialized_backends, sym)
+
+  end
+  CURRENT_BACKEND.pkg
+end
+
+"""
+Set the plot backend.
+"""
+function backend(pkg::AbstractBackend)
+    CURRENT_BACKEND.sym = backend_name(pkg)
+    warn_on_deprecated_backend(CURRENT_BACKEND.sym)
+    CURRENT_BACKEND.pkg = pkg
+end
+
+function backend(modname::Symbol)
+    warn_on_deprecated_backend(modname)
+    CURRENT_BACKEND.sym = modname
+    CURRENT_BACKEND.pkg = _backend_instance(modname)
+end
+
+const _deprecated_backends = [:qwt, :winston, :bokeh, :gadfly, :immerse]
+
+function warn_on_deprecated_backend(bsym::Symbol)
+    if bsym in _deprecated_backends
+        warn("Backend $bsym has been deprecated.  It may not work as originally intended.")
+    end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+supported_types(::AbstractBackend) = []
+supported_styles(::AbstractBackend) = [:solid]
+supported_markers(::AbstractBackend) = [:none]
+supported_scales(::AbstractBackend) = [:identity]
+is_subplot_supported(::AbstractBackend) = false
+is_string_supported(::AbstractBackend) = false
+nativeImagesSupported(b::AbstractBackend) = :image in supported_types(b)
+
+supported_types() = supported_types(backend())
+supported_styles() = supported_styles(backend())
+supported_markers() = supported_markers(backend())
+supported_scales() = supported_scales(backend())
+is_subplot_supported() = is_subplot_supported(backend())
+is_string_supported() = is_string_supported(backend())
+nativeImagesSupported() = nativeImagesSupported(backend())
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+# these are args which every backend supports because they're not used in the backend code
+const _base_supported_args = [
+    :color_palette,
+    :background_color, :background_color_subplot,
+    :foreground_color, :foreground_color_subplot,
+    :group,
+    :seriestype,
+    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
+    :smooth,
+    :xerror, :yerror,
+    :subplot,
+    :x, :y, :z,
+    :show, :size,
+    :margin,
+    :left_margin,
+    :right_margin,
+    :top_margin,
+    :bottom_margin,
+    :html_output_format,
+    :layout,
+    :link,
+    :primary,
+    :series_annotations,
+    :subplot_index,
+    :discrete_values,
+    :projection,
+    
+]
+
+function merge_with_base_supported(v::AVec)
+    v = vcat(v, _base_supported_args)
+    for vi in v
+        if haskey(_axis_defaults, vi)
+            for letter in (:x,:y,:z)
+                push!(v, Symbol(letter,vi))
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    v
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+
+# https://github.com/bokeh/Bokeh.jl
+
+
+supported_args(::BokehBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    # :annotations,
+    # :axis,
+    # :background_color,
+    :linecolor,
+    # :color_palette,
+    # :fillrange,
+    # :fillcolor,
+    # :fillalpha,
+    # :foreground_color,
+    :group,
+    # :label,
+    # :layout,
+    # :legend,
+    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
+    :linestyle,
+    :seriestype,
+    :linewidth,
+    # :linealpha,
+    :markershape,
+    :markercolor,
+    :markersize,
+    # :markeralpha,
+    # :markerstrokewidth,
+    # :markerstrokecolor,
+    # :markerstrokestyle,
+    # :n,
+    # :bins,
+    # :nc,
+    # :nr,
+    # :pos,
+    # :smooth,
+    # :show,
+    :size,
+    :title,
+    # :window_title,
+    :x,
+    # :xguide,
+    # :xlims,
+    # :xticks,
+    :y,
+    # :yguide,
+    # :ylims,
+    # :yrightlabel,
+    # :yticks,
+    # :xscale,
+    # :yscale,
+    # :xflip,
+    # :yflip,
+    # :z,
+    # :tickfont,
+    # :guidefont,
+    # :legendfont,
+    # :grid,
+    # :surface,
+    # :levels,
+  ])
+supported_types(::BokehBackend) = [:path, :scatter]
+supported_styles(::BokehBackend) = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot]
+supported_markers(::BokehBackend) = [:none, :auto, :circle, :rect, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle, :cross, :xcross, :star5]
+supported_scales(::BokehBackend) = [:identity, :ln]
+is_subplot_supported(::BokehBackend) = false
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+function _initialize_backend(::BokehBackend; kw...)
+  @eval begin
+    warn("Bokeh is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
+    import Bokeh
+    export Bokeh
+  end
+end
+
+
+const _glyphtypes = KW(
+    :circle    => :Circle,
+    :rect       => :Square,
+    :diamond    => :Diamond,
+    :utriangle  => :Triangle,
+    :dtriangle  => :InvertedTriangle,
+    # :pentagon   =>
+    # :hexagon    =>
+    # :heptagon   =>
+    # :octagon    =>
+    :cross      => :Cross,
+    :xcross     => :X,
+    :star5      => :Asterisk,
+  )
+
+
+function bokeh_glyph_type(d::KW)
+  st = d[:seriestype]
+  mt = d[:markershape]
+  if st == :scatter && mt == :none
+    mt = :circle
+  end
+
+  # if we have a marker, use that
+  if st == :scatter || mt != :none
+    return _glyphtypes[mt]
+  end
+
+  # otherwise return a line
+  return :Line
+end
+
+function get_stroke_vector(linestyle::Symbol)
+  dash = 12
+  dot = 3
+  gap = 2
+  linestyle == :solid && return Int[]
+  linestyle == :dash && return Int[dash, gap]
+  linestyle == :dot && return Int[dot, gap]
+  linestyle == :dashdot && return Int[dash, gap, dot, gap]
+  linestyle == :dashdotdot && return Int[dash, gap, dot, gap, dot, gap]
+  error("unsupported linestyle: ", linestyle)
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# function _create_plot(pkg::BokehBackend, d::KW)
+function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{BokehBackend})
+  # TODO: create the window/canvas/context that is the plot within the backend (call it `o`)
+  # TODO: initialize the plot... title, xlabel, bgcolor, etc
+
+  datacolumns = Bokeh.BokehDataSet[]
+  tools = Bokeh.tools()
+  filename = tempname() * ".html"
+  title = plt.attr[:title]
+  w, h = plt.attr[:size]
+  xaxis_type = plt.attr[:xscale] == :log10 ? :log : :auto
+  yaxis_type = plt.attr[:yscale] == :log10 ? :log : :auto
+  # legend = plt.attr[:legend] ? xxxx : nothing
+  legend = nothing
+  extra_args = KW()  # TODO: we'll put extra settings (xlim, etc) here
+  Bokeh.Plot(datacolumns, tools, filename, title, w, h, xaxis_type, yaxis_type, legend) #, extra_args)
+
+  # Plot(bplt, pkg, 0, d, KW[])
+end
+
+
+# function _series_added(::BokehBackend, plt::Plot, d::KW)
+function _series_added(plt::Plot{BokehBackend}, series::Series)
+  bdata = Dict{Symbol, Vector}(:x => collect(series.d[:x]), :y => collect(series.d[:y]))
+
+  glyph = Bokeh.Bokehjs.Glyph(
+      glyphtype = bokeh_glyph_type(d),
+      linecolor = webcolor(d[:linecolor]),  # shape's stroke or line color
+      linewidth = d[:linewidth],          # shape's stroke width or line width
+      fillcolor = webcolor(d[:markercolor]),
+      size      = ceil(Int, d[:markersize] * 2.5),  # magic number 2.5 to keep in same scale as other backends
+      dash      = get_stroke_vector(d[:linestyle])
+    )
+
+  legend = nothing  # TODO
+  push!(plt.o.datacolumns, Bokeh.BokehDataSet(bdata, glyph, legend))
+
+  # push!(plt.seriesargs, d)
+  # plt
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# TODO: override this to update plot items (title, xlabel, etc) after creation
+function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{BokehBackend}, d::KW)
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# accessors for x/y data
+
+# function getxy(plt::Plot{BokehBackend}, i::Int)
+#   series = plt.o.datacolumns[i].data
+#   series[:x], series[:y]
+# end
+#
+# function setxy!(plt::Plot{BokehBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer)
+#   series = plt.o.datacolumns[i].data
+#   series[:x], series[:y] = xy
+#   plt
+# end
+
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::AbstractPlot{BokehBackend})
+  # TODO: write a png to io
+  warn("mime png not implemented")
+end
+
+function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Plot{BokehBackend})
+  Bokeh.showplot(plt.o)
+end
+
+# function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Subplot{BokehBackend})
+#   # TODO: display/show the subplot
+# end
@@ -1,137 +1,744 @@

 # https://github.com/dcjones/Gadfly.jl

-immutable GadflyPackage <: PlottingPackage end

-gadfly!() = plotter!(:gadfly)
+supported_args(::GadflyBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    :annotations,
+    :background_color, :foreground_color, :color_palette,
+    :group, :label, :seriestype,
+    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
+    :linecolor, :linestyle, :linewidth, :linealpha,
+    :markershape, :markercolor, :markersize, :markeralpha,
+    :markerstrokewidth, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha,
+    :fillrange, :fillcolor, :fillalpha,
+    :bins, :n, :nc, :nr, :layout, :smooth,
+    :title, :window_title, :show, :size,
+    :x, :xguide, :xlims, :xticks, :xscale, :xflip,
+    :y, :yguide, :ylims, :yticks, :yscale, :yflip,
+    :z,
+    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
+    :grid, :legend, :colorbar,
+    :marker_z, :levels,
+    :xerror, :yerror,
+    :ribbon, :quiver,
+    :orientation,
+  ])
+supported_types(::GadflyBackend) = [
+        :path,
+        :scatter, :hexbin,
+        :bar,
+        :contour, :shape
+    ]
+supported_styles(::GadflyBackend) = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot]
+supported_markers(::GadflyBackend) = vcat(_allMarkers, Shape)
+supported_scales(::GadflyBackend) = [:identity, :ln, :log2, :log10, :asinh, :sqrt]
+is_subplot_supported(::GadflyBackend) = true


+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _initialize_backend(::GadflyBackend; kw...)
+    @eval begin
+        import Gadfly, Compose
+        export Gadfly, Compose
+        include(joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "gadfly_shapes.jl"))
+    end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# immutable MissingVec <: AbstractVector{Float64} end
+# Base.size(v::MissingVec) = (1,)
+# Base.getindex(v::MissingVec, i::Integer) = 0.0
+
+function createGadflyPlotObject(d::KW)
+    gplt = Gadfly.Plot()
+    gplt.mapping = Dict()
+    gplt.data_source = Gadfly.DataFrames.DataFrame()
+    # gplt.layers = gplt.layers[1:0]
+    gplt.layers = [Gadfly.layer(Gadfly.Geom.point(tag=:remove), x=zeros(1), y=zeros(1));] # x=MissingVec(), y=MissingVec());]
+    gplt.guides = Gadfly.GuideElement[Gadfly.Guide.xlabel(d[:xguide]),
+                                   Gadfly.Guide.ylabel(d[:yguide]),
+                                   Gadfly.Guide.title(d[:title])]
+    gplt
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function getLineGeom(d::KW)
+    st = d[:seriestype]
+    xbins, ybins = maketuple(d[:bins])
+    if st == :hexb
+        Gadfly.Geom.hexbin(xbincount = xbins, ybincount = ybins)
+    elseif st == :histogram2d
+        Gadfly.Geom.histogram2d(xbincount = xbins, ybincount = ybins)
+    elseif st == :histogram
+        Gadfly.Geom.histogram(bincount = xbins,
+                              orientation = isvertical(d) ? :vertical : :horizontal,
+                              position = d[:bar_position] == :stack ? :stack : :dodge)
+    elseif st == :path
+        Gadfly.Geom.path
+    elseif st in (:bar, :sticks)
+        Gadfly.Geom.bar
+    elseif st == :steppost
+        Gadfly.Geom.step
+    elseif st == :steppre
+        Gadfly.Geom.step(direction = :vh)
+    elseif st == :hline
+        Gadfly.Geom.hline
+    elseif st == :vline
+        Gadfly.Geom.vline
+    elseif st == :contour
+        Gadfly.Geom.contour(levels = d[:levels])
+    # elseif st == :shape
+    #     Gadfly.Geom.polygon(fill = true, preserve_order = true)
+    else
+        nothing
+    end
+end
+
+function get_extra_theme_args(d::KW, k::Symbol)
+    # gracefully handles old Gadfly versions
+    extra_theme_args = KW()
+    try
+        extra_theme_args[:line_style] = Gadfly.get_stroke_vector(d[k])
+    catch err
+        if string(err) == "UndefVarError(:get_stroke_vector)"
+            Base.warn_once("Gadfly.get_stroke_vector failed... do you have an old version of Gadfly?")
+        else
+            rethrow()
+        end
+    end
+    extra_theme_args
+end
+
+function getGadflyLineTheme(d::KW)
+    st = d[:seriestype]
+    lc = convertColor(getColor(d[:linecolor]), d[:linealpha])
+    fc = convertColor(getColor(d[:fillcolor]), d[:fillalpha])
+
+    Gadfly.Theme(;
+        default_color = (st in (:histogram,:histogram2d,:hexbin,:bar,:sticks) ? fc : lc),
+        line_width = (st == :sticks ? 1 : d[:linewidth]) * Gadfly.px,
+        # line_style = Gadfly.get_stroke_vector(d[:linestyle]),
+        lowlight_color = x->RGB(fc),  # fill/ribbon
+        lowlight_opacity = alpha(fc), # fill/ribbon
+        bar_highlight = RGB(lc),      # bars
+        get_extra_theme_args(d, :linestyle)...
+    )
+end
+
+# add a line as a new layer
+function addGadflyLine!(plt::Plot, numlayers::Int, d::KW, geoms...)
+    gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
+    gfargs = vcat(geoms..., getGadflyLineTheme(d))
+    kwargs = KW()
+    st = d[:seriestype]
+
+    # add a fill?
+    if d[:fillrange] != nothing && st != :contour
+        fillmin, fillmax = map(makevec, maketuple(d[:fillrange]))
+        nmin, nmax = length(fillmin), length(fillmax)
+        kwargs[:ymin] = Float64[min(y, fillmin[mod1(i, nmin)], fillmax[mod1(i, nmax)]) for (i,y) in enumerate(d[:y])]
+        kwargs[:ymax] = Float64[max(y, fillmin[mod1(i, nmin)], fillmax[mod1(i, nmax)]) for (i,y) in enumerate(d[:y])]
+        push!(gfargs, Gadfly.Geom.ribbon)
+    end
+
+    if st in (:hline, :vline)
+        kwargs[st == :hline ? :yintercept : :xintercept] = d[:y]
+
+    else
+        if st == :sticks
+            w = 0.01 * mean(diff(d[:x]))
+            kwargs[:xmin] = d[:x] - w
+            kwargs[:xmax] = d[:x] + w
+        elseif st == :contour
+            kwargs[:z] = d[:z].surf
+            addGadflyContColorScale(plt, d[:linecolor])
+        end
+
+        kwargs[:x] = d[st == :histogram ? :y : :x]
+        kwargs[:y] = d[:y]
+
+    end
+
+    # # add the layer
+    Gadfly.layer(gfargs...; order=numlayers, kwargs...)
+end
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+get_shape(sym::Symbol) = _shapes[sym]
+get_shape(shape::Shape) = shape
+
+# extract the underlying ShapeGeometry object(s)
+getMarkerGeom(shapes::AVec) = gadflyshape(map(get_shape, shapes))
+getMarkerGeom(other) = gadflyshape(get_shape(other))
+
+# getMarkerGeom(shape::Shape) = gadflyshape(shape)
+# getMarkerGeom(shape::Symbol) = gadflyshape(_shapes[shape])
+# getMarkerGeom(shapes::AVec) = gadflyshape(map(gadflyshape, shapes)) # map(getMarkerGeom, shapes)
+function getMarkerGeom(d::KW)
+    if d[:seriestype] == :shape
+        Gadfly.Geom.polygon(fill = true, preserve_order = true)
+    else
+        getMarkerGeom(d[:markershape])
+    end
+end
+
+function getGadflyMarkerTheme(d::KW, attr::KW)
+    c = getColor(d[:markercolor])
+    α = d[:markeralpha]
+    if α != nothing
+        c = RGBA(RGB(c), α)
+    end
+
+    ms = d[:markersize]
+    ms = if typeof(ms) <: AVec
+        warn("Gadfly doesn't support variable marker sizes... using the average: $(mean(ms))")
+        mean(ms) * Gadfly.px
+    else
+        ms * Gadfly.px
+    end
+
+    Gadfly.Theme(;
+        default_color = c,
+        default_point_size = ms,
+        discrete_highlight_color = c -> RGB(getColor(d[:markerstrokecolor])),
+        highlight_width = d[:markerstrokewidth] * Gadfly.px,
+        line_width = d[:markerstrokewidth] * Gadfly.px,
+        # get_extra_theme_args(d, :markerstrokestyle)...
+    )
+end
+
+function addGadflyContColorScale(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, c)
+    plt.attr[:colorbar] == :none && return
+    if !isa(c, ColorGradient)
+        c = default_gradient()
+    end
+    push!(getGadflyContext(plt).scales, Gadfly.Scale.ContinuousColorScale(p -> RGB(getColorZ(c, p))))
+end
+
+function addGadflyMarker!(plt::Plot, numlayers::Int, d::KW, attr::KW, geoms...)
+    gfargs = vcat(geoms..., getGadflyMarkerTheme(d, attr), getMarkerGeom(d))
+    kwargs = KW()
+
+    # handle continuous color scales for the markers
+    zcolor = d[:marker_z]
+    if zcolor != nothing && typeof(zcolor) <: AVec
+        kwargs[:color] = zcolor
+        addGadflyContColorScale(plt, d[:markercolor])
+    end
+
+    Gadfly.layer(gfargs...; x = d[:x], y = d[:y], order=numlayers, kwargs...)
+end
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function addToGadflyLegend(plt::Plot, d::KW)
+    if plt.attr[:legend] != :none && d[:label] != ""
+        gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
+
+        # add the legend if needed
+        if all(g -> !isa(g, Gadfly.Guide.ManualColorKey), gplt.guides)
+            unshift!(gplt.guides, Gadfly.Guide.manual_color_key("", @compat(AbstractString)[], Color[]))
+        end
+
+        # now add the series to the legend
+        for guide in gplt.guides
+            if isa(guide, Gadfly.Guide.ManualColorKey)
+                # TODO: there's a BUG in gadfly if you pass in the same color more than once,
+                # since gadfly will call unique(colors), but doesn't also merge the rows that match
+                # Should ensure from this side that colors which are the same are merged together
+
+                c = getColor(d[d[:markershape] == :none ? :linecolor : :markercolor])
+                foundit = false
+
+                # extend the label if we found this color
+                for i in 1:length(guide.colors)
+                    if RGB(c) == guide.colors[i]
+                        guide.labels[i] *= ", " * d[:label]
+                        foundit = true
+                    end
+                end
+
+                # didn't find the color, so add a new entry into the legend
+                if !foundit
+                    push!(guide.labels, d[:label])
+                    push!(guide.colors, c)
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+getGadflySmoothing(smooth::Bool) = smooth ? [Gadfly.Geom.smooth(method=:lm)] : Any[]
+getGadflySmoothing(smooth::Real) = [Gadfly.Geom.smooth(method=:loess, smoothing=float(smooth))]
+
+
+function addGadflySeries!(plt::Plot, d::KW)
+    layers = Gadfly.Layer[]
+    gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
+
+    # add a regression line?
+    # TODO: make more flexible
+    smooth = getGadflySmoothing(d[:smooth])
+
+    # lines
+    geom = getLineGeom(d)
+    if geom != nothing
+        prepend!(layers, addGadflyLine!(plt, length(gplt.layers), d, geom, smooth...))
+        smooth = Any[] # don't add a regression for markers too
+    end
+
+    # special handling for ohlc and scatter
+    st = d[:seriestype]
+    # if st == :ohlc
+    #     error("Haven't re-implemented after refactoring")
+    if st in (:histogram2d, :hexbin) && (isa(d[:fillcolor], ColorGradient) || isa(d[:fillcolor], ColorFunction))
+        push!(gplt.scales, Gadfly.Scale.ContinuousColorScale(p -> RGB(getColorZ(d[:fillcolor], p))))
+    elseif st == :scatter && d[:markershape] == :none
+        d[:markershape] = :circle
+    end
+
+    # markers
+    if d[:markershape] != :none || st == :shape
+        prepend!(layers, addGadflyMarker!(plt, length(gplt.layers), d, plt.attr, smooth...))
+    end
+
+    st in (:histogram2d, :hexbin, :contour) || addToGadflyLegend(plt, d)
+
+    # now save the layers that apply to this series
+    d[:gadflylayers] = layers
+    prepend!(gplt.layers, layers)
+end
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# NOTE: I'm leaving this here and commented out just in case I want to implement again... it was hacky code to create multi-colored line segments
+
+#   # colorgroup
+#   z = d[:z]
+
+#   # handle line segments of different colors
+#   cscheme = d[:linecolor]
+#   if isa(cscheme, ColorVector)
+#     # create a color scale, and set the color group to the index of the color
+#     push!(gplt.scales, Gadfly.Scale.color_discrete_manual(cscheme.v...))
+
+#     # this is super weird, but... oh well... for some reason this creates n separate line segments...
+#     # create a list of vertices that go: [x1,x2,x2,x3,x3, ... ,xi,xi, ... xn,xn] (same for y)
+#     # then the vector passed to the "color" keyword should be a vector: [1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4, ..., i,i, ... , n,n]
+#     csindices = Int[mod1(i,length(cscheme.v)) for i in 1:length(d[:y])]
+#     cs = collect(repmat(csindices', 2, 1))[1:end-1]
+#     grp = collect(repmat((1:length(d[:y]))', 2, 1))[1:end-1]
+#     d[:x], d[:y] = map(createSegments, (d[:x], d[:y]))
+#     colorgroup = [(:linecolor, cs), (:group, grp)]
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function addGadflyTicksGuide(gplt, ticks, isx::Bool)
+    ticks == :auto && return
+
+    # remove the ticks?
+    if ticks in (:none, false, nothing)
+        return addOrReplace(gplt.guides, isx ? Gadfly.Guide.xticks : Gadfly.Guide.yticks; label=false)
+    end
+
+    ttype = ticksType(ticks)
+
+    # just the values... put ticks here, but use standard labels
+    if ttype == :ticks
+        gtype = isx ? Gadfly.Guide.xticks : Gadfly.Guide.yticks
+        replaceType(gplt.guides, gtype(ticks = collect(ticks)))
+
+    # set the ticks and the labels
+    # Note: this is pretty convoluted, but I think it works.  We set the ticks using Gadfly.Guide,
+    #   and then set the label function (wraps a dict lookup) through a continuous Gadfly.Scale.
+    elseif ttype == :ticks_and_labels
+        gtype = isx ? Gadfly.Guide.xticks : Gadfly.Guide.yticks
+        replaceType(gplt.guides, gtype(ticks = collect(ticks[1])))
+
+        # # TODO add xtick_label function (given tick, return label??)
+        # # Scale.x_discrete(; labels=nothing, levels=nothing, order=nothing)
+        # filterGadflyScale(gplt, isx)
+        # gfunc = isx ? Gadfly.Scale.x_discrete : Gadfly.Scale.y_discrete
+        # labelmap = Dict(zip(ticks...))
+        # labelfunc = val -> labelmap[val]
+        # push!(gplt.scales, gfunc(levels = collect(ticks[1]), labels = labelfunc))
+
+        filterGadflyScale(gplt, isx)
+        gfunc = isx ? Gadfly.Scale.x_continuous : Gadfly.Scale.y_continuous
+        labelmap = Dict(zip(ticks...))
+        labelfunc = val -> labelmap[val]
+        push!(gplt.scales, gfunc(labels = labelfunc))
+
+    else
+        error("Invalid input for $(isx ? "xticks" : "yticks"): ", ticks)
+    end
+end
+
+continuousAndSameAxis(scale, isx::Bool) = isa(scale, Gadfly.Scale.ContinuousScale) && scale.vars[1] == (isx ? :x : :y)
+filterGadflyScale(gplt, isx::Bool) = filter!(scale -> !continuousAndSameAxis(scale, isx), gplt.scales)
+
+
+function getGadflyScaleFunction(d::KW, isx::Bool)
+    scalekey = isx ? :xscale : :yscale
+    hasScaleKey = haskey(d, scalekey)
+    if hasScaleKey
+        scale = d[scalekey]
+        scale == :ln && return isx ? Gadfly.Scale.x_log : Gadfly.Scale.y_log, hasScaleKey, log
+        scale == :log2 && return isx ? Gadfly.Scale.x_log2 : Gadfly.Scale.y_log2, hasScaleKey, log2
+        scale == :log10 && return isx ? Gadfly.Scale.x_log10 : Gadfly.Scale.y_log10, hasScaleKey, log10
+        scale == :asinh && return isx ? Gadfly.Scale.x_asinh : Gadfly.Scale.y_asinh, hasScaleKey, asinh
+        scale == :sqrt && return isx ? Gadfly.Scale.x_sqrt : Gadfly.Scale.y_sqrt, hasScaleKey, sqrt
+    end
+    isx ? Gadfly.Scale.x_continuous : Gadfly.Scale.y_continuous, hasScaleKey, identity
+end
+
+
+function addGadflyLimitsScale(gplt, d::KW, isx::Bool)
+    gfunc, hasScaleKey, func = getGadflyScaleFunction(d, isx)
+
+    # do we want to add min/max limits for the axis?
+    limsym = isx ? :xlims : :ylims
+    limargs = Any[]
+
+    # map :auto to nothing, otherwise add to limargs
+    lims = get(d, limsym, :auto)
+    if lims == :auto
+        lims = nothing
+    else
+        if limsType(lims) == :limits
+            push!(limargs, (:minvalue, min(lims...)))
+            push!(limargs, (:maxvalue, max(lims...)))
+        else
+            error("Invalid input for $(isx ? "xlims" : "ylims"): ", lims)
+        end
+    end
+
+    # replace any current scales with this one
+    if hasScaleKey || !isempty(limargs)
+        filterGadflyScale(gplt, isx)
+        push!(gplt.scales, gfunc(; limargs...))
+    end
+
+    lims, func
+end
+
+function updateGadflyAxisFlips(gplt, d::KW, xlims, ylims, xfunc, yfunc)
+    if isa(gplt.coord, Gadfly.Coord.Cartesian)
+        gplt.coord = Gadfly.Coord.cartesian(
+            gplt.coord.xvars,
+            gplt.coord.yvars;
+            xmin = xlims == nothing ? gplt.coord.xmin : xfunc(minimum(xlims)),
+            xmax = xlims == nothing ? gplt.coord.xmax : xfunc(maximum(xlims)),
+            ymin = ylims == nothing ? gplt.coord.ymin : yfunc(minimum(ylims)),
+            ymax = ylims == nothing ? gplt.coord.ymax : yfunc(maximum(ylims)),
+            xflip = get(d, :xflip, gplt.coord.xflip),
+            yflip = get(d, :yflip, gplt.coord.yflip),
+            fixed = gplt.coord.fixed,
+            aspect_ratio = gplt.coord.aspect_ratio,
+            raster = gplt.coord.raster
+        )
+    else
+        gplt.coord = Gadfly.Coord.Cartesian(
+            xflip = get(d, :xflip, false),
+            yflip = get(d, :yflip, false)
+        )
+    end
+end
+
+
+function findGuideAndSet(gplt, t::DataType, args...; kw...) #s::@compat(AbstractString))
+    for (i,guide) in enumerate(gplt.guides)
+        if isa(guide, t)
+            gplt.guides[i] = t(args...; kw...)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+function updateGadflyGuides(plt::Plot, d::KW)
+    gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
+    haskey(d, :title) && findGuideAndSet(gplt, Gadfly.Guide.title, string(d[:title]))
+    haskey(d, :xguide) && findGuideAndSet(gplt, Gadfly.Guide.xlabel, string(d[:xguide]))
+    haskey(d, :yguide) && findGuideAndSet(gplt, Gadfly.Guide.ylabel, string(d[:yguide]))
+
+    xlims, xfunc = addGadflyLimitsScale(gplt, d, true)
+    ylims, yfunc = addGadflyLimitsScale(gplt, d, false)
+
+    ticks = get(d, :xticks, :auto)
+    if ticks == :none
+        _remove_axis(plt, true)
+    else
+        addGadflyTicksGuide(gplt, ticks, true)
+    end
+    ticks = get(d, :yticks, :auto)
+    if ticks == :none
+        _remove_axis(plt, false)
+    else
+        addGadflyTicksGuide(gplt, ticks, false)
+    end
+
+    updateGadflyAxisFlips(gplt, d, xlims, ylims, xfunc, yfunc)
+end
+
+function updateGadflyPlotTheme(plt::Plot, d::KW)
+    kwargs = KW()
+
+    # colors
+    insidecolor, gridcolor, textcolor, guidecolor, legendcolor =
+        map(s -> getColor(d[s]), (
+            :background_color_inside,
+            :foreground_color_grid,
+            :foreground_color_text,
+            :foreground_color_guide,
+            :foreground_color_legend
+        ))
+
+    # # hide the legend?
+    leg = d[d[:legend] == :none ? :colorbar : :legend]
+    if leg != :best
+        kwargs[:key_position] = leg == :inside ? :right : leg
+    end
+
+    if !get(d, :grid, true)
+        kwargs[:grid_color] = gridcolor
+    end
+
+    # fonts
+    tfont, gfont, lfont = d[:tickfont], d[:guidefont], d[:legendfont]
+
+    getGadflyContext(plt).theme = Gadfly.Theme(;
+        background_color = insidecolor,
+        minor_label_color = textcolor,
+        minor_label_font = tfont.family,
+        minor_label_font_size = tfont.pointsize * Gadfly.pt,
+        major_label_color = guidecolor,
+        major_label_font = gfont.family,
+        major_label_font_size = gfont.pointsize * Gadfly.pt,
+        key_title_color = guidecolor,
+        key_title_font = gfont.family,
+        key_title_font_size = gfont.pointsize * Gadfly.pt,
+        key_label_color = legendcolor,
+        key_label_font = lfont.family,
+        key_label_font_size = lfont.pointsize * Gadfly.pt,
+        plot_padding = 1 * Gadfly.mm,
+        kwargs...
+    )
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function createGadflyAnnotationObject(x, y, val::@compat(AbstractString))
+    Gadfly.Guide.annotation(Compose.compose(
+                              Compose.context(),
+                              Compose.text(x, y, val)
+                            ))
+end
+
+function createGadflyAnnotationObject(x, y, txt::PlotText)
+    halign = (txt.font.halign == :hcenter ? Compose.hcenter : (txt.font.halign == :left ? Compose.hleft : Compose.hright))
+    valign = (txt.font.valign == :vcenter ? Compose.vcenter : (txt.font.valign == :top ? Compose.vtop : Compose.vbottom))
+    rotations = (txt.font.rotation == 0.0 ? [] : [Compose.Rotation(txt.font.rotation, Compose.Point(Compose.x_measure(x), Compose.y_measure(y)))])
+    Gadfly.Guide.annotation(Compose.compose(
+                              Compose.context(),
+                              Compose.text(x, y, txt.str, halign, valign, rotations...),
+                              Compose.font(string(txt.font.family)),
+                              Compose.fontsize(txt.font.pointsize * Gadfly.pt),
+                              Compose.stroke(txt.font.color),
+                              Compose.fill(txt.font.color)
+                            ))
+end
+
+function _add_annotations{X,Y,V}(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, anns::AVec{@compat(Tuple{X,Y,V})})
+    for ann in anns
+        push!(plt.o.guides, createGadflyAnnotationObject(ann...))
+    end
+end
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 # create a blank Gadfly.Plot object
-function plot(pkg::GadflyPackage; kw...)
-  @eval import DataFrames
-
-  plt = Gadfly.Plot()
-  plt.mapping = Dict()
-  plt.data_source = DataFrames.DataFrame()
-  plt.layers = plt.layers[1:0]
-  
-  # add the title, axis labels, and theme
-  d = Dict(kw)
-
-  plt.guides = Gadfly.GuideElement[Gadfly.Guide.xlabel(d[:xlabel]),
-                                   Gadfly.Guide.ylabel(d[:ylabel]),
-                                   Gadfly.Guide.title(d[:title])]
-
-  # add the legend?
-  if d[:legend]
-    unshift!(plt.guides, Gadfly.Guide.manual_color_key("", AbstractString[], Color[]))
-  end
-
-  plt.theme = Gadfly.Theme(background_color = (haskey(d, :background_color) ? d[:background_color] : colorant"white"))
-  
-  Plot(plt, pkg, 0, d, Dict[])
-end
-
-function getGeomFromLineType(linetype::Symbol, nbins::Int)
-  linetype == :line && return Gadfly.Geom.line
-  linetype == :dots && return Gadfly.Geom.point
-  linetype == :bar && return Gadfly.Geom.bar
-  linetype == :step && return Gadfly.Geom.step
-  linetype == :hist && return Gadfly.Geom.histogram(bincount=nbins)
-  linetype == :none && return Gadfly.Geom.point  # change this? are we usually pairing no line with scatterplots?
-  linetype == :sticks && return Gadfly.Geom.bar
-  error("linetype $linetype not currently supported with Gadfly")
-end
-
-function getGeoms(linetype::Symbol, marker::Symbol, nbins::Int)
-  geoms = []
-
-  # handle heatmaps (hexbins) specially
-  if linetype in (:heatmap,:hexbin)
-    push!(geoms, Gadfly.Geom.hexbin(xbincount=nbins, ybincount=nbins))
-  else
-
-    # for other linetypes, get the correct Geom
-    push!(geoms, getGeomFromLineType(linetype, nbins))
-
-    # for any marker, add Geom.point
-    if marker != :none
-      push!(geoms, Gadfly.Geom.point)
-    end
-  end
-
-  geoms
+# function _create_plot(pkg::GadflyBackend, d::KW)
+#     gplt = createGadflyPlotObject(d)
+#     Plot(gplt, pkg, 0, d, KW[])
+# end
+function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend})
+    createGadflyPlotObject(plt.attr)
 end


 # plot one data series
-function plot!(::GadflyPackage, plt::Plot; kw...)
-  d = Dict(kw)
+# function _series_added(::GadflyBackend, plt::Plot, d::KW)
+function _series_added(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, series::Series)
+    # first clear out the temporary layer
+    gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
+    if gplt.layers[1].geom.tag == :remove
+        gplt.layers = gplt.layers[2:end]
+    end

-  gfargs = []
-
-  # add the Geoms
-  append!(gfargs, getGeoms(d[:linetype], d[:marker], d[:nbins]))
-
-  # set color, line width, and point size
-  theme = Gadfly.Theme(default_color = d[:color],
-                       line_width = d[:width] * Gadfly.px,
-                       default_point_size = d[:markersize] * Gadfly.px)
-  push!(gfargs, theme)
-
-  # add a regression line?
-  if d[:reg]
-    push!(gfargs, Gadfly.Geom.smooth(method=:lm))
-  end
-
-  # for histograms, set x=y
-  x = d[d[:linetype] == :hist ? :y : :x]
-
-  # add to the legend
-  if length(plt.o.guides) > 0 && isa(plt.o.guides[1], Gadfly.Guide.ManualColorKey)
-    push!(plt.o.guides[1].labels, d[:label])
-    push!(plt.o.guides[1].colors, d[:color])
-  end
-
-  if d[:axis] != :left
-    warn("Gadly only supports one y axis")
-  end
-
-  # save the kw args
-  push!(plt.seriesargs, d)
-
-  # add the layer to the Gadfly.Plot
-  prepend!(plt.o.layers, Gadfly.layer(unique(gfargs)...; x = x, y = d[:y]))
-  plt
-end
-
-function Base.display(::GadflyPackage, plt::Plot)
-  display(plt.o)
-end
-
-# -------------------------------
-
-function savepng(::GadflyPackage, plt::PlottingObject, fn::String;
-                                    w = 6 * Gadfly.inch,
-                                    h = 4 * Gadfly.inch)
-  Gadfly.draw(Gadfly.PNG(fn, w, h), plt.o)
+    addGadflySeries!(plt, series.d)
+    # push!(plt.seriesargs, d)
+    # plt
 end


-# -------------------------------

-# create the underlying object (each backend will do this differently)
-function buildSubplotObject!(::GadflyPackage, subplt::Subplot)
-  i = 0
-  rows = []
-  for rowcnt in subplt.layout.rowcounts
-    push!(rows, Gadfly.hstack([plt.o for plt in subplt.plts[(1:rowcnt) + i]]...))
-    i += rowcnt
-  end
-  subplt.o = Gadfly.vstack(rows...)
+function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, d::KW)
+    updateGadflyGuides(plt, d)
+    updateGadflyPlotTheme(plt, d)
 end


-function Base.display(::GadflyPackage, subplt::Subplot)
-  display(subplt.o)
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# accessors for x/y data
+
+# TODO: need to save all the layer indices which apply to this series
+function getGadflyMappings(plt::Plot, i::Integer)
+    @assert i > 0 && i <= plt.n
+    mappings = [l.mapping for l in plt.seriesargs[i][:gadflylayers]]
 end
+
+function getxy(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, i::Integer)
+    mapping = getGadflyMappings(plt, i)[1]
+    mapping[:x], mapping[:y]
+end
+
+function setxy!{X,Y}(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer)
+    for mapping in getGadflyMappings(plt, i)
+        mapping[:x], mapping[:y] = xy
+    end
+    plt
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# # create the underlying object (each backend will do this differently)
+# function _create_subplot(subplt::Subplot{GadflyBackend}, isbefore::Bool)
+#     isbefore && return false # wait until after plotting to create the subplots
+#     subplt.o = nothing
+#     true
+# end
+
+
+function _remove_axis(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, isx::Bool)
+    gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
+    addOrReplace(gplt.guides, isx ? Gadfly.Guide.xticks : Gadfly.Guide.yticks; label=false)
+    addOrReplace(gplt.guides, isx ? Gadfly.Guide.xlabel : Gadfly.Guide.ylabel, "")
+end
+
+function _expand_limits(lims, plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, isx::Bool)
+    for l in getGadflyContext(plt).layers
+        _expand_limits(lims, l.mapping[isx ? :x : :y])
+    end
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+getGadflyContext(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}) = plt.o
+# getGadflyContext(subplt::Subplot{GadflyBackend}) = buildGadflySubplotContext(subplt)
+
+# # create my Compose.Context grid by hstacking and vstacking the Gadfly.Plot objects
+# function buildGadflySubplotContext(subplt::Subplot)
+#     rows = Any[]
+#     row = Any[]
+#     for (i,(r,c)) in enumerate(subplt.layout)
+#
+#         # add the Plot object to the row
+#         push!(row, getGadflyContext(subplt.plts[i]))
+#
+#         # add the row
+#         if c == ncols(subplt.layout, r)
+#             push!(rows, Gadfly.hstack(row...))
+#             row = Any[]
+#         end
+#     end
+#
+#     # stack the rows
+#     Gadfly.vstack(rows...)
+# end
+
+setGadflyDisplaySize(w,h) = Compose.set_default_graphic_size(w * Compose.px, h * Compose.px)
+setGadflyDisplaySize(plt::Plot) = setGadflyDisplaySize(plt.attr[:size]...)
+# setGadflyDisplaySize(subplt::Subplot) = setGadflyDisplaySize(getattr(subplt, 1)[:size]...)
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function dowritemime{P<:Union{GadflyBackend,ImmerseBackend}}(io::IO, func, plt::AbstractPlot{P})
+    gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
+    setGadflyDisplaySize(plt)
+    Gadfly.draw(func(io, Compose.default_graphic_width, Compose.default_graphic_height), gplt)
+end
+
+getGadflyWriteFunc(::MIME"image/png") = Gadfly.PNG
+getGadflyWriteFunc(::MIME"image/svg+xml") = Gadfly.SVG
+# getGadflyWriteFunc(::MIME"text/html") = Gadfly.SVGJS
+getGadflyWriteFunc(::MIME"application/pdf") = Gadfly.PDF
+getGadflyWriteFunc(::MIME"application/postscript") = Gadfly.PS
+getGadflyWriteFunc(::MIME"application/x-tex") = Gadfly.PGF
+getGadflyWriteFunc(m::MIME) = error("Unsupported in Gadfly/Immerse: ", m)
+
+for mime in (MIME"image/png", MIME"image/svg+xml", MIME"application/pdf", MIME"application/postscript", MIME"application/x-tex")
+    @eval function Base.writemime{P<:Union{GadflyBackend,ImmerseBackend}}(io::IO, ::$mime, plt::AbstractPlot{P})
+        func = getGadflyWriteFunc($mime())
+        dowritemime(io, func, plt)
+    end
+end
+
+
+
+function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Plot{GadflyBackend})
+    setGadflyDisplaySize(plt.attr[:size]...)
+    display(plt.o)
+end
+
+
+# function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, subplt::Subplot{GadflyBackend})
+#     setGadflyDisplaySize(getattr(subplt,1)[:size]...)
+#     ctx = buildGadflySubplotContext(subplt)
+#
+#     # taken from Gadfly since I couldn't figure out how to do it directly
+#
+#     filename = string(Gadfly.tempname(), ".html")
+#     output = open(filename, "w")
+#
+#     plot_output = IOBuffer()
+#     Gadfly.draw(Gadfly.SVGJS(plot_output, Compose.default_graphic_width,
+#              Compose.default_graphic_height, false), ctx)
+#     plotsvg = takebuf_string(plot_output)
+#
+#     write(output,
+#       """
+#       <!DOCTYPE html>
+#       <html>
+#         <head>
+#           <title>Gadfly Plot</title>
+#           <meta charset="utf-8">
+#         </head>
+#           <body>
+#           <script charset="utf-8">
+#               $(readall(Compose.snapsvgjs))
+#           </script>
+#           <script charset="utf-8">
+#               $(readall(Gadfly.gadflyjs))
+#           </script>
+#           $(plotsvg)
+#         </body>
+#       </html>
+#       """)
+#     close(output)
+#     Gadfly.open_file(filename)
+# end
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+
+
+# Geometry which displays arbitrary shapes at given (x, y) positions.
+# note: vertices is a list of shapes
+immutable ShapeGeometry <: Gadfly.GeometryElement
+    vertices::AbstractVector #{Tuple{Float64,Float64}}
+    tag::Symbol
+
+    function ShapeGeometry(shape; tag::Symbol=Gadfly.Geom.empty_tag)
+        new(shape, tag)
+    end
+end
+
+# TODO: add for PR
+# const shape = ShapeGeometry
+
+
+function Gadfly.element_aesthetics(::ShapeGeometry)
+    [:x, :y, :size, :color]
+end
+
+
+# Generate a form for a shape geometry.
+#
+# Args:
+#   geom: shape geometry.
+#   theme: the plot's theme.
+#   aes: aesthetics.
+#
+# Returns:
+#   A compose Form.
+#
+function Gadfly.render(geom::ShapeGeometry, theme::Gadfly.Theme, aes::Gadfly.Aesthetics)
+
+    # TODO: add for PR
+    # Gadfly.assert_aesthetics_defined("Geom.shape", aes, :x, :y)
+    # Gadfly.assert_aesthetics_equal_length("Geom.shape", aes,
+    #                                       element_aesthetics(geom)...)
+
+    default_aes = Gadfly.Aesthetics()
+    default_aes.color = Gadfly.DataFrames.PooledDataArray(RGBA{Float32}[theme.default_color])
+    default_aes.size = Compose.Measure[theme.default_point_size]
+    aes = Gadfly.inherit(aes, default_aes)
+
+    lw_hover_scale = 10
+    lw_ratio = theme.line_width / aes.size[1]
+
+    aes_x, aes_y = Gadfly.concretize(aes.x, aes.y)
+
+    ctx = Compose.compose!(
+        Compose.context(),
+        make_polygon(geom, aes.x, aes.y, aes.size),
+        Compose.fill(aes.color),
+        Compose.linewidth(theme.highlight_width))
+
+    if aes.color_key_continuous != nothing && aes.color_key_continuous
+        Compose.compose!(ctx,
+            Compose.stroke(map(theme.continuous_highlight_color, aes.color)))
+    else
+        Compose.compose!(ctx,
+            Compose.stroke(map(theme.discrete_highlight_color, aes.color)),
+            Compose.svgclass([Gadfly.svg_color_class_from_label(Gadfly.escape_id(aes.color_label([c])[1]))
+                      for c in aes.color]))
+    end
+
+    return Compose.compose!(Compose.context(order=4), Compose.svgclass("geometry"), ctx)
+end
+
+function gadflyshape(sv::Shape)
+  ShapeGeometry(Any[vertices(sv)])
+end
+
+function gadflyshape(sv::AVec{Shape})
+    ShapeGeometry(Any[vertices(s) for s in sv])
+end
+
+
+# create a Compose context given a ShapeGeometry and the xs/ys/sizes
+function make_polygon(geom::ShapeGeometry, xs::AbstractArray, ys::AbstractArray, rs::AbstractArray)
+  n = max(length(xs), length(ys), length(rs))
+  T = Tuple{Compose.Measure, Compose.Measure}
+  polys = Array(Vector{T}, n)
+  for i in 1:n
+    x = Compose.x_measure(xs[mod1(i, length(xs))])
+    y = Compose.y_measure(ys[mod1(i, length(ys))])
+    r = rs[mod1(i, length(rs))]
+    polys[i] = T[(x + r * sx, y + r * sy) for (sx,sy) in cycle(geom.vertices, i)]
+  end
+  Gadfly.polygon(polys, geom.tag)
+end
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+
+
+# [WEBSITE]
+
+supported_args(::GLVisualizeBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    # :annotations,
+    # :background_color_legend, :background_color_inside, :background_color_outside,
+    # :foreground_color_grid, :foreground_color_legend, :foreground_color_title,
+    # :foreground_color_axis, :foreground_color_border, :foreground_color_guide, :foreground_color_text,
+    # :label,
+    # :linecolor, :linestyle, :linewidth, :linealpha,
+    # :markershape, :markercolor, :markersize, :markeralpha,
+    # :markerstrokewidth, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha,
+    # :fillrange, :fillcolor, :fillalpha,
+    # :bins, :bar_width, :bar_edges, :bar_position,
+    # :title, :title_location, :titlefont,
+    # :window_title,
+    # :guide, :lims, :ticks, :scale, :flip, :rotation,
+    # :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
+    # :grid, :legend, :colorbar,
+    # :marker_z, :levels,
+    # :ribbon, :quiver, :arrow,
+    # :orientation,
+    # :overwrite_figure,
+    # :polar,
+    # :normalize, :weights,
+    # :contours, :aspect_ratio,
+    # :match_dimensions,
+    # :clims,
+    # :inset_subplots,
+  ])
+supported_types(::GLVisualizeBackend) = [:surface, :scatter, :scatter3d, :path, :path3d, :shape]
+supported_styles(::GLVisualizeBackend) = [:auto, :solid]
+supported_markers(::GLVisualizeBackend) = vcat([:none, :auto, :circle], collect(keys(_gl_marker_map)))
+supported_scales(::GLVisualizeBackend) = [:identity]
+is_subplot_supported(::GLVisualizeBackend) = true
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function _initialize_backend(::GLVisualizeBackend; kw...)
+    @eval begin
+        import GLVisualize, GeometryTypes, GLAbstraction, GLWindow
+        import GeometryTypes: Point2f0, Point3f0, Vec2f0, Vec3f0
+        export GLVisualize
+
+        # # TODO: remove this when PlotUtils is registered
+        # import PlotUtils
+    end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# initialize the figure/window
+function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{GLVisualizeBackend})
+    # init a screen
+    screen = if isdefined(GLVisualize, :ROOT_SCREEN)
+        GLVisualize.ROOT_SCREEN
+    else
+        s = GLVisualize.glscreen()
+        @async GLVisualize.renderloop(s)
+        s
+    end
+    empty!(screen)
+    screen
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# size as a percentage of the window size
+function gl_relative_size(plt::Plot{GLVisualizeBackend}, msize::Number)
+    winsz = min(plt[:size]...)
+    Float32(msize / winsz)
+end
+
+const _gl_marker_map = KW(
+  :rect => '■',
+  :star5 => '★',
+  :diamond => '◆',
+  :hexagon => '⬢',
+  :cross => '✚',
+  :xcross => '❌',
+  :utriangle => '▲',
+  :dtriangle => '▼',
+  :pentagon => '⬟',
+  :octagon => '⯄',
+  :star4 => '✦',
+  :star6 => '✶',
+  :star8 => '✷',
+  :vline => '┃',
+  :hline => '━',
+)
+
+
+# create a marker/shape type
+function gl_marker(shape::Symbol, msize::Number, _3d::Bool)
+    GeometryTypes.HyperSphere((_3d ? Point3f0 : Point2f0)(0), msize)
+end
+
+gl_color(c::RGBA{Float32}) = c
+
+# convert to RGBA
+function gl_color(c, a=nothing)
+    @show c, a
+    c = convertColor(c, a)
+    @show c
+    RGBA{Float32}(c)
+end
+
+function gl_viewport(bb, rect)
+    l, b, bw, bh = bb
+    rw, rh = rect.w, rect.h
+    GLVisualize.SimpleRectangle(
+        round(Int, rect.x + rw * l),
+        round(Int, rect.y + rh * b),
+        round(Int, rw * bw),
+        round(Int, rh * bh)
+    )
+end
+
+gl_make_points(x, y) = Point2f0[Point2f0(x[i], y[i]) for i=1:length(x)]
+gl_make_points(x, y, z) = Point3f0[Point3f0(x[i], y[i], z[i]) for i=1:length(x)]
+
+function gl_draw_lines_2d(x, y, color, linewidth, sp_screen)
+    color = gl_color(color)
+    thickness = Float32(linewidth)
+    for rng in iter_segments(x, y)
+        n = length(rng)
+        n < 2 && continue
+        pts = gl_make_points(x[rng], y[rng])
+        @show pts, n
+        viz = GLVisualize.visualize(
+            pts,
+            n==2 ? :linesegment : :lines,
+            color = color,
+            thickness = thickness
+        )
+        GLVisualize.view(viz, sp_screen, camera=:orthographic_pixel)
+    end
+end
+
+function gl_draw_lines_3d(x, y, z, color, linewidth, sp_screen)
+    color = gl_color(color)
+    thickness = Float32(linewidth)
+    for rng in iter_segments(x, y, z)
+        n = length(rng)
+        n < 2 && continue
+        pts = gl_make_points(x[rng], y[rng], z[rng])
+        viz = GLVisualize.visualize(
+            pts,
+            n==2 ? :linesegment : :lines,
+            color=color,
+            thickness = thickness
+        )
+        GLVisualize.view(viz, sp_screen, camera=:perspective)
+    end
+end
+
+function gl_annotate(sp::Subplot{GLVisualizeBackend}, x, y, txt::PlotText)
+end
+
+function gl_draw_axes_2d(sp::Subplot{GLVisualizeBackend})
+    sp_screen = sp.o
+    xaxis = sp[:xaxis]
+    xmin, xmax = axis_limits(xaxis)
+    yaxis = sp[:yaxis]
+    ymin, ymax = axis_limits(yaxis)
+
+    # x axis
+    xsegs, ysegs = Segments(), Segments()
+    ticksz = 0.03*(ymax-ymin)
+    push!(xsegs, [xmin,xmax]); push!(ysegs, [ymin,ymin])
+    for tick in PlotUtils.optimize_ticks(xmin, xmax)[1]
+        push!(xsegs, [tick,tick]); push!(ysegs, [ymin,ymin+ticksz])
+        # TODO: add the ticklabel
+    end
+    gl_draw_lines_2d(xsegs.pts, ysegs.pts, xaxis[:foreground_color_border], 1, sp_screen)
+
+    # y axis
+    xsegs, ysegs = Segments(), Segments()
+    push!(xsegs, [xmin,xmin]); push!(ysegs, [ymin,ymax])
+    for tick in PlotUtils.optimize_ticks(xmin, xmax)[1]
+        push!(xsegs, [xmin,xmin+ticksz]); push!(ysegs, [tick,tick])
+        # TODO: add the ticklabel
+    end
+    gl_draw_lines_2d(xsegs.pts, ysegs.pts, yaxis[:foreground_color_border], 1, sp_screen)
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# draw everything
+function gl_display(plt::Plot{GLVisualizeBackend})
+    screen = plt.o
+    sw, sh = plt[:size]
+    sw, sh = sw*px, sh*px
+    for (name, sp) in plt.spmap
+
+        _3d = is3d(sp)
+        camera = _3d ? :perspective : :orthographic_pixel
+        # camera = :perspective
+
+        # initialize the sub-screen for this subplot
+        # note: we create a lift function to update the size on resize
+        rel_bbox = bbox_to_pcts(bbox(sp), sw, sh)
+        f = rect -> gl_viewport(rel_bbox, rect)
+        sp_screen = GLVisualize.Screen(
+            screen,
+            name = name,
+            area = GLVisualize.const_lift(f, screen.area)
+        )
+
+        sp.o = sp_screen
+        if !is3d(sp)
+            # gl_draw_axes_2d(sp)
+        end
+
+        # loop over the series and add them to the subplot
+        for series in series_list(sp)
+            d = series.d
+            st = d[:seriestype]
+            x, y = map(Float32, d[:x]), map(Float32, d[:y])
+            msize = gl_relative_size(plt, d[:markersize])
+
+            if st == :surface
+                # TODO: can pass just the ranges and surface
+                ismatrix(x) || (x = repmat(x', length(y), 1))
+                ismatrix(y) || (y = repmat(y, 1, length(x)))
+                z = transpose_z(d, map(Float32, d[:z].surf), false)
+                viz = GLVisualize.visualize((x, y, z), :surface)
+                GLVisualize.view(viz, sp_screen, camera = camera)
+
+            else
+                # paths, scatters, and shape
+
+                _3d && (z = map(Float32, d[:z]))
+
+                # paths?
+                lw = d[:linewidth]
+                if lw > 0
+                    c = gl_color(d[:linecolor], d[:linealpha])
+                    if _3d
+                        gl_draw_lines_3d(x, y, z, c, lw, sp_screen)
+                    else
+                        gl_draw_lines_2d(x, y, c, lw, sp_screen)
+                    end
+                end
+                
+                # markers?
+                if st in (:scatter, :scatter3d) || d[:markershape] != :none
+                    extrakw = KW()
+                    c = gl_color(d[:markercolor], d[:markeralpha])
+
+                    # get the marker
+                    shape = d[:markershape] 
+                    shape = get(_gl_marker_map, shape, shape)
+                    marker = if isa(shape, Char)
+                        # extrakw[:scale] = Vec2f0(_3d ? 0.6*d[:markersize] : msize)
+                        extrakw[:scale] = Vec2f0(msize)
+                        shape
+                    else
+                        gl_marker(d[:markershape], msize, _3d)
+                    end
+
+                    if !_3d
+                        extrakw[:billboard] = true
+                    end
+
+                    points = _3d ? gl_make_points(x,y,z) : gl_make_points(x,y)
+                    viz = GLVisualize.visualize(
+                        (marker, points);
+                        color = c,
+                        extrakw...
+                    )
+                    GLVisualize.view(viz, sp_screen, camera = camera)
+
+                    # TODO: might need to switch to these forms later?
+                    # GLVisualize.visualize((marker ,(x, y, z)))
+                    #GLVisualize.visualize((marker , map(Point3f0, zip(x, y, z),
+                    # billboard=true
+                    #))
+                end
+
+                if st == :shape
+                    for rng in iter_segments(x, y)
+                        pts = Point2f0[Point2f0(x[i], y[i]) for i in rng]
+                        @show pts
+                        mesh = GeometryTypes.GLNormalMesh(pts)
+                        @show mesh
+                        if !isempty(GeometryTypes.faces(mesh))
+                            viz = GLVisualize.visualize(
+                                mesh,
+                                color = gl_color(d[:fillcolor], d[:fillalpha])
+                            )
+                            GLVisualize.view(viz, sp_screen, camera = camera)
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        end
+        GLAbstraction.center!(sp_screen, camera)
+    end
+
+    # TODO: render one frame at a time?  (no renderloop)
+    # GLWindow.render_frame(screen)
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{GLVisualizeBackend})
+    gl_display(plt)
+end
+
+# function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::AbstractPlot{GLVisualizeBackend})
+#     # TODO: write a png to io
+# end
+
+function _display(plt::Plot{GLVisualizeBackend})
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,992 @@
+
+# https://github.com/jheinen/GR.jl
+
+# significant contributions by @jheinen
+
+supported_args(::GRBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    :annotations,
+    :background_color_legend, :background_color_inside, :background_color_outside,
+    :foreground_color_legend, :foreground_color_grid, :foreground_color_axis,
+    :foreground_color_text, :foreground_color_border,
+    :label,
+    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
+    :linecolor, :linestyle, :linewidth, :linealpha,
+    :markershape, :markercolor, :markersize, :markeralpha,
+    :markerstrokewidth, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha,
+    :fillrange, :fillcolor, :fillalpha,
+    :bins,
+    :layout,
+    :title, :window_title,
+    :guide, :lims, :ticks, :scale, :flip,
+    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
+    :grid, :legend, :colorbar,
+    :marker_z, :levels,
+    :ribbon, :quiver,
+    :orientation,
+    :overwrite_figure,
+    :polar,
+    :aspect_ratio,
+    :normalize, :weights,
+    :inset_subplots,
+    :bar_width,
+])
+supported_types(::GRBackend) = [
+    :path, :scatter,
+    :heatmap, :pie, :image,
+    :contour, :path3d, :scatter3d, :surface, :wireframe,
+    :shape
+]
+supported_styles(::GRBackend) = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot]
+supported_markers(::GRBackend) = vcat(_allMarkers, Shape)
+supported_scales(::GRBackend) = [:identity, :log10]
+is_subplot_supported(::GRBackend) = true
+
+
+function _initialize_backend(::GRBackend; kw...)
+    @eval begin
+        import GR
+        export GR
+    end
+end
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const gr_linetype = KW(
+    :auto => 1,
+    :solid => 1,
+    :dash => 2,
+    :dot => 3,
+    :dashdot => 4,
+    :dashdotdot => -1
+)
+
+const gr_markertype = KW(
+    :auto => 1,
+    :none => -1,
+    :circle => -1,
+    :rect => -7,
+    :diamond => -13,
+    :utriangle => -3,
+    :dtriangle => -5,
+    :pentagon => -21,
+    :hexagon => -22,
+    :heptagon => -23,
+    :octagon => -24,
+    :cross => 2,
+    :xcross => 5,
+    :star4 => -25,
+    :star5 => -26,
+    :star6 => -27,
+    :star7 => -28,
+    :star8 => -29,
+    :vline => -30,
+    :hline => -31
+)
+
+const gr_halign = KW(
+    :left => 1,
+    :hcenter => 2,
+    :right => 3
+)
+
+const gr_valign = KW(
+    :top => 1,
+    :vcenter => 3,
+    :bottom => 5
+)
+
+const gr_font_family = Dict(
+    "times" => 1,
+    "helvetica" => 5,
+    "courier" => 9,
+    "bookman" => 14,
+    "newcenturyschlbk" => 18,
+    "avantgarde" => 22,
+    "palatino" => 26
+)
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function gr_getcolorind(c)
+    GR.settransparency(float(alpha(c)))
+    convert(Int, GR.inqcolorfromrgb(red(c), green(c), blue(c)))
+end
+
+gr_set_linecolor(c)   = GR.setlinecolorind(gr_getcolorind(cycle(c,1)))
+gr_set_fillcolor(c)   = GR.setfillcolorind(gr_getcolorind(cycle(c,1)))
+gr_set_markercolor(c) = GR.setmarkercolorind(gr_getcolorind(cycle(c,1)))
+gr_set_textcolor(c)   = GR.settextcolorind(gr_getcolorind(cycle(c,1)))
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# draw line segments, splitting x/y into contiguous/finite segments
+# note: this can be used for shapes by passing func `GR.fillarea`
+function gr_polyline(x, y, func = GR.polyline)
+    iend = 0
+    n = length(x)
+    while iend < n-1
+        # set istart to the first index that is finite
+        istart = -1
+        for j = iend+1:n
+            if isfinite(x[j]) && isfinite(y[j])
+                istart = j
+                break
+            end
+        end
+
+        if istart > 0
+            # iend is the last finite index
+            iend = -1
+            for j = istart+1:n
+                if isfinite(x[j]) && isfinite(y[j])
+                    iend = j
+                else
+                    break
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+        # if we found a start and end, draw the line segment, otherwise we're done
+        if istart > 0 && iend > 0
+            func(x[istart:iend], y[istart:iend])
+        else
+            break
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+function gr_inqtext(x, y, s)
+    if length(s) >= 2 && s[1] == '$' && s[end] == '$'
+        GR.inqtextext(x, y, s[2:end-1])
+    elseif search(s, '\\') != 0 || search(s, '_') != 0 || search(s, '^') != 0
+        GR.inqtextext(x, y, s)
+    else
+        GR.inqtext(x, y, s)
+    end
+end
+
+function gr_text(x, y, s)
+    if length(s) >= 2 && s[1] == '$' && s[end] == '$'
+        GR.mathtex(x, y, s[2:end-1])
+    elseif search(s, '\\') != 0 || search(s, '_') != 0 || search(s, '^') != 0
+        GR.textext(x, y, s)
+    else
+        GR.text(x, y, s)
+    end
+end
+
+function gr_polaraxes(rmin, rmax)
+    GR.savestate()
+    GR.setlinetype(GR.LINETYPE_SOLID)
+    GR.setlinecolorind(88)
+    tick = 0.5 * GR.tick(rmin, rmax)
+    n = round(Int, (rmax - rmin) / tick + 0.5)
+    for i in 0:n
+        r = float(i) / n
+        if i % 2 == 0
+            GR.setlinecolorind(88)
+            if i > 0
+                GR.drawarc(-r, r, -r, r, 0, 359)
+            end
+            GR.settextalign(GR.TEXT_HALIGN_LEFT, GR.TEXT_VALIGN_HALF)
+            x, y = GR.wctondc(0.05, r)
+            GR.text(x, y, string(signif(rmin + i * tick, 12)))
+        else
+            GR.setlinecolorind(90)
+            GR.drawarc(-r, r, -r, r, 0, 359)
+        end
+    end
+    for alpha in 0:45:315
+        a = alpha + 90
+        sinf = sin(a * pi / 180)
+        cosf = cos(a * pi / 180)
+        GR.polyline([sinf, 0], [cosf, 0])
+        GR.settextalign(GR.TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR.TEXT_VALIGN_HALF)
+        x, y = GR.wctondc(1.1 * sinf, 1.1 * cosf)
+        GR.textext(x, y, string(alpha, "^o"))
+    end
+    GR.restorestate()
+end
+
+
+# using the axis extrema and limit overrides, return the min/max value for this axis
+gr_x_axislims(sp::Subplot) = axis_limits(sp[:xaxis])
+gr_y_axislims(sp::Subplot) = axis_limits(sp[:yaxis])
+gr_z_axislims(sp::Subplot) = axis_limits(sp[:zaxis])
+gr_xy_axislims(sp::Subplot) = gr_x_axislims(sp)..., gr_y_axislims(sp)...
+
+function gr_lims(axis::Axis, adjust::Bool, expand = nothing)
+    if expand != nothing
+        expand_extrema!(axis, expand)
+    end
+    lims = axis_limits(axis)
+    if adjust
+        GR.adjustrange(lims...)
+    else
+        lims
+    end
+end
+
+
+function gr_fill_viewport(vp::AVec{Float64}, c)
+    GR.savestate()
+    GR.selntran(0)
+    GR.setfillintstyle(GR.INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+    gr_set_fillcolor(c)
+    GR.fillrect(vp...)
+    GR.selntran(1)
+    GR.restorestate()
+end
+
+
+normalize_zvals(zv::Void) = zv
+function normalize_zvals(zv::AVec)
+    vmin, vmax = extrema(zv)
+    if vmin == vmax
+        zeros(length(zv))
+    else
+        (zv - vmin) ./ (vmax - vmin)
+    end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+# draw ONE Shape
+function gr_draw_marker(xi, yi, msize, shape::Shape)
+    sx, sy = shape_coords(shape)
+    GR.selntran(0)
+    xi, yi = GR.wctondc(xi, yi)
+    GR.fillarea(xi + sx * 0.0015msize,
+                yi + sy * 0.0015msize)
+    GR.selntran(1)
+end
+
+# draw ONE symbol marker
+function gr_draw_marker(xi, yi, msize::Number, shape::Symbol)
+    GR.setmarkertype(gr_markertype[shape])
+    GR.setmarkersize(0.3msize)
+    GR.polymarker([xi], [yi])
+end
+
+
+# draw the markers, one at a time
+function gr_draw_markers(series::Series, x, y, msize, mz)
+    shape = series[:markershape]
+    if shape != :none
+        for i=1:length(x)
+            msi = cycle(msize, i)
+            cfunc = isa(shape, Shape) ? gr_set_fillcolor : gr_set_markercolor
+            cfuncind = isa(shape, Shape) ? GR.setfillcolorind : GR.setmarkercolorind
+
+            # draw a filled in shape, slightly bigger, to estimate a stroke
+            if series[:markerstrokewidth] > 0
+                cfunc(cycle(series[:markerstrokecolor], i)) #, series[:markerstrokealpha])
+                gr_draw_marker(x[i], y[i], msi + series[:markerstrokewidth], shape)
+            end
+
+            # draw the shape
+            if mz == nothing
+                cfunc(cycle(series[:markercolor], i)) #, series[:markeralpha])
+            else
+                # pick a color from the pre-loaded gradient
+                ci = round(Int, 1000 + cycle(mz, i) * 255)
+                cfuncind(ci)
+                GR.settransparency(_gr_gradient_alpha[ci-999])
+            end
+            gr_draw_marker(x[i], y[i], msi, shape)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+function gr_draw_markers(series::Series, x, y)
+    isempty(x) && return
+    mz = normalize_zvals(series[:marker_z])
+    GR.setfillintstyle(GR.INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+    gr_draw_markers(series, x, y, series[:markersize], mz)
+    if mz != nothing
+        gr_colorbar(series[:subplot])
+    end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+function gr_set_line(w, style, c) #, a)
+    GR.setlinetype(gr_linetype[style])
+    GR.setlinewidth(w)
+    gr_set_linecolor(c) #, a)
+end
+
+
+
+function gr_set_fill(c) #, a)
+    gr_set_fillcolor(c) #, a)
+    GR.setfillintstyle(GR.INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+end
+
+# this stores the conversion from a font pointsize to "percentage of window height" (which is what GR uses)
+const _gr_point_mult = zeros(1)
+
+# set the font attributes... assumes _gr_point_mult has been populated already
+function gr_set_font(f::Font; halign = f.halign, valign = f.valign, color = f.color)
+    family = lowercase(f.family)
+    GR.setcharheight(_gr_point_mult[1] * f.pointsize)
+    GR.setcharup(sin(f.rotation), cos(f.rotation))
+    if haskey(gr_font_family, family)
+        GR.settextfontprec(100 + gr_font_family[family], GR.TEXT_PRECISION_STRING)
+    end
+    gr_set_textcolor(color)
+    GR.settextalign(gr_halign[halign], gr_valign[valign])
+end
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# viewport plot area
+
+# this stays constant for a given subplot while displaying that subplot.
+# values are [xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax].  they range [0,1].
+const viewport_plotarea = zeros(4)
+
+function gr_viewport_from_bbox(bb::BoundingBox, w, h, viewport_canvas)
+    viewport = zeros(4)
+    viewport[1] = viewport_canvas[2] * (left(bb) / w)
+    viewport[2] = viewport_canvas[2] * (right(bb) / w)
+    viewport[3] = viewport_canvas[4] * (1.0 - bottom(bb) / h)
+    viewport[4] = viewport_canvas[4] * (1.0 - top(bb) / h)
+    viewport
+end
+
+# change so we're focused on the viewport area
+function gr_set_viewport_cmap(sp::Subplot)
+    GR.setviewport(
+        viewport_plotarea[2] + (is3d(sp) ? 0.04 : 0.02),
+        viewport_plotarea[2] + (is3d(sp) ? 0.07 : 0.05),
+        viewport_plotarea[3],
+        viewport_plotarea[4]
+    )
+end
+
+# reset the viewport to the plot area
+function gr_set_viewport_plotarea()
+    GR.setviewport(
+        viewport_plotarea[1],
+        viewport_plotarea[2],
+        viewport_plotarea[3],
+        viewport_plotarea[4]
+    )
+end
+
+function gr_set_viewport_polar()
+    xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = viewport_plotarea
+    ymax -= 0.05 * (xmax - xmin)
+    xcenter = 0.5 * (xmin + xmax)
+    ycenter = 0.5 * (ymin + ymax)
+    r = 0.5 * min(xmax - xmin, ymax - ymin)
+    GR.setviewport(xcenter -r, xcenter + r, ycenter - r, ycenter + r)
+    GR.setwindow(-1, 1, -1, 1)
+    r
+end
+
+# add the colorbar
+function gr_colorbar(sp::Subplot)
+    if sp[:colorbar] != :none
+        gr_set_viewport_cmap(sp)
+        GR.colormap()
+        gr_set_viewport_plotarea()
+    end
+end
+
+gr_view_xcenter() = 0.5 * (viewport_plotarea[1] + viewport_plotarea[2])
+gr_view_ycenter() = 0.5 * (viewport_plotarea[3] + viewport_plotarea[4])
+gr_view_xdiff() = viewport_plotarea[2] - viewport_plotarea[1]
+gr_view_ydiff() = viewport_plotarea[4] - viewport_plotarea[3]
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const _gr_gradient_alpha = ones(256)
+
+function gr_set_gradient(c)
+    grad = isa(c, ColorGradient) ? c : cgrad()
+    for (i,z) in enumerate(linspace(0, 1, 256))
+        c = grad[z]
+        GR.setcolorrep(999+i, red(c), green(c), blue(c))
+        _gr_gradient_alpha[i] = alpha(c)
+    end
+    grad
+end
+
+# this is our new display func... set up the viewport_canvas, compute bounding boxes, and display each subplot
+function gr_display(plt::Plot)
+    GR.clearws()
+
+    # collect some monitor/display sizes in meters and pixels
+    display_width_meters, display_height_meters, display_width_px, display_height_px = GR.inqdspsize()
+    display_width_ratio = display_width_meters / display_width_px
+    display_height_ratio = display_height_meters / display_height_px
+
+    # compute the viewport_canvas, normalized to the larger dimension
+    viewport_canvas = Float64[0,1,0,1]
+    w, h = plt[:size]
+    if w > h
+        ratio = float(h) / w
+        msize = display_width_ratio * w
+        GR.setwsviewport(0, msize, 0, msize * ratio)
+        GR.setwswindow(0, 1, 0, ratio)
+        viewport_canvas[3] *= ratio
+        viewport_canvas[4] *= ratio
+    else
+        ratio = float(w) / h
+        msize = display_height_ratio * h
+        GR.setwsviewport(0, msize * ratio, 0, msize)
+        GR.setwswindow(0, ratio, 0, 1)
+        viewport_canvas[1] *= ratio
+        viewport_canvas[2] *= ratio
+    end
+
+    # fill in the viewport_canvas background
+    gr_fill_viewport(viewport_canvas, plt[:background_color_outside])
+
+    # update point mult
+    px_per_pt = px / pt
+    _gr_point_mult[1] = 1.5 * px_per_pt / max(h,w)
+
+    # subplots:
+    for sp in plt.subplots
+        gr_display(sp, w*px, h*px, viewport_canvas)
+    end
+
+    GR.updatews()
+end
+
+
+function gr_display(sp::Subplot{GRBackend}, w, h, viewport_canvas)
+    # the viewports for this subplot
+    viewport_subplot = gr_viewport_from_bbox(bbox(sp), w, h, viewport_canvas)
+    viewport_plotarea[:] = gr_viewport_from_bbox(plotarea(sp), w, h, viewport_canvas)
+
+    # fill in the plot area background
+    bg = plot_color(sp[:background_color_inside])
+    gr_fill_viewport(viewport_plotarea, bg)
+
+    # reduced from before... set some flags based on the series in this subplot
+    # TODO: can these be generic flags?
+    outside_ticks = false
+    cmap = false
+    draw_axes = true
+    # axes_2d = true
+    for series in series_list(sp)
+        st = series[:seriestype]
+        if st in (:contour, :surface, :heatmap) || series[:marker_z] != nothing
+            cmap = true
+        end
+        if st == :pie
+            draw_axes = false
+        end
+        if st == :heatmap
+            outside_ticks = true
+        end
+    end
+
+    if cmap && sp[:colorbar] != :none
+        # note: add extra midpadding on the right for the colorbar
+        viewport_plotarea[2] -= 0.1
+    end
+
+    # set our plot area view
+    gr_set_viewport_plotarea()
+
+    # these are the Axis objects, which hold scale, lims, etc
+    xaxis = sp[:xaxis]
+    yaxis = sp[:yaxis]
+    zaxis = sp[:zaxis]
+
+    # get data limits and set the scale flags and window
+    data_lims = gr_xy_axislims(sp)
+    xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = data_lims
+    scale = 0
+    xtick, ytick = 1, 1
+    if xmax > xmin && ymax > ymin
+        # NOTE: for log axes, the major_x and major_y - if non-zero (omit labels) - control the minor grid lines (1 = draw 9 minor grid lines, 2 = no minor grid lines)
+        # NOTE: for log axes, the x_tick and y_tick - if non-zero (omit axes) - only affect the output appearance (1 = nomal, 2 = scientiic notation)
+        xaxis[:scale] == :log10 && (scale |= GR.OPTION_X_LOG)
+        yaxis[:scale] == :log10 && (scale |= GR.OPTION_Y_LOG)
+        xaxis[:flip]            && (scale |= GR.OPTION_FLIP_X)
+        yaxis[:flip]            && (scale |= GR.OPTION_FLIP_Y)
+        if scale & GR.OPTION_X_LOG == 0
+            majorx = 1 #5
+            xtick = GR.tick(xmin, xmax) / majorx
+        else
+            # log axis
+            xtick = 2  # scientific notation
+            majorx = 2 # no minor grid lines
+        end
+        if scale & GR.OPTION_Y_LOG == 0
+            majory = 1 #5
+            ytick = GR.tick(ymin, ymax) / majory
+        else
+            # log axis
+            ytick = 2  # scientific notation
+            majory = 2 # no minor grid lines
+        end
+
+        # NOTE: setwindow sets the "data coordinate" limits of the current "viewport"
+        GR.setwindow(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
+        GR.setscale(scale)
+    end
+
+    # draw the axes
+    gr_set_font(xaxis[:tickfont])
+    gr_set_textcolor(xaxis[:foreground_color_text])
+    GR.setlinewidth(1)
+
+    if is3d(sp)
+        zmin, zmax = gr_lims(zaxis, true)
+        GR.setspace(zmin, zmax, 40, 70)
+        xtick = GR.tick(xmin, xmax) / 2
+        ytick = GR.tick(ymin, ymax) / 2
+        ztick = GR.tick(zmin, zmax) / 2
+        ticksize = 0.01 * (viewport_plotarea[2] - viewport_plotarea[1])
+
+        # GR.setlinetype(GR.LINETYPE_DOTTED)
+        if sp[:grid]
+            GR.grid3d(xtick, 0, ztick, xmin, ymin, zmin, 2, 0, 2)
+            GR.grid3d(0, ytick, 0, xmax, ymin, zmin, 0, 2, 0)
+        end
+        GR.axes3d(xtick, 0, ztick, xmin, ymin, zmin, 2, 0, 2, -ticksize)
+        GR.axes3d(0, ytick, 0, xmax, ymin, zmin, 0, 2, 0, ticksize)
+
+    elseif ispolar(sp)
+        r = gr_set_viewport_polar()
+        rmin, rmax = GR.adjustrange(minimum(r), maximum(r))
+        gr_polaraxes(rmin, rmax)
+
+    elseif draw_axes
+        if xmax > xmin && ymax > ymin
+            GR.setwindow(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
+        end
+
+        xticks, yticks, spine_segs, grid_segs = axis_drawing_info(sp)
+        # @show xticks yticks #spine_segs grid_segs
+
+        # draw the grid lines
+        if sp[:grid]
+            # gr_set_linecolor(sp[:foreground_color_grid])
+            # GR.grid(xtick, ytick, 0, 0, majorx, majory)
+            gr_set_line(1, :dot, sp[:foreground_color_grid])
+            GR.settransparency(0.5)
+            gr_polyline(coords(grid_segs)...)
+        end
+        GR.settransparency(1.0)
+
+        # spine (border) and tick marks
+        gr_set_line(1, :solid, sp[:xaxis][:foreground_color_axis])
+        gr_polyline(coords(spine_segs)...)
+
+        if !(xticks in (nothing, false))
+            # x labels
+            flip = sp[:yaxis][:flip]
+            gr_set_font(sp[:xaxis][:tickfont], valign = :top, color = sp[:xaxis][:foreground_color_axis])
+            for (cv, dv) in zip(xticks...)
+                xi, yi = GR.wctondc(cv, flip ? ymax : ymin)
+                # @show cv dv ymin xi yi
+                gr_text(xi, yi-0.01, string(dv))
+            end
+        end
+
+        if !(yticks in (nothing, false))
+            # y labels
+            flip = sp[:xaxis][:flip]
+            gr_set_font(sp[:yaxis][:tickfont], halign = :right, color = sp[:yaxis][:foreground_color_axis])
+            for (cv, dv) in zip(yticks...)
+                xi, yi = GR.wctondc(flip ? xmax : xmin, cv)
+                # @show cv dv xmin xi yi
+                gr_text(xi-0.01, yi, string(dv))
+            end
+        end
+
+        # window_diag = sqrt(gr_view_xdiff()^2 + gr_view_ydiff()^2)
+        # ticksize = 0.0075 * window_diag
+        # if outside_ticks
+        #     ticksize = -ticksize
+        # end
+        # # TODO: this should be done for each axis separately
+        # gr_set_linecolor(xaxis[:foreground_color_axis])
+
+        # x1, x2 = xaxis[:flip] ? (xmax,xmin) : (xmin,xmax)
+        # y1, y2 = yaxis[:flip] ? (ymax,ymin) : (ymin,ymax)
+        # GR.axes(xtick, ytick, x1, y1, 1, 1, ticksize)
+        # GR.axes(xtick, ytick, x2, y2, -1, -1, -ticksize)
+    end
+    # end
+
+    # add the guides
+    GR.savestate()
+    if sp[:title] != ""
+        gr_set_font(sp[:titlefont])
+        GR.settextalign(GR.TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR.TEXT_VALIGN_TOP)
+        gr_set_textcolor(sp[:foreground_color_title])
+        gr_text(gr_view_xcenter(), viewport_subplot[4], sp[:title])
+    end
+
+    if xaxis[:guide] != ""
+        gr_set_font(xaxis[:guidefont])
+        GR.settextalign(GR.TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR.TEXT_VALIGN_BOTTOM)
+        gr_set_textcolor(xaxis[:foreground_color_guide])
+        gr_text(gr_view_xcenter(), viewport_subplot[3], xaxis[:guide])
+    end
+
+    if yaxis[:guide] != ""
+        gr_set_font(yaxis[:guidefont])
+        GR.settextalign(GR.TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR.TEXT_VALIGN_TOP)
+        GR.setcharup(-1, 0)
+        gr_set_textcolor(yaxis[:foreground_color_guide])
+        gr_text(viewport_subplot[1], gr_view_ycenter(), yaxis[:guide])
+    end
+    GR.restorestate()
+
+    # TODO: can we remove?
+    gr_set_font(xaxis[:tickfont])
+    GR.setcolormap(1000 + GR.COLORMAP_COOLWARM)
+
+    for (idx, series) in enumerate(series_list(sp))
+        st = series[:seriestype]
+
+        # update the current stored gradient
+        if st in (:contour, :surface, :wireframe, :heatmap)
+            gr_set_gradient(series[:fillcolor]) #, series[:fillalpha])
+        elseif series[:marker_z] != nothing
+            series[:markercolor] = gr_set_gradient(series[:markercolor])
+        end
+
+        GR.savestate()
+
+        # update the bounding window
+        if ispolar(sp)
+            gr_set_viewport_polar()
+        else
+            xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = data_lims
+            if xmax > xmin && ymax > ymin
+                GR.setwindow(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
+            end
+        end
+
+        x, y, z = series[:x], series[:y], series[:z]
+        frng = series[:fillrange]
+
+        # recompute data
+        if typeof(z) <: Surface
+            if st == :heatmap #&& size(z.surf) == (length(y), length(x))
+                expand_extrema!(sp[:xaxis], (x[1]-0.5*(x[2]-x[1]), x[end]+0.5*(x[end]-x[end-1])))
+                expand_extrema!(sp[:yaxis], (y[1]-0.5*(y[2]-y[1]), y[end]+0.5*(y[end]-y[end-1])))
+            #     # coords are centers... turn into edges
+            #     xd = diff(x)
+            #     x = vcat(x[1]-0.5xd[1], x[1]+xd, x[end]+0.5xd[end])
+            #     yd = diff(y)
+            #     y = vcat(y[1]-0.5yd[1], y[1]+yd, y[end]+0.5yd[end])
+            end
+            z = vec(transpose_z(series, z.surf, false))
+        elseif ispolar(sp)
+            if frng != nothing
+                _, frng = convert_to_polar(x, frng, (rmin, rmax))
+            end
+            x, y = convert_to_polar(x, y, (rmin, rmax))
+        end
+
+        if st in (:path, :scatter)
+            if length(x) > 1
+
+                # do area fill
+                if frng != nothing
+                    gr_set_fillcolor(series[:fillcolor]) #, series[:fillalpha])
+                    GR.setfillintstyle(GR.INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+                    frng = isa(frng, Number) ? Float64[frng] : frng
+                    nx, ny, nf = length(x), length(y), length(frng)
+                    n = max(nx, ny)
+                    fx, fy = zeros(2n), zeros(2n)
+                    for i=1:n
+                        fx[i] = fx[end-i+1] = cycle(x,i)
+                        fy[i] = cycle(y,i)
+                        fy[end-i+1] = cycle(frng,i)
+                    end
+                    GR.fillarea(fx, fy)
+                end
+
+                # draw the line(s)
+                if st == :path
+                    gr_set_line(series[:linewidth], series[:linestyle], series[:linecolor]) #, series[:linealpha])
+                    gr_polyline(x, y)
+                end
+            end
+
+            if series[:markershape] != :none
+                gr_draw_markers(series, x, y)
+            end
+
+        elseif st == :contour
+            zmin, zmax = gr_lims(zaxis, false)
+            if typeof(series[:levels]) <: Array
+                h = series[:levels]
+            else
+                h = linspace(zmin, zmax, series[:levels])
+            end
+            GR.setspace(zmin, zmax, 0, 90)
+            if series[:fillrange] != nothing
+                GR.surface(x, y, z, GR.OPTION_CELL_ARRAY)
+            else
+                GR.contour(x, y, h, z, 1000)
+            end
+            
+            # create the colorbar of contour levels
+            if sp[:colorbar] != :none
+                gr_set_viewport_cmap(sp)
+                l = round(Int32, 1000 + (h - minimum(h)) / (maximum(h) - minimum(h)) * 255)
+                GR.setwindow(xmin, xmax, zmin, zmax)
+                GR.cellarray(xmin, xmax, zmax, zmin, 1, length(l), l)
+                ztick = 0.5 * GR.tick(zmin, zmax)
+                GR.axes(0, ztick, xmax, zmin, 0, 1, 0.005)
+                gr_set_viewport_plotarea()
+            end
+
+        elseif st in [:surface, :wireframe]
+            if st == :surface
+                if length(x) == length(y) == length(z)
+                    GR.trisurface(x, y, z)
+                else
+                    GR.gr3.surface(x, y, z, GR.OPTION_COLORED_MESH)
+                end
+            else
+                GR.setfillcolorind(0)
+                GR.surface(x, y, z, GR.OPTION_FILLED_MESH)
+            end
+            cmap && gr_colorbar(sp)
+
+        elseif st == :heatmap
+            # z = vec(transpose_z(series, z.surf, false))
+            zmin, zmax = gr_lims(zaxis, true)
+            GR.setspace(zmin, zmax, 0, 90)
+            # GR.surface(x, y, z, GR.OPTION_COLORED_MESH)
+            GR.surface(x, y, z, GR.OPTION_HEATMAP)
+            cmap && gr_colorbar(sp)
+
+        elseif st in (:path3d, :scatter3d)
+            # draw path
+            if st == :path3d
+                if length(x) > 1
+                    gr_set_line(series[:linewidth], series[:linestyle], series[:linecolor]) #, series[:linealpha])
+                    GR.polyline3d(x, y, z)
+                end
+            end
+
+            # draw markers
+            if st == :scatter3d || series[:markershape] != :none
+                x2, y2 = unzip(map(GR.wc3towc, x, y, z))
+                gr_draw_markers(series, x2, y2)
+            end
+
+        # TODO: replace with pie recipe
+        elseif st == :pie
+            GR.selntran(0)
+            GR.setfillintstyle(GR.INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+            xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = viewport_plotarea
+            ymax -= 0.05 * (xmax - xmin)
+            xcenter = 0.5 * (xmin + xmax)
+            ycenter = 0.5 * (ymin + ymax)
+            if xmax - xmin > ymax - ymin
+                r = 0.5 * (ymax - ymin)
+                xmin, xmax = xcenter - r, xcenter + r
+            else
+                r = 0.5 * (xmax - xmin)
+                ymin, ymax = ycenter - r, ycenter + r
+            end
+            labels = pie_labels(sp, series)
+            slices = series[:y]
+            numslices = length(slices)
+            total = sum(slices)
+            a1 = 0
+            x = zeros(3)
+            y = zeros(3)
+            for i in 1:numslices
+                a2 = round(Int, a1 + (slices[i] / total) * 360.0)
+                GR.setfillcolorind(980 + (i-1) % 20)
+                GR.fillarc(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, a1, a2)
+                alpha = 0.5 * (a1 + a2)
+                cosf = r * cos(alpha * pi / 180)
+                sinf = r * sin(alpha * pi / 180)
+                x[1] = xcenter + cosf
+                y[1] = ycenter + sinf
+                x[2] = x[1] + 0.1 * cosf
+                y[2] = y[1] + 0.1 * sinf
+                y[3] = y[2]
+                if 90 <= alpha < 270
+                    x[3] = x[2] - 0.05
+                    GR.settextalign(GR.TEXT_HALIGN_RIGHT, GR.TEXT_VALIGN_HALF)
+                    gr_text(x[3] - 0.01, y[3], string(labels[i]))
+                else
+                    x[3] = x[2] + 0.05
+                    GR.settextalign(GR.TEXT_HALIGN_LEFT, GR.TEXT_VALIGN_HALF)
+                    gr_text(x[3] + 0.01, y[3], string(labels[i]))
+                end
+                gr_polyline(x, y)
+                a1 = a2
+            end
+            GR.selntran(1)
+
+        elseif st == :shape
+            for (i,rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(series[:x], series[:y]))
+                if length(rng) > 1
+                    # connect to the beginning
+                    rng = vcat(rng, rng[1])
+
+                    # get the segments
+                    x, y = series[:x][rng], series[:y][rng]
+
+                    # draw the interior
+                    gr_set_fill(cycle(series[:fillcolor], i))
+                    GR.fillarea(x, y)
+
+                    # draw the shapes
+                    gr_set_line(series[:linewidth], :solid, cycle(series[:linecolor], i))
+                    GR.polyline(x, y)
+                end
+            end
+
+
+        elseif st == :image
+            img = series[:z].surf
+            w, h = size(img)
+            if eltype(img) <: Colors.AbstractGray
+                grey = round(UInt8, float(img) * 255)
+                rgba = map(c -> UInt32( 0xff000000 + Int(c)<<16 + Int(c)<<8 + Int(c) ), grey)
+            else
+                rgba = map(c -> UInt32( round(Int, alpha(c) * 255) << 24 +
+                                        round(Int,  blue(c) * 255) << 16 +
+                                        round(Int, green(c) * 255) << 8  +
+                                        round(Int,   red(c) * 255) ), img)
+            end
+            GR.drawimage(xmin, xmax, ymax, ymin, w, h, rgba)
+        end
+
+        GR.restorestate()
+    end
+
+
+    # add the legend
+    if sp[:legend] != :none
+        GR.savestate()
+        GR.selntran(0)
+        GR.setscale(0)
+        gr_set_font(sp[:legendfont])
+        w = 0
+        i = 0
+        n = 0
+        for series in series_list(sp)
+            should_add_to_legend(series) || continue
+            n += 1
+            if typeof(series[:label]) <: Array
+                i += 1
+                lab = series[:label][i]
+            else
+                lab = series[:label]
+            end
+            tbx, tby = gr_inqtext(0, 0, lab)
+            w = max(w, tbx[3] - tbx[1])
+        end
+        if w > 0
+            xpos = viewport_plotarea[2] - 0.05 - w
+            ypos = viewport_plotarea[4] - 0.06
+            dy = _gr_point_mult[1] * sp[:legendfont].pointsize * 1.75
+            GR.setfillintstyle(GR.INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+            gr_set_fillcolor(sp[:background_color_legend])
+            GR.fillrect(xpos - 0.08, xpos + w + 0.02, ypos + dy, ypos - dy * n)
+            GR.setlinetype(1)
+            GR.setlinewidth(1)
+            GR.drawrect(xpos - 0.08, xpos + w + 0.02, ypos + dy, ypos - dy * n)
+            i = 0
+            for series in series_list(sp)
+                should_add_to_legend(series) || continue
+                st = series[:seriestype]
+                gr_set_line(series[:linewidth], series[:linestyle], series[:linecolor]) #, series[:linealpha])
+                if st == :path
+                    GR.polyline([xpos - 0.07, xpos - 0.01], [ypos, ypos])
+                elseif st == :shape
+                    gr_set_fill(series[:fillcolor]) #, series[:fillalpha])
+                    l, r = xpos-0.07, xpos-0.01
+                    b, t = ypos-0.4dy, ypos+0.4dy
+                    x = [l, r, r, l, l]
+                    y = [b, b, t, t, b]
+                    gr_polyline(x, y, GR.fillarea)
+                    gr_polyline(x, y)
+                end
+
+                if series[:markershape] != :none
+                    gr_draw_markers(series, xpos-[0.06,0.02], [ypos,ypos], 10, nothing)
+                end
+
+                if typeof(series[:label]) <: Array
+                    i += 1
+                    lab = series[:label][i]
+                else
+                    lab = series[:label]
+                end
+                GR.settextalign(GR.TEXT_HALIGN_LEFT, GR.TEXT_VALIGN_HALF)
+                gr_set_textcolor(sp[:foreground_color_legend])
+                gr_text(xpos, ypos, lab)
+                ypos -= dy
+            end
+        end
+        GR.selntran(1)
+        GR.restorestate()
+    end
+
+    # add annotations
+    GR.savestate()
+    for ann in sp[:annotations]
+        x, y, val = ann
+        x, y = GR.wctondc(x, y)
+        gr_set_font(val.font)
+        gr_text(x, y, val.str)
+    end
+    GR.restorestate()
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const _gr_mimeformats = Dict(
+    "application/pdf"         => "pdf",
+    "image/png"               => "png",
+    "application/postscript"  => "ps",
+    "image/svg+xml"           => "svg",
+)
+
+
+for (mime, fmt) in _gr_mimeformats
+    @eval function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME{Symbol($mime)}, plt::Plot{GRBackend})
+        GR.emergencyclosegks()
+        wstype = haskey(ENV, "GKS_WSTYPE") ? ENV["GKS_WSTYPE"] : "0"
+        filepath = tempname() * "." * $fmt
+        ENV["GKS_WSTYPE"] = $fmt
+        ENV["GKS_FILEPATH"] = filepath
+        gr_display(plt)
+        GR.emergencyclosegks()
+        write(io, readall(filepath))
+        ENV["GKS_WSTYPE"] = wstype
+        rm(filepath)
+    end
+end
+
+function _display(plt::Plot{GRBackend})
+    if plt[:display_type] == :inline
+        GR.emergencyclosegks()
+        filepath = tempname() * ".pdf"
+        ENV["GKS_WSTYPE"] = "pdf"
+        ENV["GKS_FILEPATH"] = filepath
+        gr_display(plt)
+        GR.emergencyclosegks()
+        content = string("\033]1337;File=inline=1;preserveAspectRatio=0:", base64encode(open(readbytes, filepath)), "\a")
+        println(content)
+        rm(filepath)
+    else
+        gr_display(plt)
+    end
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+
+# https://github.com/JuliaGraphics/Immerse.jl
+
+supported_args(::ImmerseBackend) = supported_args(GadflyBackend())
+supported_types(::ImmerseBackend) = supported_types(GadflyBackend())
+supported_styles(::ImmerseBackend) = supported_styles(GadflyBackend())
+supported_markers(::ImmerseBackend) = supported_markers(GadflyBackend())
+supported_scales(::ImmerseBackend) = supported_scales(GadflyBackend())
+is_subplot_supported(::ImmerseBackend) = true
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _initialize_backend(::ImmerseBackend; kw...)
+  @eval begin
+    import Immerse, Gadfly, Compose, Gtk
+    export Immerse, Gadfly, Compose, Gtk
+    include(joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "gadfly_shapes.jl"))
+  end
+end
+
+function createImmerseFigure(d::KW)
+  w,h = d[:size]
+  figidx = Immerse.figure(; name = d[:window_title], width = w, height = h)
+  Immerse.Figure(figidx)
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# create a blank Gadfly.Plot object
+# function _create_plot(pkg::ImmerseBackend, d::KW)
+#   # create the underlying Gadfly.Plot object
+#   gplt = createGadflyPlotObject(d)
+#
+#   # save both the Immerse.Figure and the Gadfly.Plot
+#   Plot((nothing,gplt), pkg, 0, d, KW[])
+# end
+function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend})
+    (nothing, createGadflyPlotObject(plt.attr))
+end
+
+
+# # plot one data series
+# function _series_added(::ImmerseBackend, plt::Plot, d::KW)
+#   addGadflySeries!(plt, d)
+#   push!(plt.seriesargs, d)
+#   plt
+# end
+
+function _series_added(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, series::Series)
+    addGadflySeries!(plt, series.d)
+end
+
+
+function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, d::KW)
+  updateGadflyGuides(plt, d)
+  updateGadflyPlotTheme(plt, d)
+end
+
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _add_annotations{X,Y,V}(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, anns::AVec{@compat(Tuple{X,Y,V})})
+  for ann in anns
+    push!(getGadflyContext(plt).guides, createGadflyAnnotationObject(ann...))
+  end
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# accessors for x/y data
+
+function getxy(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, i::Integer)
+  mapping = getGadflyMappings(plt, i)[1]
+  mapping[:x], mapping[:y]
+end
+
+function setxy!{X,Y}(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer)
+  for mapping in getGadflyMappings(plt, i)
+    mapping[:x], mapping[:y] = xy
+  end
+  plt
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# function _create_subplot(subplt::Subplot{ImmerseBackend}, isbefore::Bool)
+#   return false
+#   # isbefore && return false
+# end
+#
+# function showSubplotObject(subplt::Subplot{ImmerseBackend})
+#   # create the Gtk window with vertical box vsep
+#   d = getattr(subplt,1)
+#   w,h = d[:size]
+#   vsep = Gtk.GtkBoxLeaf(:v)
+#   win = Gtk.GtkWindowLeaf(vsep, d[:window_title], w, h)
+#
+#   figindices = []
+#   row = Gtk.GtkBoxLeaf(:h)
+#   push!(vsep, row)
+#   for (i,(r,c)) in enumerate(subplt.layout)
+#     plt = subplt.plts[i]
+#
+#     # get the components... box is the main plot GtkBox, and canvas is the GtkCanvas where it's plotted
+#     box, toolbar, canvas = Immerse.createPlotGuiComponents()
+#
+#     # add the plot's box to the row
+#     push!(row, box)
+#
+#     # create the figure and store the index returned for destruction later
+#     figidx = Immerse.figure(canvas)
+#     push!(figindices, figidx)
+#
+#     fig = Immerse.figure(figidx)
+#     plt.o = (fig, plt.o[2])
+#
+#     # add the row
+#     if c == ncols(subplt.layout, r)
+#       row = Gtk.GtkBoxLeaf(:h)
+#       push!(vsep, row)
+#     end
+#
+#   end
+#
+#   # destructor... clean up plots
+#   Gtk.on_signal_destroy((x...) -> ([Immerse.dropfig(Immerse._display,i) for i in figindices]; subplt.o = nothing), win)
+#
+#   subplt.o = win
+#   true
+# end
+
+
+function _remove_axis(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, isx::Bool)
+  gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
+  addOrReplace(gplt.guides, isx ? Gadfly.Guide.xticks : Gadfly.Guide.yticks; label=false)
+  addOrReplace(gplt.guides, isx ? Gadfly.Guide.xlabel : Gadfly.Guide.ylabel, "")
+end
+
+function _expand_limits(lims, plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, isx::Bool)
+  for l in getGadflyContext(plt).layers
+    _expand_limits(lims, l.mapping[isx ? :x : :y])
+  end
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+getGadflyContext(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}) = plt.o[2]
+# getGadflyContext(subplt::Subplot{ImmerseBackend}) = buildGadflySubplotContext(subplt)
+
+
+function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend})
+
+  fig, gplt = plt.o
+  if fig == nothing
+    fig = createImmerseFigure(plt.attr)
+    Gtk.on_signal_destroy((x...) -> (Immerse.dropfig(Immerse._display, fig.figno); plt.o = (nothing,gplt)), fig.canvas)
+    plt.o = (fig, gplt)
+  end
+
+  Immerse.figure(fig.figno; displayfig = false)
+  display(gplt)
+end
+
+
+# function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, subplt::Subplot{ImmerseBackend})
+#
+#   # if we haven't created the window yet, do it
+#   if subplt.o == nothing
+#     showSubplotObject(subplt)
+#   end
+#
+#   # display the plots by creating a fresh Immerse.Figure object from the GtkCanvas and Gadfly.Plot
+#   for plt in subplt.plts
+#     fig, gplt = plt.o
+#     Immerse.figure(fig.figno; displayfig = false)
+#     display(gplt)
+#   end
+#
+#   # o is the window... show it
+#   showall(subplt.o)
+# end
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# https://github.com/sisl/PGFPlots.jl
+
+# significant contributions by: @pkofod
+
+supported_args(::PGFPlotsBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    # :annotations,
+    # :background_color_legend,
+    :background_color_inside,
+    # :background_color_outside,
+    # :foreground_color_legend, :foreground_color_grid, :foreground_color_axis,
+    #     :foreground_color_text, :foreground_color_border,
+    :label,
+    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
+    :linecolor, :linestyle, :linewidth, :linealpha,
+    :markershape, :markercolor, :markersize, :markeralpha,
+    :markerstrokewidth, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha, :markerstrokestyle,
+    :fillrange, :fillcolor, :fillalpha,
+    :bins,
+    # :bar_width, :bar_edges,
+    :title,
+    # :window_title,
+    :guide, :lims, :ticks, :scale, :flip, :rotation,
+    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
+    :grid, :legend,
+    # :colorbar,
+    # :marker_z, :levels,
+    # :ribbon, :quiver, :arrow,
+    # :orientation,
+    # :overwrite_figure,
+    # :polar,
+    # :normalize, :weights, :contours,
+    :aspect_ratio,
+    # :match_dimensions,
+  ])
+supported_types(::PGFPlotsBackend) = [:path, :path3d, :scatter, :steppre, :stepmid, :steppost, :histogram2d, :ysticks, :xsticks, :contour]
+supported_styles(::PGFPlotsBackend) = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot]
+supported_markers(::PGFPlotsBackend) = [:none, :auto, :circle, :rect, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle, :cross, :xcross, :star5, :pentagon] #vcat(_allMarkers, Shape)
+supported_scales(::PGFPlotsBackend) = [:identity, :ln, :log2, :log10]
+is_subplot_supported(::PGFPlotsBackend) = false
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function _initialize_backend(::PGFPlotsBackend; kw...)
+    @eval begin
+        import PGFPlots
+        export PGFPlots
+    end
+end
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const _pgfplots_linestyles = KW(
+    :solid => "solid",
+    :dash => "dashed",
+    :dot => "dotted",
+    :dashdot => "dashdotted",
+    :dashdotdot => "dashdotdotted",
+)
+
+const _pgfplots_markers = KW(
+    :none => "none",
+    :cross => "+",
+    :xcross => "x",
+    :utriangle => "triangle*",
+    :dtriangle => "triangle*",
+    :circle => "*",
+    :rect => "square*",
+    :star5 => "star",
+    :star6 => "asterisk",
+    :diamond => "diamond*",
+    :pentagon => "pentagon*",
+)
+
+const _pgfplots_legend_pos = KW(
+    :bottomleft => "south west",
+    :bottomright => "south east",
+    :topright => "north east",
+    :topleft => "north west",
+)
+
+
+const _pgf_series_extrastyle = KW(
+    :steppre => "const plot mark right",
+    :stepmid => "const plot mark mid",
+    :steppost => "const plot",
+    :sticks => "ycomb",
+    :ysticks => "ycomb",
+    :xsticks => "xcomb",
+)
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# takes in color,alpha, and returns color and alpha appropriate for pgf style
+function pgf_color(c)
+    cstr = @sprintf("{rgb,1:red,%.8f;green,%.8f;blue,%.8f}", red(c), green(c), blue(c))
+    cstr, alpha(c)
+end
+
+function pgf_fillstyle(d::KW)
+    cstr,a = pgf_color(d[:fillcolor])
+    "fill = $cstr, fill opacity=$a"
+end
+
+function pgf_linestyle(d::KW)
+    cstr,a = pgf_color(d[:linecolor])
+    """
+    color = $cstr,
+    draw opacity=$a,
+    line width=$(d[:linewidth]),
+    $(get(_pgfplots_linestyles, d[:linestyle], "solid"))"""
+end
+
+function pgf_marker(d::KW)
+    shape = d[:markershape]
+    cstr, a = pgf_color(d[:markercolor])
+    cstr_stroke, a_stroke = pgf_color(d[:markerstrokecolor])
+    """
+    mark = $(get(_pgfplots_markers, shape, "*")),
+    mark size = $(0.5 * d[:markersize]),
+    mark options = {
+        color = $cstr_stroke, draw opacity = $a_stroke,
+        fill = $cstr, fill opacity = $a,
+        line width = $(d[:markerstrokewidth]),
+        rotate = $(shape == :dtriangle ? 180 : 0),
+        $(get(_pgfplots_linestyles, d[:markerstrokestyle], "solid"))
+    }"""
+end
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function pgf_series(sp::Subplot, series::Series)
+    d = series.d
+    st = d[:seriestype]
+    style = []
+    kw = KW()
+
+    push!(style, pgf_linestyle(d))
+    push!(style, pgf_marker(d))
+
+    if d[:fillrange] != nothing
+        push!(style, pgf_fillstyle(d))
+    end
+
+    # add to legend?
+    if sp[:legend] != :none && should_add_to_legend(series)
+        kw[:legendentry] = d[:label]
+    end
+
+    # function args
+    args = if st  == :contour
+        d[:z].surf, d[:x], d[:y]
+    elseif is3d(st)
+        d[:x], d[:y], d[:z]
+    else
+        d[:x], d[:y]
+    end
+
+    # PGFPlots can't handle non-Vector?
+    args = map(a -> if typeof(a) <: AbstractVector && typeof(a) != Vector
+            collect(a)
+        else
+            a
+        end, args)
+    # for (i,a) in enumerate(args)
+    #     if typeof(a) <: AbstractVector && typeof(a) != Vector
+    #         args[i] = collect(a)
+    #     end
+    # end
+
+    # include additional style, then add to the kw
+    if haskey(_pgf_series_extrastyle, st)
+        push!(style, _pgf_series_extrastyle[st])
+    end
+    kw[:style] = join(style, ',')
+
+    # build/return the series object
+    func = if st == :path3d
+        PGFPlots.Linear3
+    elseif st == :scatter
+        PGFPlots.Scatter
+    elseif st == :histogram2d
+        PGFPlots.Histogram2
+    elseif st == :contour
+        PGFPlots.Contour
+    else
+        PGFPlots.Linear
+    end
+    func(args...; kw...)
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function pgf_axis(sp::Subplot, letter)
+    axis = sp[Symbol(letter,:axis)]
+    style = []
+    kw = KW()
+
+    # axis guide
+    kw[Symbol(letter,:label)] = axis[:guide]
+
+    # flip/reverse?
+    axis[:flip] && push!(style, "$letter dir=reverse")
+
+    # scale
+    scale = axis[:scale]
+    if scale in (:log2, :ln, :log10)
+        kw[Symbol(letter,:mode)] = "log"
+        scale == :ln || push!(style, "log basis $letter=$(scale == :log2 ? 2 : 10)")
+    end
+
+    # ticks on or off
+    if axis[:ticks] in (nothing, false)
+        push!(style, "$(letter)majorticks=false")
+    end
+
+    # limits
+    # TODO: support zlims
+    if letter != :z
+        lims = axis_limits(axis)
+        kw[Symbol(letter,:min)] = lims[1]
+        kw[Symbol(letter,:max)] = lims[2]
+    end
+
+    # return the style list and KW args
+    style, kw
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function _make_pgf_plot!(plt::Plot)
+    plt.o = PGFPlots.Axis[]
+    for sp in plt.subplots
+        # first build the PGFPlots.Axis object
+        style = ["unbounded coords=jump"]
+        kw = KW()
+
+        # add to style/kw for each axis
+        for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
+            if letter != :z || is3d(sp)
+                axisstyle, axiskw = pgf_axis(sp, letter)
+                merge!(kw, axiskw)
+                for sty in axisstyle
+                    push!(style, sty)
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+        # bounding box values are in mm
+        # note: bb origin is top-left, pgf is bottom-left
+        bb = bbox(sp)
+        push!(style, """
+            xshift = $(left(bb).value)mm,
+            yshift = $((height(bb) - (bottom(bb))).value)mm,
+            width = $(width(bb).value)mm,
+            height = $(height(bb).value)mm,
+            axis background/.style={fill=$(pgf_color(sp[:background_color_inside])[1])}
+        """)
+
+        if sp[:title] != ""
+            push!(style, "title = $(sp[:title])")
+        end
+
+        sp[:grid] && push!(style, "grid = major")
+        if sp[:aspect_ratio] in (1, :equal)
+            kw[:axisEqual] = "true"
+        end
+
+        legpos = sp[:legend]
+        if haskey(_pgfplots_legend_pos, legpos)
+            kw[:legendPos] = _pgfplots_legend_pos[legpos]
+        end
+
+        o = PGFPlots.Axis(; style = style, kw...)
+
+        # add the series object to the PGFPlots.Axis
+        for series in series_list(sp)
+            push!(o, pgf_series(sp, series))
+        end
+
+        # add the PGFPlots.Axis to the list
+        push!(plt.o, o)
+    end
+end
+
+
+function _writemime(io::IO, mime::MIME"image/svg+xml", plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
+    _make_pgf_plot!(plt)
+    writemime(io, mime, plt.o)
+end
+
+function _writemime(io::IO, mime::MIME"application/pdf", plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
+    _make_pgf_plot!(plt)
+
+    # prepare the object
+    pgfplt = PGFPlots.plot(plt.o)
+
+    # save a pdf
+    fn = tempname()*".pdf"
+    PGFPlots.save(PGFPlots.PDF(fn), pgfplt)
+
+    # read it into io
+    write(io, readall(open(fn)))
+
+    # cleanup
+    PGFPlots.cleanup(plt.o)
+end
+
+function _display(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
+    # prepare the object
+    _make_pgf_plot!(plt)
+    pgfplt = PGFPlots.plot(plt.o)
+
+    # save an svg
+    fn = string(tempname(), ".svg")
+    PGFPlots.save(PGFPlots.SVG(fn), pgfplt)
+
+    # show it
+    open_browser_window(fn)
+
+    # cleanup
+    PGFPlots.cleanup(plt.o)
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+
+# https://plot.ly/javascript/getting-started
+
+supported_args(::PlotlyBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    :annotations,
+    :background_color_legend, :background_color_inside, :background_color_outside,
+    :foreground_color_legend, :foreground_color_guide,
+    # :foreground_color_grid, :foreground_color_axis,
+    :foreground_color_text, :foreground_color_border,
+    :foreground_color_title,
+    :label,
+    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
+    :linecolor, :linestyle, :linewidth, :linealpha,
+    :markershape, :markercolor, :markersize, :markeralpha,
+    :markerstrokewidth, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha, :markerstrokestyle,
+    :fillrange, :fillcolor, :fillalpha,
+    :bins,
+    :title, :title_location, :titlefont,
+    :window_title,
+    :guide, :lims, :ticks, :scale, :flip, :rotation,
+    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
+    :grid, :legend, :colorbar,
+    :marker_z, :levels,
+    :ribbon, :quiver,
+    :orientation,
+    # :overwrite_figure,
+    :polar,
+    :normalize, :weights,
+    # :contours, :aspect_ratio,
+    :hover,
+    :inset_subplots,
+  ])
+
+supported_types(::PlotlyBackend) = [
+    :path, :scatter, :bar, :pie, :heatmap,
+    :contour, :surface, :path3d, :scatter3d, :shape, :scattergl,
+]
+supported_styles(::PlotlyBackend) = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot]
+supported_markers(::PlotlyBackend) = [
+    :none, :auto, :circle, :rect, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle,
+    :cross, :xcross, :pentagon, :hexagon, :octagon, :vline, :hline
+]
+supported_scales(::PlotlyBackend) = [:identity, :log10]
+is_subplot_supported(::PlotlyBackend) = true
+is_string_supported(::PlotlyBackend) = true
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _initialize_backend(::PlotlyBackend; kw...)
+  @eval begin
+    import JSON
+    JSON._print(io::IO, state::JSON.State, dt::Union{Date,DateTime}) = print(io, '"', dt, '"')
+
+    _js_path = Pkg.dir("Plots", "deps", "plotly-latest.min.js")
+    _js_code = open(@compat(readstring), _js_path, "r")
+
+    # borrowed from https://github.com/plotly/plotly.py/blob/2594076e29584ede2d09f2aa40a8a195b3f3fc66/plotly/offline/offline.py#L64-L71 c/o @spencerlyon2
+    _js_script = """
+        <script type='text/javascript'>
+            define('plotly', function(require, exports, module) {
+                $(_js_code)
+            });
+            require(['plotly'], function(Plotly) {
+                window.Plotly = Plotly;
+            });
+        </script>
+    """
+
+    # if we're in IJulia call setupnotebook to load js and css
+    if isijulia()
+        display("text/html", _js_script)
+    end
+
+    # if isatom()
+    #     import Atom
+    #     Atom.@msg evaljs(_js_code)
+    # end
+
+  end
+  # TODO: other initialization
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function plotly_font(font::Font, color = font.color)
+    KW(
+        :family => font.family,
+        :size   => round(Int, font.pointsize*1.4),
+        :color  => rgba_string(color),
+    )
+end
+
+function plotly_annotation_dict(x, y, val; xref="paper", yref="paper")
+    KW(
+        :text => val,
+        :xref => xref,
+        :x => x,
+        :yref => xref,
+        :y => y,
+        :showarrow => false,
+    )
+end
+
+function plotly_annotation_dict(x, y, ptxt::PlotText; xref="paper", yref="paper")
+    merge(plotly_annotation_dict(x, y, ptxt.str; xref=xref, yref=yref), KW(
+        :font => plotly_font(ptxt.font),
+        :xanchor => ptxt.font.halign == :hcenter ? :center : ptxt.font.halign,
+        :yanchor => ptxt.font.valign == :vcenter ? :middle : ptxt.font.valign,
+        :rotation => ptxt.font.rotation,
+    ))
+end
+
+# function get_annotation_dict_for_arrow(d::KW, xyprev::Tuple, xy::Tuple, a::Arrow)
+#     xdiff = xyprev[1] - xy[1]
+#     ydiff = xyprev[2] - xy[2]
+#     dist = sqrt(xdiff^2 + ydiff^2)
+#     KW(
+#         :showarrow => true,
+#         :x => xy[1],
+#         :y => xy[2],
+#         # :ax => xyprev[1] - xy[1],
+#         # :ay => xy[2] - xyprev[2],
+#         # :ax => 0,
+#         # :ay => -40,
+#         :ax => 10xdiff / dist,
+#         :ay => -10ydiff / dist,
+#         :arrowcolor => rgba_string(d[:linecolor]),
+#         :xref => "x",
+#         :yref => "y",
+#         :arrowsize => 10a.headwidth,
+#         # :arrowwidth => a.headlength,
+#         :arrowwidth => 0.1,
+#     )
+# end
+
+function plotly_scale(scale::Symbol)
+    if scale == :log10
+        "log"
+    else
+        "-"
+    end
+end
+
+
+# this method gets the start/end in percentage of the canvas for this axis direction
+function plotly_domain(sp::Subplot, letter)
+    figw, figh = sp.plt[:size]
+    pcts = bbox_to_pcts(sp.plotarea, figw*px, figh*px)
+    i1,i2 = (letter == :x ? (1,3) : (2,4))
+    [pcts[i1], pcts[i1]+pcts[i2]]
+end
+
+
+function plotly_axis(axis::Axis, sp::Subplot)
+    letter = axis[:letter]
+    ax = KW(
+        :title      => axis[:guide],
+        :showgrid   => sp[:grid],
+        :zeroline   => false,
+    )
+
+    if letter in (:x,:y)
+        ax[:domain] = plotly_domain(sp, letter)
+        ax[:anchor] = "$(letter==:x ? :y : :x)$(plotly_subplot_index(sp))"
+    end
+
+    rot = axis[:rotation]
+    if rot != 0
+        ax[:tickangle] = rot
+    end
+
+    if !(axis[:ticks] in (nothing, :none))
+        ax[:titlefont] = plotly_font(axis[:guidefont], axis[:foreground_color_guide])
+        ax[:type] = plotly_scale(axis[:scale])
+        ax[:tickfont] = plotly_font(axis[:tickfont], axis[:foreground_color_text])
+        ax[:tickcolor] = rgba_string(axis[:foreground_color_border])
+        ax[:linecolor] = rgba_string(axis[:foreground_color_border])
+
+        # lims
+        lims = axis[:lims]
+        if lims != :auto && limsType(lims) == :limits
+            ax[:range] = lims
+        end
+
+        # flip
+        if axis[:flip]
+            ax[:autorange] = "reversed"
+        end
+
+        # ticks
+        ticks = get_ticks(axis)
+        if ticks != :auto
+            ttype = ticksType(ticks)
+            if ttype == :ticks
+                ax[:tickmode] = "array"
+                ax[:tickvals] = ticks
+            elseif ttype == :ticks_and_labels
+                ax[:tickmode] = "array"
+                ax[:tickvals], ax[:ticktext] = ticks
+            end
+        end
+    else
+        ax[:showticklabels] = false
+        ax[:showgrid] = false
+    end
+
+    ax
+end
+
+function plotly_layout(plt::Plot)
+    d_out = KW()
+
+    w, h = plt[:size]
+    d_out[:width], d_out[:height] = w, h
+    d_out[:paper_bgcolor] = rgba_string(plt[:background_color_outside])
+    d_out[:margin] = KW(:l=>0, :b=>0, :r=>0, :t=>20)
+
+    d_out[:annotations] = KW[]
+
+    for sp in plt.subplots
+        spidx = plotly_subplot_index(sp)
+
+        # add an annotation for the title... positioned horizontally relative to plotarea,
+        # but vertically just below the top of the subplot bounding box
+        if sp[:title] != ""
+            bb = plotarea(sp)
+            tpos = sp[:title_location]
+            xmm = if tpos == :left
+                left(bb)
+            elseif tpos == :right
+                right(bb)
+            else
+                0.5 * (left(bb) + right(bb))
+            end
+            titlex, titley = xy_mm_to_pcts(xmm, top(bbox(sp)), w*px, h*px)
+            titlefont = font(sp[:titlefont], :top, sp[:foreground_color_title])
+            push!(d_out[:annotations], plotly_annotation_dict(titlex, titley, text(sp[:title], titlefont)))
+        end
+
+        d_out[:plot_bgcolor] = rgba_string(sp[:background_color_inside])
+
+        # TODO: x/y axis tick values/labels
+
+        # if any(is3d, seriesargs)
+        if is3d(sp)
+            d_out[:scene] = KW(
+                Symbol("xaxis$spidx") => plotly_axis(sp[:xaxis], sp),
+                Symbol("yaxis$spidx") => plotly_axis(sp[:yaxis], sp),
+                Symbol("zaxis$spidx") => plotly_axis(sp[:zaxis], sp),
+            )
+        else
+            d_out[Symbol("xaxis$spidx")] = plotly_axis(sp[:xaxis], sp)
+            d_out[Symbol("yaxis$spidx")] = plotly_axis(sp[:yaxis], sp)
+        end
+
+        # legend
+        d_out[:showlegend] = sp[:legend] != :none
+        if sp[:legend] != :none
+            d_out[:legend] = KW(
+                :bgcolor  => rgba_string(sp[:background_color_legend]),
+                :bordercolor => rgba_string(sp[:foreground_color_legend]),
+                :font     => plotly_font(sp[:legendfont], sp[:foreground_color_legend]),
+            )
+        end
+
+        # annotations
+        append!(d_out[:annotations], KW[plotly_annotation_dict(ann...; xref = "x$spidx", yref = "y$spidx") for ann in sp[:annotations]])
+
+        # # arrows
+        # for sargs in seriesargs
+        #     a = sargs[:arrow]
+        #     if sargs[:seriestype] in (:path, :line) && typeof(a) <: Arrow
+        #         add_arrows(sargs[:x], sargs[:y]) do xyprev, xy
+        #             push!(d_out[:annotations], get_annotation_dict_for_arrow(sargs, xyprev, xy, a))
+        #         end
+        #     end
+        # end
+
+        if ispolar(sp)
+            d_out[:direction] = "counterclockwise"
+        end
+
+        d_out
+    end
+
+    # turn off hover if nothing's using it
+    if all(series -> series.d[:hover] in (false,:none), plt.series_list)
+        d_out[:hovermode] = "none"
+    end
+
+    d_out
+end
+
+function plotly_layout_json(plt::Plot)
+    JSON.json(plotly_layout(plt))
+end
+
+
+function plotly_colorscale(grad::ColorGradient, α)
+    [[grad.values[i], rgb_string(grad.colors[i])] for i in 1:length(grad.colors)]
+end
+plotly_colorscale(c, α) = plotly_colorscale(cgrad(alpha=α), α)
+# plotly_colorscale(c, alpha = nothing) = plotly_colorscale(cgrad(), alpha)
+
+const _plotly_markers = KW(
+    :rect       => "square",
+    :xcross     => "x",
+    :utriangle  => "triangle-up",
+    :dtriangle  => "triangle-down",
+    :star5      => "star-triangle-up",
+    :vline      => "line-ns",
+    :hline      => "line-ew",
+)
+
+function plotly_subplot_index(sp::Subplot)
+    spidx = sp[:subplot_index]
+    spidx == 1 ? "" : spidx
+end
+
+
+# the Shape contructor will automatically close the shape. since we need it closed,
+# we split by NaNs and then construct/destruct the shapes to get the closed coords
+function plotly_close_shapes(x, y)
+    xs, ys = nansplit(x), nansplit(y)
+    for i=1:length(xs)
+        shape = Shape(xs[i], ys[i])
+        xs[i], ys[i] = shape_coords(shape)
+    end
+    nanvcat(xs), nanvcat(ys)
+end
+
+plotly_data(v) = collect(v)
+plotly_data{R<:Rational}(v::AbstractArray{R}) = float(v)
+
+# get a dictionary representing the series params (d is the Plots-dict, d_out is the Plotly-dict)
+function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)
+    st = series[:seriestype]
+    if st == :shape
+        return plotly_series_shapes(plt, series)
+    end
+
+    sp = series[:subplot]
+    d_out = KW()
+
+    # these are the axes that the series should be mapped to
+    spidx = plotly_subplot_index(sp)
+    d_out[:xaxis] = "x$spidx"
+    d_out[:yaxis] = "y$spidx"
+    d_out[:showlegend] = should_add_to_legend(series)
+
+    x, y = plotly_data(series[:x]), plotly_data(series[:y])
+    d_out[:name] = series[:label]
+
+    isscatter = st in (:scatter, :scatter3d, :scattergl)
+    hasmarker = isscatter || series[:markershape] != :none
+    hasline = st in (:path, :path3d)
+
+    # set the "type"
+    if st in (:path, :scatter, :scattergl)
+        d_out[:type] = st==:scattergl ? "scattergl" : "scatter"
+        d_out[:mode] = if hasmarker
+            hasline ? "lines+markers" : "markers"
+        else
+            hasline ? "lines" : "none"
+        end
+        if series[:fillrange] == true || series[:fillrange] == 0
+            d_out[:fill] = "tozeroy"
+            d_out[:fillcolor] = rgba_string(series[:fillcolor])
+        elseif !(series[:fillrange] in (false, nothing))
+            warn("fillrange ignored... plotly only supports filling to zero. fillrange: $(series[:fillrange])")
+        end
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y] = x, y
+
+    elseif st == :bar
+        d_out[:type] = "bar"
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y] = x, y
+        d_out[:orientation] = isvertical(series) ? "v" : "h"
+
+    elseif st == :heatmap
+        d_out[:type] = "heatmap"
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = series[:x], series[:y], transpose_z(series, series[:z].surf, false)
+        d_out[:colorscale] = plotly_colorscale(series[:fillcolor], series[:fillalpha])
+
+    elseif st == :contour
+        d_out[:type] = "contour"
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = series[:x], series[:y], transpose_z(series, series[:z].surf, false)
+        # d_out[:showscale] = series[:colorbar] != :none
+        d_out[:ncontours] = series[:levels]
+        d_out[:contours] = KW(:coloring => series[:fillrange] != nothing ? "fill" : "lines")
+        d_out[:colorscale] = plotly_colorscale(series[:linecolor], series[:linealpha])
+
+    elseif st in (:surface, :wireframe)
+        d_out[:type] = "surface"
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = series[:x], series[:y], transpose_z(series, series[:z].surf, false)
+        d_out[:colorscale] = plotly_colorscale(series[:fillcolor], series[:fillalpha])
+
+    elseif st == :pie
+        d_out[:type] = "pie"
+        d_out[:labels] = pie_labels(sp, series)
+        d_out[:values] = y
+        d_out[:hoverinfo] = "label+percent+name"
+
+    elseif st in (:path3d, :scatter3d)
+        d_out[:type] = "scatter3d"
+        d_out[:mode] = if hasmarker
+            hasline ? "lines+markers" : "markers"
+        else
+            hasline ? "lines" : "none"
+        end
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y] = x, y
+        d_out[:z] = plotly_data(series[:z])
+
+    else
+        warn("Plotly: seriestype $st isn't supported.")
+        return KW()
+    end
+
+    # add "marker"
+    if hasmarker
+        d_out[:marker] = KW(
+            :symbol => get(_plotly_markers, series[:markershape], string(series[:markershape])),
+            # :opacity => series[:markeralpha],
+            :size => 2 * series[:markersize],
+            # :color => rgba_string(series[:markercolor]),
+            :line => KW(
+                :color => rgba_string(series[:markerstrokecolor]),
+                :width => series[:markerstrokewidth],
+            ),
+        )
+
+        # gotta hack this (for now?) since plotly can't handle rgba values inside the gradient
+        d_out[:marker][:color] = if series[:marker_z] == nothing
+            rgba_string(series[:markercolor])
+        else
+            # grad = ColorGradient(series[:markercolor], alpha=series[:markeralpha])
+            grad = series[:markercolor]
+            zmin, zmax = extrema(series[:marker_z])
+            [rgba_string(grad[(zi - zmin) / (zmax - zmin)]) for zi in series[:marker_z]]
+        end
+    end
+
+    # add "line"
+    if hasline
+        d_out[:line] = KW(
+            :color => rgba_string(series[:linecolor]),
+            :width => series[:linewidth],
+            :shape => if st == :steppre
+                "vh"
+            elseif st == :steppost
+                "hv"
+            else
+                "linear"
+            end,
+            :dash => string(series[:linestyle]),
+            # :dash => "solid",
+        )
+    end
+
+    plotly_polar!(d_out, series)
+    plotly_hover!(d_out, series[:hover])
+
+    [d_out]
+end
+
+function plotly_series_shapes(plt::Plot, series::Series)
+    d_outs = []
+    
+    # TODO: create a d_out for each polygon
+    # x, y = series[:x], series[:y]
+    
+    # these are the axes that the series should be mapped to
+    spidx = plotly_subplot_index(series[:subplot])
+    base_d = KW()
+    base_d[:xaxis] = "x$spidx"
+    base_d[:yaxis] = "y$spidx"
+    base_d[:name] = series[:label]
+    # base_d[:legendgroup] = series[:label]
+    
+    x, y = plotly_data(series[:x]), plotly_data(series[:y])
+    for (i,rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(x,y))
+        length(rng) < 2 && continue
+
+        # to draw polygons, we actually draw lines with fill
+        d_out = merge(base_d, KW(
+            :type => "scatter",
+            :mode => "lines",
+            :x => vcat(x[rng], x[rng[1]]),
+            :y => vcat(y[rng], y[rng[1]]),
+            :fill => "tozeroy",
+            :fillcolor => rgba_string(cycle(series[:fillcolor], i)),
+        ))
+        if series[:markerstrokewidth] > 0
+            d_out[:line] = KW(
+                :color => rgba_string(cycle(series[:linecolor], i)),
+                :width => series[:linewidth],
+                :dash => string(series[:linestyle]),
+            )
+        end
+        d_out[:showlegend] = i==1 ? should_add_to_legend(series) : false
+        plotly_polar!(d_out, series)
+        plotly_hover!(d_out, cycle(series[:hover], i))
+        push!(d_outs, d_out)
+    end
+    d_outs
+end
+
+function plotly_polar!(d_out::KW, series::Series)
+    # convert polar plots x/y to theta/radius
+    if ispolar(series[:subplot])
+        d_out[:t] = rad2deg(pop!(d_out, :x))
+        d_out[:r] = pop!(d_out, :y)
+    end
+end
+
+function plotly_hover!(d_out::KW, hover)
+    # hover text
+    if hover in (:none, false)
+        d_out[:hoverinfo] = "none"
+    elseif hover != nothing
+        d_out[:hoverinfo] = "text"
+        d_out[:text] = hover
+    end
+end
+
+# get a list of dictionaries, each representing the series params
+function plotly_series_json(plt::Plot)
+    slist = []
+    for series in plt.series_list
+        append!(slist, plotly_series(plt, series))
+    end
+    JSON.json(slist)
+    # JSON.json(map(series -> plotly_series(plt, series), plt.series_list))
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function html_head(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+    "<script src=\"$(Pkg.dir("Plots","deps","plotly-latest.min.js"))\"></script>"
+end
+
+function html_body(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}, style = nothing)
+    if style == nothing
+        w, h = plt[:size]
+        style = "width:$(w)px;height:$(h)px;"
+    end
+    uuid = Base.Random.uuid4()
+    html = """
+        <div id=\"$(uuid)\" style=\"$(style)\"></div>
+        <script>
+        PLOT = document.getElementById('$(uuid)');
+        Plotly.plot(PLOT, $(plotly_series_json(plt)), $(plotly_layout_json(plt)));
+        </script>
+    """
+    html
+end
+
+function js_body(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}, uuid)
+    js = """
+          PLOT = document.getElementById('$(uuid)');
+          Plotly.plot(PLOT, $(plotly_series_json(plt)), $(plotly_layout_json(plt)));
+    """
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+    writemime_png_from_html(io, plt)
+end
+
+function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/svg+xml", plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+    write(io, html_head(plt) * html_body(plt))
+end
+
+function _display(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+    standalone_html_window(plt)
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+
+# https://github.com/spencerlyon2/PlotlyJS.jl
+
+supported_args(::PlotlyJSBackend) = supported_args(PlotlyBackend())
+supported_types(::PlotlyJSBackend) = supported_types(PlotlyBackend())
+supported_styles(::PlotlyJSBackend) = supported_styles(PlotlyBackend())
+supported_markers(::PlotlyJSBackend) = supported_markers(PlotlyBackend())
+supported_scales(::PlotlyJSBackend) = supported_scales(PlotlyBackend())
+is_subplot_supported(::PlotlyJSBackend) = true
+is_string_supported(::PlotlyJSBackend) = true
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _initialize_backend(::PlotlyJSBackend; kw...)
+    @eval begin
+        import PlotlyJS
+        export PlotlyJS
+    end
+
+    # # override IJulia inline display
+    # if isijulia()
+    #     IJulia.display_dict(plt::AbstractPlot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = IJulia.display_dict(plt.o)
+    # end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
+    PlotlyJS.plot()
+end
+
+
+function _series_added(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}, series::Series)
+    syncplot = plt.o
+    pdicts = plotly_series(plt, series)
+    for pdict in pdicts
+        typ = pop!(pdict, :type)
+        gt = PlotlyJS.GenericTrace(typ; pdict...)
+        PlotlyJS.addtraces!(syncplot, gt)
+    end
+end
+
+function _series_updated(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}, series::Series)
+    xsym, ysym = (ispolar(series) ? (:t,:r) : (:x,:y))
+    PlotlyJS.restyle!(
+        plt.o,
+        findfirst(plt.series_list, series),
+        KW(xsym => (series.d[:x],), ysym => (series.d[:y],))
+    )
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
+    pdict = plotly_layout(plt)
+    syncplot = plt.o
+    w,h = plt[:size]
+    PlotlyJS.relayout!(syncplot, pdict, width = w, height = h)
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/svg+xml", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
+    writemime(io, MIME("text/html"), plt.o)
+end
+
+function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
+    tmpfn = tempname() * ".png"
+    PlotlyJS.savefig(plt.o, tmpfn)
+    write(io, read(open(tmpfn)))
+end
+
+function _display(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
+    display(plt.o)
+end
@@ -1,70 +1,310 @@

 # https://github.com/tbreloff/Qwt.jl

-immutable QwtPackage <: PlottingPackage end

-qwt!() = plotter!(:qwt)
+supported_args(::QwtBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    :annotations,
+    :linecolor,
+    :fillrange,
+    :fillcolor,
+    :label,
+    :legend,
+    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
+    :linestyle,
+    :linewidth,
+    :markershape,
+    :markercolor,
+    :markersize,
+    :bins,
+    :pos,
+    :title,
+    :window_title,
+    :guide, :lims, :ticks, :scale,
+  ])
+supported_types(::QwtBackend) = [:path, :scatter, :hexbin, :bar]
+supported_markers(::QwtBackend) = [:none, :auto, :rect, :circle, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle, :cross, :xcross, :star5, :star8, :hexagon]
+supported_scales(::QwtBackend) = [:identity, :log10]
+is_subplot_supported(::QwtBackend) = true
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _initialize_backend(::QwtBackend; kw...)
+  @eval begin
+    warn("Qwt is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
+    import Qwt
+    export Qwt
+  end
+end

 # -------------------------------

-function adjustQwtKeywords(iscreating::Bool; kw...)
-  d = Dict(kw)
-  d[:heatmap_n] = d[:nbins]
+@compat const _qwtAliases = KW(
+    :bins => :heatmap_n,
+    :fillrange => :fillto,
+    :linewidth => :width,
+    :markershape => :marker,
+    :hexbin => :heatmap,
+    :path => :line,
+    :steppost => :step,
+    :steppre => :stepinverted,
+    :star5 => :star1,
+    :star8 => :star2,
+  )

-  if d[:linetype] == :hexbin
-    d[:linetype] = :heatmap
-  elseif d[:linetype] == :dots
-    d[:linetype] = :none
-    d[:marker] = :hexagon
-  elseif !iscreating && d[:linetype] == :bar
-    return barHack(; kw...)
-  elseif !iscreating && d[:linetype] == :hist
-    return barHack(; histogramHack(; kw...)...)
+function fixcolors(d::KW)
+  for (k,v) in d
+    if typeof(v) <: ColorScheme
+      d[k] = getColor(v)
+    end
  end
+end
+
+function replaceQwtAliases(d, s)
+  if haskey(_qwtAliases, d[s])
+    d[s] = _qwtAliases[d[s]]
+  end
+end
+
+function adjustQwtKeywords(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, iscreating::Bool; kw...)
+  d = KW(kw)
+  st = d[:seriestype]
+  if st == :scatter
+    d[:seriestype] = :none
+    if d[:markershape] == :none
+      d[:markershape] = :circle
+    end
+
+  elseif st in (:hline, :vline)
+    addLineMarker(plt, d)
+    d[:seriestype] = :none
+    d[:markershape] = :circle
+    d[:markersize] = 1
+    if st == :vline
+      d[:x], d[:y] = d[:y], d[:x]
+    end
+
+  elseif !iscreating && st == :bar
+    d = barHack(; kw...)
+  elseif !iscreating && st == :histogram
+    d = barHack(; histogramHack(; kw...)...)
+  end
+
+  replaceQwtAliases(d, :seriestype)
+  replaceQwtAliases(d, :markershape)
+
+  for k in keys(d)
+    if haskey(_qwtAliases, k)
+      d[_qwtAliases[k]] = d[k]
+    end
+  end
+
+  d[:x] = collect(d[:x])
+  d[:y] = collect(d[:y])
+
  d
 end

-function plot(pkg::QwtPackage; kw...)
-  kw = adjustQwtKeywords(true; kw...)
-  o = Qwt.plot(zeros(0,0); kw..., show=false)
-  plt = Plot(o, pkg, 0, kw, Dict[])
+# function _create_plot(pkg::QwtBackend, d::KW)
+function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{QwtBackend})
+  fixcolors(plt.attr)
+  dumpdict(plt.attr,"\n\n!!! plot")
+  o = Qwt.plot(zeros(0,0); plt.attr..., show=false)
+  # plt = Plot(o, pkg, 0, d, KW[])
+  # plt
+end
+
+# function _series_added(::QwtBackend, plt::Plot, d::KW)
+function _series_added(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, series::Series)
+  d = adjustQwtKeywords(plt, false; series.d...)
+  fixcolors(d)
+  dumpdict(d,"\n\n!!! plot!")
+  Qwt.oplot(plt.o; d...)
+  # push!(plt.seriesargs, d)
+  # plt
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function updateLimsAndTicks(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, d::KW, isx::Bool)
+  lims = get(d, isx ? :xlims : :ylims, nothing)
+  ticks = get(d, isx ? :xticks : :yticks, nothing)
+  w = plt.o.widget
+  axisid = Qwt.QWT.QwtPlot[isx ? :xBottom : :yLeft]
+
+  if typeof(lims) <: @compat(Union{Tuple,AVec}) && length(lims) == 2
+    if isx
+      plt.o.autoscale_x = false
+    else
+      plt.o.autoscale_y = false
+    end
+    w[:setAxisScale](axisid, lims...)
+  end
+
+  if typeof(ticks) <: Range
+    if isx
+      plt.o.autoscale_x = false
+    else
+      plt.o.autoscale_y = false
+    end
+    w[:setAxisScale](axisid, float(minimum(ticks)), float(maximum(ticks)), float(step(ticks)))
+  elseif !(ticks in (nothing, :none, :auto))
+    warn("Only Range types are supported for Qwt xticks/yticks. typeof(ticks)=$(typeof(ticks))")
+  end
+
+  # change the scale
+  scalesym = isx ? :xscale : :yscale
+  if haskey(d, scalesym)
+    scaletype = d[scalesym]
+    scaletype == :identity  && w[:setAxisScaleEngine](axisid, Qwt.QWT.QwtLinearScaleEngine())
+    # scaletype == :log       && w[:setAxisScaleEngine](axisid, Qwt.QWT.QwtLogScaleEngine(e))
+    # scaletype == :log2      && w[:setAxisScaleEngine](axisid, Qwt.QWT.QwtLogScaleEngine(2))
+    scaletype == :log10     && w[:setAxisScaleEngine](axisid, Qwt.QWT.QwtLog10ScaleEngine())
+    scaletype in supported_scales() || warn("Unsupported scale type: ", scaletype)
+  end
+
+end
+
+
+function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, d::KW)
+  haskey(d, :title) && Qwt.title(plt.o, d[:title])
+  haskey(d, :xguide) && Qwt.xlabel(plt.o, d[:xguide])
+  haskey(d, :yguide) && Qwt.ylabel(plt.o, d[:yguide])
+  updateLimsAndTicks(plt, d, true)
+  updateLimsAndTicks(plt, d, false)
+end
+
+function _update_plot_pos_size(plt::AbstractPlot{QwtBackend}, d::KW)
+  haskey(d, :size) && Qwt.resizewidget(plt.o, d[:size]...)
+  haskey(d, :pos) && Qwt.movewidget(plt.o, d[:pos]...)
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        # curve.setPen(Qt.QPen(Qt.QColor(color), linewidth, self.getLineStyle(linestyle)))
+function addLineMarker(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, d::KW)
+  for yi in d[:y]
+    marker = Qwt.QWT.QwtPlotMarker()
+    ishorizontal = (d[:seriestype] == :hline)
+    marker[:setLineStyle](ishorizontal ? 1 : 2)
+    marker[ishorizontal ? :setYValue : :setXValue](yi)
+    qcolor = Qwt.convertRGBToQColor(getColor(d[:linecolor]))
+    linestyle = plt.o.widget[:getLineStyle](string(d[:linestyle]))
+    marker[:setLinePen](Qwt.QT.QPen(qcolor, d[:linewidth], linestyle))
+    marker[:attach](plt.o.widget)
+  end
+
+  # marker[:setValue](x, y)
+  # marker[:setLabel](Qwt.QWT.QwtText(val))
+  # marker[:attach](plt.o.widget)
+end
+
+function createQwtAnnotation(plt::Plot, x, y, val::PlotText)
+  marker = Qwt.QWT.QwtPlotMarker()
+  marker[:setValue](x, y)
+  qwttext = Qwt.QWT.QwtText(val.str)
+  qwttext[:setFont](Qwt.QT.QFont(val.font.family, val.font.pointsize))
+  qwttext[:setColor](Qwt.convertRGBToQColor(getColor(val.font.color)))
+  marker[:setLabel](qwttext)
+  marker[:attach](plt.o.widget)
+end
+
+function createQwtAnnotation(plt::Plot, x, y, val::@compat(AbstractString))
+  marker = Qwt.QWT.QwtPlotMarker()
+  marker[:setValue](x, y)
+  marker[:setLabel](Qwt.QWT.QwtText(val))
+  marker[:attach](plt.o.widget)
+end
+
+function _add_annotations{X,Y,V}(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, anns::AVec{@compat(Tuple{X,Y,V})})
+  for ann in anns
+    createQwtAnnotation(plt, ann...)
+  end
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# accessors for x/y data
+
+function getxy(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, i::Int)
+  series = plt.o.lines[i]
+  series.x, series.y
+end
+
+function setxy!{X,Y}(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer)
+  series = plt.o.lines[i]
+  series.x, series.y = xy
  plt
 end

-function plot!(::QwtPackage, plt::Plot; kw...)
-  kw = adjustQwtKeywords(false; kw...)
-  Qwt.oplot(plt.o; kw...)
-  push!(plt.seriesargs, kw)
-  plt
+
+# -------------------------------
+
+# savepng(::QwtBackend, plt::AbstractPlot, fn::@compat(AbstractString), args...) = Qwt.savepng(plt.o, fn)
+
+# -------------------------------
+
+# # create the underlying object (each backend will do this differently)
+# function _create_subplot(subplt::Subplot{QwtBackend}, isbefore::Bool)
+#   isbefore && return false
+#   i = 0
+#   rows = Any[]
+#   row = Any[]
+#   for (i,(r,c)) in enumerate(subplt.layout)
+#     push!(row, subplt.plts[i].o)
+#     if c == ncols(subplt.layout, r)
+#       push!(rows, Qwt.hsplitter(row...))
+#       row = Any[]
+#     end
+#   end
+#   # for rowcnt in subplt.layout.rowcounts
+#   #   push!(rows, Qwt.hsplitter([plt.o for plt in subplt.plts[(1:rowcnt) + i]]...))
+#   #   i += rowcnt
+#   # end
+#   subplt.o = Qwt.vsplitter(rows...)
+#   # Qwt.resizewidget(subplt.o, getattr(subplt,1)[:size]...)
+#   # Qwt.moveToLastScreen(subplt.o)  # hack so it goes to my center monitor... sorry
+#   true
+# end
+
+function _expand_limits(lims, plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, isx::Bool)
+  for series in plt.o.lines
+    _expand_limits(lims, isx ? series.x : series.y)
+  end
 end

-function Base.display(::QwtPackage, plt::Plot)
+
+function _remove_axis(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, isx::Bool)
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot{QwtBackend})
+  Qwt.refresh(plt.o)
+  Qwt.savepng(plt.o, "/tmp/dfskjdhfkh.png")
+  write(io, readall("/tmp/dfskjdhfkh.png"))
+end
+
+# function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", subplt::Subplot{QwtBackend})
+#   for plt in subplt.plts
+#     Qwt.refresh(plt.o)
+#   end
+#   Qwt.savepng(subplt.o, "/tmp/dfskjdhfkh.png")
+#   write(io, readall("/tmp/dfskjdhfkh.png"))
+# end
+
+
+function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Plot{QwtBackend})
  Qwt.refresh(plt.o)
  Qwt.showwidget(plt.o)
 end

-# -------------------------------
-
-savepng(::QwtPackage, plt::PlottingObject, fn::String, args...) = Qwt.savepng(plt.o, fn)
-
-# -------------------------------
-
-# create the underlying object (each backend will do this differently)
-function buildSubplotObject!(::QwtPackage, subplt::Subplot)
-  i = 0
-  rows = []
-  for rowcnt in subplt.layout.rowcounts
-    push!(rows, Qwt.hsplitter([plt.o for plt in subplt.plts[(1:rowcnt) + i]]...))
-    i += rowcnt
-  end
-  subplt.o = Qwt.vsplitter(rows...)
-end
-
-
-function Base.display(::QwtPackage, subplt::Subplot)
-  for plt in subplt.plts
-    Qwt.refresh(plt.o)
-  end
-  Qwt.showwidget(subplt.o)
-end
-
+# function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, subplt::Subplot{QwtBackend})
+#   for plt in subplt.plts
+#     Qwt.refresh(plt.o)
+#   end
+#   Qwt.showwidget(subplt.o)
+# end
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+
+# TODO: find/replace all [PkgName] with CamelCase
+
+# [ADD BACKEND WEBSITE]
+
+function _initialize_backend(::[PkgName]Backend; kw...)
+    @eval begin
+        import [PkgName]
+        export [PkgName]
+        # todo: other initialization that needs to be eval-ed
+    end
+    # todo: other initialization
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Create the window/figure for this backend.
+function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend})
+    nothing
+end
+
+# # this is called early in the pipeline, use it to make the plot current or something
+# function _prepare_plot_object(plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend})
+# end
+
+# Set up the subplot within the backend object.
+function _initialize_subplot(plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend}, sp::Subplot{[PkgName]Backend})
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Add one series to the underlying backend object.
+function _series_added(plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend}, series::Series)
+end
+
+# When series data is added/changed, this callback can do dynamic updates to the backend object.
+# note: if the backend rebuilds the plot from scratch on display, then you might not do anything here.
+function _series_updated(plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend}, series::Series)
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# called just before updating layout bounding boxes... in case you need to prep
+# for the calcs
+function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend})
+end
+
+# Set the (left, top, right, bottom) minimum padding around the plot area
+# to fit ticks, tick labels, guides, colorbars, etc.
+function _update_min_padding!(sp::Subplot{[PkgName]Backend})
+    sp.minpad = (20mm, 5mm, 2mm, 10mm)
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Override this to update plot items (title, xlabel, etc), and add annotations (d[:annotations])
+function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend})
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Write a png to io.  You could define methods for:
+    # "application/eps"         => "eps",
+    # "image/eps"               => "eps",
+    # "application/pdf"         => "pdf",
+    # "image/png"               => "png",
+    # "application/postscript"  => "ps",
+    # "image/svg+xml"           => "svg"
+function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend})
+end
+
+# Display/show the plot (open a GUI window, or browser page, for example).
+function _display(plt::Plot{[PkgName]Backend})
+end
@@ -1,161 +1,163 @@

 # https://github.com/Evizero/UnicodePlots.jl

-immutable UnicodePlotsPackage <: PlottingPackage end
+supported_args(::UnicodePlotsBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    :label,
+    :legend,
+    :seriescolor,
+    :seriesalpha,
+    :linestyle,
+    :markershape,
+    :bins,
+    :title,
+    :guide, :lims,
+  ])
+supported_types(::UnicodePlotsBackend) = [
+    :path, :scatter,
+    :histogram2d
+]
+supported_styles(::UnicodePlotsBackend) = [:auto, :solid]
+supported_markers(::UnicodePlotsBackend) = [:none, :auto, :circle]
+supported_scales(::UnicodePlotsBackend) = [:identity]
+is_subplot_supported(::UnicodePlotsBackend) = true

-unicodeplots!() = plotter!(:unicodeplots)
+
+# don't warn on unsupported... there's just too many warnings!!
+warnOnUnsupported_args(pkg::UnicodePlotsBackend, d::KW) = nothing
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _initialize_backend(::UnicodePlotsBackend; kw...)
+    @eval begin
+        import UnicodePlots
+        export UnicodePlots
+    end
+end

 # -------------------------------

-function expandLimits!(lims, x)
-  e1, e2 = extrema(x)
-  lims[1] = min(lims[1], e1)
-  lims[2] = max(lims[2], e2)
-  nothing
-end
-

 # do all the magic here... build it all at once, since we need to know about all the series at the very beginning
-function rebuildUnicodePlot!(plt::Plot)
+function rebuildUnicodePlot!(plt::Plot, width, height)
+    plt.o = []

-  # figure out the plotting area xlim = [xmin, xmax] and ylim = [ymin, ymax]
-  sargs = plt.seriesargs
-  xlim = [Inf, -Inf]
-  ylim = [Inf, -Inf]
-  for d in sargs
-    expandLimits!(xlim, d[:x])
-    expandLimits!(ylim, d[:y])
-  end
-  x = Float64[xlim[1]]
-  y = Float64[ylim[1]]
+    for sp in plt.subplots
+        xaxis = sp[:xaxis]
+        yaxis = sp[:yaxis]
+        xlim =  axis_limits(xaxis)
+        ylim =  axis_limits(yaxis)

-  # create a plot window with xlim/ylim set, but the X/Y vectors are outside the bounds
-  iargs = plt.initargs
-  width, height = iargs[:size]
-  o = UnicodePlots.createPlotWindow(x, y; width = width,
-                                height = height,
-                                title = iargs[:title],
-                                # labels = iargs[:legend],
-                                xlim = xlim,
-                                ylim = ylim)
+        # make vectors
+        xlim = [xlim[1], xlim[2]]
+        ylim = [ylim[1], ylim[2]]

-  # set the axis labels
-  UnicodePlots.xlabel!(o, iargs[:xlabel])
-  UnicodePlots.ylabel!(o, iargs[:ylabel])
+        # we set x/y to have a single point, since we need to create the plot with some data.
+        # since this point is at the bottom left corner of the plot, it shouldn't actually be shown
+        x = Float64[xlim[1]]
+        y = Float64[ylim[1]]

-  # now use the ! functions to add to the plot
-  for d in sargs
-    addUnicodeSeries!(o, d, iargs[:legend])
-  end
+        # create a plot window with xlim/ylim set, but the X/Y vectors are outside the bounds
+        canvas_type = isijulia() ? UnicodePlots.AsciiCanvas : UnicodePlots.BrailleCanvas
+        o = UnicodePlots.Plot(x, y, canvas_type;
+            width = width,
+            height = height,
+            title = sp[:title],
+            xlim = xlim,
+            ylim = ylim,
+            border = isijulia() ? :ascii : :solid
+        )

-  # save the object
-  plt.o = o
+        # set the axis labels
+        UnicodePlots.xlabel!(o, xaxis[:guide])
+        UnicodePlots.ylabel!(o, yaxis[:guide])
+
+        # now use the ! functions to add to the plot
+        for series in series_list(sp)
+            addUnicodeSeries!(o, series.d, sp[:legend] != :none, xlim, ylim)
+        end
+
+        # save the object
+        push!(plt.o, o)
+    end
 end


 # add a single series
-function addUnicodeSeries!(o, d::Dict, addlegend::Bool)
+function addUnicodeSeries!(o, d::KW, addlegend::Bool, xlim, ylim)
+    # get the function, or special handling for step/bar/hist
+    st = d[:seriestype]
+    if st == :histogram2d
+        UnicodePlots.densityplot!(o, d[:x], d[:y])
+        return
+    end

-  # get the function, or special handling for step/bar/hist
-  lt = d[:linetype]
-  stepstyle = :post
-  if lt == :line
-    func = UnicodePlots.lineplot!
-  elseif lt == :dots || d[:marker] != :none
-    func = UnicodePlots.scatterplot!
-  elseif lt == :step
-    func = UnicodePlots.stairs!
-  elseif lt == :stepinverted
-    func = UnicodePlots.stairs!
-    stepstyle = :pre
-  else
-    error("Linestyle $lt not supported by UnicodePlots")
-  end
-  
-  # get the series data and label
-  x, y = [collect(float(d[s])) for s in (:x, :y)]
-  label = addlegend ? d[:label] : ""
+    if st == :path
+        func = UnicodePlots.lineplot!
+    elseif st == :scatter || d[:markershape] != :none
+        func = UnicodePlots.scatterplot!
+    else
+        error("Linestyle $st not supported by UnicodePlots")
+    end

-  # if we happen to pass in allowed color symbols, great... otherwise let UnicodePlots decide
-  color = d[:color] in UnicodePlots.autoColors ? d[:color] : :auto
+    # get the series data and label
+    x, y = [collect(float(d[s])) for s in (:x, :y)]
+    label = addlegend ? d[:label] : ""

-  # add the series
-  func(o, x, y; color = color, name = label, style = stepstyle)
-end
+    # if we happen to pass in allowed color symbols, great... otherwise let UnicodePlots decide
+    color = d[:linecolor] in UnicodePlots.color_cycle ? d[:linecolor] : :auto

-
-# -------------------------------
-
-
-function plot(pkg::UnicodePlotsPackage; kw...)
-  plt = Plot(nothing, pkg, 0, Dict(kw), Dict[])
-
-  # do we want to give a new default size?
-  if !haskey(plt.initargs, :size) || plt.initargs[:size] == PLOT_DEFAULTS[:size]
-    plt.initargs[:size] = (60,20)
-  end
-
-  plt
-end
-
-function plot!(::UnicodePlotsPackage, plt::Plot; kw...)
-  d = Dict(kw)
-  if d[:linetype] in (:sticks, :bar)
-    d = barHack(; d...)
-  elseif d[:linetype] == :hist
-    d = barHack(; histogramHack(; d...)...)
-  end
-  push!(plt.seriesargs, d)
-  plt
-end
-
-function Base.display(::UnicodePlotsPackage, plt::Plot)
-  rebuildUnicodePlot!(plt)
-  show(plt.o)
+    # add the series
+    func(o, x, y; color = color, name = label)
 end

 # -------------------------------

-function savepng(::UnicodePlotsPackage, plt::PlottingObject, fn::String, args...)
+# since this is such a hack, it's only callable using `png`... should error during normal `writemime`
+function png(plt::AbstractPlot{UnicodePlotsBackend}, fn::AbstractString)
+    fn = addExtension(fn, "png")

-  # make some whitespace and show the plot
-  println("\n\n\n\n\n\n")
-  display(plt)
+    # make some whitespace and show the plot
+    println("\n\n\n\n\n\n")
+    gui(plt)

-  @osx_only begin
-    # BEGIN HACK
+    # @osx_only begin
+    @compat @static if is_apple()
+        # BEGIN HACK

-    # wait while the plot gets drawn
-    sleep(0.5)
+        # wait while the plot gets drawn
+        sleep(0.5)

-    # use osx screen capture when my terminal is maximized and cursor starts at the bottom (I know, right?)
-    # TODO: compute size of plot to adjust these numbers (or maybe implement something good??)
-    run(`screencapture -R50,600,700,420 $fn`)
+        # use osx screen capture when my terminal is maximized and cursor starts at the bottom (I know, right?)
+        # TODO: compute size of plot to adjust these numbers (or maybe implement something good??)
+        run(`screencapture -R50,600,700,420 $fn`)

-    # # some other attempts:
-    # run(`screencapture -w $fn`)
-    # using PyCall
-    # @pyimport pyscreenshot as pss
+        # END HACK (phew)
+        return
+    end

-    # END HACK (phew)
-    return
-  end
-
-  error("Can only savepng on osx with UnicodePlots (though even then I wouldn't do it)")
+    error("Can only savepng on osx with UnicodePlots (though even then I wouldn't do it)")
 end

 # -------------------------------

 # we don't do very much for subplots... just stack them vertically

-function buildSubplotObject!(::UnicodePlotsPackage, subplt::Subplot)
-  nothing
+function unicodeplots_rebuild(plt::Plot{UnicodePlotsBackend})
+    w, h = plt[:size]
+    plt.attr[:color_palette] = [RGB(0,0,0)]
+    rebuildUnicodePlot!(plt, div(w, 10), div(h, 20))
+end
+
+function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot{UnicodePlotsBackend})
+    unicodeplots_rebuild(plt)
+    map(show, plt.o)
+    nothing
 end


-function Base.display(::UnicodePlotsPackage, subplt::Subplot)
-  for plt in subplt.plts
-    display(UnicodePlotsPackage(), plt)
-  end
+function _display(plt::Plot{UnicodePlotsBackend})
+    unicodeplots_rebuild(plt)
+    map(show, plt.o)
+    nothing
 end

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+
+# NOTE:  backend should implement `html_body` and `html_head`
+
+# CREDIT: parts of this implementation were inspired by @joshday's PlotlyLocal.jl
+
+
+function standalone_html(plt::AbstractPlot; title::AbstractString = get(plt.attr, :window_title, "Plots.jl"))
+    """
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
+    <html>
+        <head>
+            <title>$title</title>
+            $(html_head(plt))
+        </head>
+        <body>
+            $(html_body(plt))
+        </body>
+    </html>
+    """
+end
+
+function open_browser_window(filename::AbstractString)
+    @compat @static if is_apple()
+        return run(`open $(filename)`)
+    end
+    @compat @static if is_linux()
+        return run(`xdg-open $(filename)`)
+    end
+    @compat @static if is_windows()
+        return run(`$(ENV["COMSPEC"]) /c start $(filename)`)
+    end
+    warn("Unknown OS... cannot open browser window.")
+end
+
+function write_temp_html(plt::AbstractPlot)
+    html = standalone_html(plt; title = plt.attr[:window_title])
+    filename = string(tempname(), ".html")
+    output = open(filename, "w")
+    write(output, html)
+    close(output)
+    filename
+end
+
+function standalone_html_window(plt::AbstractPlot)
+    filename = write_temp_html(plt)
+    open_browser_window(filename)
+end
+
+# uses wkhtmltopdf/wkhtmltoimage: http://wkhtmltopdf.org/downloads.html
+function html_to_png(html_fn, png_fn, w, h)
+    run(`wkhtmltoimage -f png -q --width $w --height $h --disable-smart-width $html_fn $png_fn`)
+end
+
+function writemime_png_from_html(io::IO, plt::AbstractPlot)
+    # write html to a temporary file
+    html_fn = write_temp_html(plt)
+
+    # convert that html file to a temporary png file using wkhtmltoimage
+    png_fn = tempname() * ".png"
+    w, h = plt.attr[:size]
+    html_to_png(html_fn, png_fn, w, h)
+
+    # now read that file data into io
+    pngdata = readall(png_fn)
+    write(io, pngdata)
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+
+# https://github.com/nolta/Winston.jl
+
+# credit goes to https://github.com/jverzani for contributing to the first draft of this backend implementation
+
+supported_args(::WinstonBackend) = merge_with_base_supported([
+    :annotations,
+    :linecolor,
+    :fillrange,
+    :fillcolor,
+    :label,
+    :legend,
+    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
+    :linestyle,
+    :linewidth,
+    :markershape,
+    :markercolor,
+    :markersize,
+    :bins,
+    :title,
+    :window_title,
+    :guide, :lims, :scale,
+  ])
+supported_types(::WinstonBackend) = [:path, :scatter, :bar]
+supported_styles(::WinstonBackend) = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot]
+supported_markers(::WinstonBackend) = [:none, :auto, :rect, :circle, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle, :cross, :xcross, :star5]
+supported_scales(::WinstonBackend) = [:identity, :log10]
+is_subplot_supported(::WinstonBackend) = false
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function _initialize_backend(::WinstonBackend; kw...)
+  @eval begin
+    # ENV["WINSTON_OUTPUT"] = "gtk"
+    warn("Winston is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
+    import Winston, Gtk
+    export Winston, Gtk
+  end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+## dictionaries for conversion of Plots.jl names to Winston ones.
+@compat const winston_linestyle =  KW(:solid=>"solid",
+                                :dash=>"dash",
+                                :dot=>"dotted",
+                                :dashdot=>"dotdashed"
+                               )
+
+@compat const winston_marker = KW(:none=>".",
+                            :rect => "square",
+                            :circle=>"circle",
+                            :diamond=>"diamond",
+                            :utriangle=>"triangle",
+                            :dtriangle=>"down-triangle",
+                            :cross => "plus",
+                            :xcross => "cross",
+                            :star5 => "asterisk"
+                           )
+
+function _before_update(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend})
+  Winston.ghf(plt.o)
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend})
+    Winston.FramedPlot(
+        title = plt.attr[:title],
+        xlabel = plt.attr[:xguide],
+        ylabel = plt.attr[:yguide]
+    )
+end
+
+copy_remove(d::KW, s::Symbol) = delete!(copy(d), s)
+
+function addRegressionLineWinston(d::KW, wplt)
+  xs, ys = regressionXY(d[:x], d[:y])
+  Winston.add(wplt, Winston.Curve(xs, ys, kind="dotted"))
+end
+
+function getWinstonItems(plt::Plot)
+  if isa(plt.o, Winston.FramedPlot)
+    wplt = plt.o
+    window, canvas = nothing, nothing
+  else
+    window, canvas, wplt = plt.o
+  end
+  window, canvas, wplt
+end
+
+function _series_added(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend}, series::Series)
+    d = series.d
+  window, canvas, wplt = getWinstonItems(plt)
+
+  # until we call it normally, do the hack
+  if d[:seriestype] == :bar
+    d = barHack(;d...)
+  end
+
+
+  e = KW()
+  e[:color] = getColor(d[:linecolor])
+  e[:linewidth] = d[:linewidth]
+  e[:kind] = winston_linestyle[d[:linestyle]]
+  e[:symbolkind] = winston_marker[d[:markershape]]
+  # markercolor     # same choices as `color`, or :match will set the color to be the same as `color`
+  e[:symbolsize] = d[:markersize] / 5
+
+  # pos             # (Int,Int), move the enclosing window to this position
+  # screen          # Integer, move enclosing window to this screen number (for multiscreen desktops)
+
+
+
+  ## lintype :path, :step, :stepinverted, :sticks, :dots, :none, :histogram2d, :hexbin, :histogram, :bar
+  if d[:seriestype] == :none
+    Winston.add(wplt, Winston.Points(d[:x], d[:y]; copy_remove(e, :kind)..., color=getColor(d[:markercolor])))
+
+  elseif d[:seriestype] == :path
+    x, y = d[:x], d[:y]
+    Winston.add(wplt, Winston.Curve(x, y; e...))
+
+    fillrange = d[:fillrange]
+    if fillrange != nothing
+      if isa(fillrange, AbstractVector)
+        y2 = fillrange
+      else
+        y2 = Float64[fillrange for yi in y]
+      end
+      Winston.add(wplt, Winston.FillBetween(x, y, x, y2, fillcolor=getColor(d[:fillcolor])))
+    end
+
+  elseif d[:seriestype] == :scatter
+    if d[:markershape] == :none
+      d[:markershape] = :circle
+    end
+
+  # elseif d[:seriestype] == :step
+  #     fn = Winston.XXX
+
+  # elseif d[:seriestype] == :stepinverted
+  #     fn = Winston.XXX
+
+  elseif d[:seriestype] == :sticks
+      Winston.add(wplt, Winston.Stems(d[:x], d[:y]; e...))
+
+  # elseif d[:seriestype] == :dots
+  #     fn = Winston.XXX
+
+  # elseif d[:seriestype] == :histogram2d
+  #     fn = Winston.XXX
+
+  # elseif d[:seriestype] == :hexbin
+  #     fn = Winston.XXX
+
+  elseif d[:seriestype] == :histogram
+      hst = hist(d[:y], d[:bins])
+      Winston.add(wplt, Winston.Histogram(hst...; copy_remove(e, :bins)...))
+
+  # elseif d[:seriestype] == :bar
+  #     # fn = Winston.XXX
+
+  else
+    error("seriestype $(d[:seriestype]) not supported by Winston.")
+
+  end
+
+
+  # markershape
+  if d[:markershape] != :none
+    Winston.add(wplt, Winston.Points(d[:x], d[:y]; copy_remove(e, :kind)..., color=getColor(d[:markercolor])))
+  end
+
+
+  # optionally add a regression line
+  d[:smooth] && d[:seriestype] != :histogram && addRegressionLineWinston(d, wplt)
+
+  # push!(plt.seriesargs, d)
+  # plt
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@compat const _winstonNames = KW(
+    :xlims => :xrange,
+    :ylims => :yrange,
+    :xscale => :xlog,
+    :yscale => :ylog,
+  )
+
+function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend}, d::KW)
+  window, canvas, wplt = getWinstonItems(plt)
+  for k in (:xguide, :yguide, :title, :xlims, :ylims)
+    if haskey(d, k)
+      Winston.setattr(wplt, string(get(_winstonNames, k, k)), d[k])
+    end
+  end
+
+  for k in (:xscale, :yscale)
+    if haskey(d, k)
+      islogscale = d[k] == :log10
+      Winston.setattr(wplt, (k == :xscale ? :xlog : :ylog), islogscale)
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function createWinstonAnnotationObject(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend}, x, y, val::@compat(AbstractString))
+  Winston.text(x, y, val)
+end
+
+function _add_annotations{X,Y,V}(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend}, anns::AVec{@compat(Tuple{X,Y,V})})
+  for ann in anns
+    createWinstonAnnotationObject(plt, ann...)
+  end
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# function _create_subplot(subplt::Subplot{WinstonBackend}, isbefore::Bool)
+#   # TODO: build the underlying Subplot object.  this is where you might layout the panes within a GUI window, for example
+# end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function addWinstonLegend(plt::Plot, wplt)
+  if plt.attr[:legend] != :none
+    Winston.legend(wplt, [sd[:label] for sd in plt.seriesargs])
+  end
+end
+
+function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::AbstractPlot{WinstonBackend})
+  window, canvas, wplt = getWinstonItems(plt)
+  addWinstonLegend(plt, wplt)
+  writemime(io, "image/png", wplt)
+end
+
+
+function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Plot{WinstonBackend})
+
+  window, canvas, wplt = getWinstonItems(plt)
+
+  if window == nothing
+    if Winston.output_surface != :gtk
+      error("Gtk is the only supported display for Winston in Plots.  Set `output_surface = gtk` in src/Winston.ini")
+    end
+    # initialize window
+    w,h = plt.attr[:size]
+    canvas = Gtk.GtkCanvasLeaf()
+    window = Gtk.GtkWindowLeaf(canvas, plt.attr[:window_title], w, h)
+    plt.o = (window, canvas, wplt)
+  end
+
+  addWinstonLegend(plt, wplt)
+
+  Winston.display(canvas, wplt)
+  Gtk.showall(window)
+end
+
+
+# function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, subplt::Subplot{WinstonBackend})
+#   # TODO: display/show the Subplot object
+# end
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+
+
+typealias P2 FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,Float64}
+typealias P3 FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,Float64}
+
+nanpush!(a::AbstractVector{P2}, b) = (push!(a, P2(NaN,NaN)); push!(a, b))
+nanappend!(a::AbstractVector{P2}, b) = (push!(a, P2(NaN,NaN)); append!(a, b))
+nanpush!(a::AbstractVector{P3}, b) = (push!(a, P3(NaN,NaN,NaN)); push!(a, b))
+nanappend!(a::AbstractVector{P3}, b) = (push!(a, P3(NaN,NaN,NaN)); append!(a, b))
+compute_angle(v::P2) = (angle = atan2(v[2], v[1]); angle < 0 ? 2π - angle : angle)
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+immutable Shape
+    x::Vector{Float64}
+    y::Vector{Float64}
+    # function Shape(x::AVec, y::AVec)
+    #     # if x[1] != x[end] || y[1] != y[end]
+    #     #     new(vcat(x, x[1]), vcat(y, y[1]))
+    #     # else
+    #         new(x, y)
+    #     end
+    # end
+end
+Shape(verts::AVec) = Shape(unzip(verts)...)
+
+get_xs(shape::Shape) = shape.x
+get_ys(shape::Shape) = shape.y
+vertices(shape::Shape) = collect(zip(shape.x, shape.y))
+
+
+function shape_coords(shape::Shape)
+    shape.x, shape.y
+end
+
+function shape_coords(shapes::AVec{Shape})
+    length(shapes) == 0 && return zeros(0), zeros(0)
+    xs = map(get_xs, shapes)
+    ys = map(get_ys, shapes)
+    x, y = map(copy, shape_coords(shapes[1]))
+    for shape in shapes[2:end]
+        nanappend!(x, shape.x)
+        nanappend!(y, shape.y)
+    end
+    x, y
+end
+
+"get an array of tuples of points on a circle with radius `r`"
+function partialcircle(start_θ, end_θ, n = 20, r=1)
+  @compat(Tuple{Float64,Float64})[(r*cos(u),r*sin(u)) for u in linspace(start_θ, end_θ, n)]
+end
+
+"interleave 2 vectors into each other (like a zipper's teeth)"
+function weave(x,y; ordering = Vector[x,y])
+  ret = eltype(x)[]
+  done = false
+  while !done
+    for o in ordering
+      try
+          push!(ret, shift!(o))
+      end
+    end
+    done = isempty(x) && isempty(y)
+  end
+  ret
+end
+
+
+"create a star by weaving together points from an outer and inner circle.  `n` is the number of arms"
+function makestar(n; offset = -0.5, radius = 1.0)
+    z1 = offset * π
+    z2 = z1 + π / (n)
+    outercircle = partialcircle(z1, z1 + 2π, n+1, radius)
+    innercircle = partialcircle(z2, z2 + 2π, n+1, 0.4radius)
+    Shape(weave(outercircle, innercircle)[1:end-2])
+end
+
+"create a shape by picking points around the unit circle.  `n` is the number of point/sides, `offset` is the starting angle"
+function makeshape(n; offset = -0.5, radius = 1.0)
+    z = offset * π
+    Shape(partialcircle(z, z + 2π, n+1, radius)[1:end-1])
+end
+
+
+function makecross(; offset = -0.5, radius = 1.0)
+    z2 = offset * π
+    z1 = z2 - π/8
+    outercircle = partialcircle(z1, z1 + 2π, 9, radius)
+    innercircle = partialcircle(z2, z2 + 2π, 5, 0.5radius)
+    Shape(weave(outercircle, innercircle,
+                ordering=Vector[outercircle,innercircle,outercircle])[1:end-2])
+end
+
+
+from_polar(angle, dist) = P2(dist*cos(angle), dist*sin(angle))
+
+function makearrowhead(angle; h = 2.0, w = 0.4)
+    tip = from_polar(angle, h)
+    Shape(P2[(0,0), from_polar(angle - 0.5π, w) - tip,
+        from_polar(angle + 0.5π, w) - tip, (0,0)])
+end
+
+const _shape_keys = Symbol[
+  :circle,
+  :rect,
+  :star5,
+  :diamond,
+  :hexagon,
+  :cross,
+  :xcross,
+  :utriangle,
+  :dtriangle,
+  :pentagon,
+  :heptagon,
+  :octagon,
+  :star4,
+  :star6,
+  :star7,
+  :star8,
+  :vline,
+  :hline,
+]
+
+const _shapes = KW(
+    :circle    => makeshape(20),
+    :rect       => makeshape(4, offset=-0.25),
+    :diamond    => makeshape(4),
+    :utriangle  => makeshape(3),
+    :dtriangle  => makeshape(3, offset=0.5),
+    :pentagon   => makeshape(5),
+    :hexagon    => makeshape(6),
+    :heptagon   => makeshape(7),
+    :octagon    => makeshape(8),
+    :cross      => makecross(offset=-0.25),
+    :xcross     => makecross(),
+    :vline      => Shape([(0,1),(0,-1)]),
+    :hline      => Shape([(1,0),(-1,0)]),
+  )
+
+for n in [4,5,6,7,8]
+  _shapes[Symbol("star$n")] = makestar(n)
+end
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# uses the centroid calculation from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroid#Centroid_of_polygon
+function center(shape::Shape)
+    x, y = shape_coords(shape)
+    n = length(x)
+    A, Cx, Cy = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
+    for i=1:n
+        ip1 = i==n ? 1 : i+1
+        A += x[i] * y[ip1] - x[ip1] * y[i]
+    end
+    A *= 0.5
+    for i=1:n
+        ip1 = i==n ? 1 : i+1
+        m = (x[i] * y[ip1] - x[ip1] * y[i])
+        Cx += (x[i] + x[ip1]) * m
+        Cy += (y[i] + y[ip1]) * m
+    end
+    Cx / 6A, Cy / 6A
+end
+
+function Base.scale!(shape::Shape, x::Real, y::Real = x, c = center(shape))
+    sx, sy = shape_coords(shape)
+    cx, cy = c
+    for i=1:length(sx)
+        sx[i] = (sx[i] - cx) * x + cx
+        sy[i] = (sy[i] - cy) * y + cy
+    end
+    shape
+end
+
+function Base.scale(shape::Shape, x::Real, y::Real = x, c = center(shape))
+    shapecopy = deepcopy(shape)
+    scale!(shape, x, y, c)
+end
+
+function translate!(shape::Shape, x::Real, y::Real = x)
+    sx, sy = shape_coords(shape)
+    for i=1:length(sx)
+        sx[i] += x
+        sy[i] += y
+    end
+    shape
+end
+
+function translate(shape::Shape, x::Real, y::Real = x)
+    shapecopy = deepcopy(shape)
+    translate!(shape, x, y)
+end
+
+function rotate_x(x::Real, y::Real, Θ::Real, centerx::Real, centery::Real)
+    (x - centerx) * cos(Θ) - (y - centery) * sin(Θ) + centerx
+end
+
+function rotate_y(x::Real, y::Real, Θ::Real, centerx::Real, centery::Real)
+    (y - centery) * cos(Θ) + (x - centerx) * sin(Θ) + centery
+end
+
+function rotate(x::Real, y::Real, θ::Real, c = center(shape))
+    cx, cy = c
+    rotate_x(x, y, Θ, cx, cy), rotate_y(x, y, Θ, cx, cy)
+end
+
+function rotate!(shape::Shape, Θ::Real, c = center(shape))
+    x, y = shape_coords(shape)
+    cx, cy = c
+    for i=1:length(x)
+        x[i] = rotate_x(x[i], y[i], Θ, cx, cy)
+        y[i] = rotate_y(x[i], y[i], Θ, cx, cy)
+    end
+    shape
+end
+
+function rotate(shape::Shape, Θ::Real, c = center(shape))
+    shapecopy = deepcopy(shape)
+    rotate!(shapecopy, Θ, c)
+end
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+immutable Font
+  family::AbstractString
+  pointsize::Int
+  halign::Symbol
+  valign::Symbol
+  rotation::Float64
+  color::Colorant
+end
+
+"Create a Font from a list of unordered features"
+function font(args...)
+
+  # defaults
+  family = "Helvetica"
+  pointsize = 14
+  halign = :hcenter
+  valign = :vcenter
+  rotation = 0.0
+  color = colorant"black"
+
+  for arg in args
+    T = typeof(arg)
+
+    if T == Font
+      family = arg.family
+      pointsize = arg.pointsize
+      halign = arg.halign
+      valign = arg.valign
+      rotation = arg.rotation
+      color = arg.color
+    elseif arg == :center
+      halign = :hcenter
+      valign = :vcenter
+    elseif arg in (:hcenter, :left, :right)
+      halign = arg
+    elseif arg in (:vcenter, :top, :bottom)
+      valign = arg
+    elseif T <: Colorant
+      color = arg
+    elseif T <: Symbol || T <: AbstractString
+      try
+        color = parse(Colorant, string(arg))
+      catch
+        family = string(arg)
+      end
+    elseif typeof(arg) <: Integer
+      pointsize = arg
+    elseif typeof(arg) <: Real
+      rotation = convert(Float64, arg)
+    else
+      warn("Unused font arg: $arg ($(typeof(arg)))")
+    end
+  end
+
+  Font(family, pointsize, halign, valign, rotation, color)
+end
+
+"Wrap a string with font info"
+immutable PlotText
+  str::AbstractString
+  font::Font
+end
+PlotText(str) = PlotText(string(str), font())
+
+text(t::PlotText) = t
+text(str::AbstractString, f::Font) = PlotText(str, f)
+function text(str, args...)
+  PlotText(string(str), font(args...))
+end
+
+
+annotations(::Void) = []
+annotations(anns::AVec) = anns
+annotations(anns) = Any[anns]
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+immutable Stroke
+  width
+  color
+  alpha
+  style
+end
+
+function stroke(args...; alpha = nothing)
+  width = nothing
+  color = nothing
+  style = nothing
+
+  for arg in args
+    T = typeof(arg)
+
+    # if arg in _allStyles
+    if allStyles(arg)
+      style = arg
+    elseif T <: Colorant
+      color = arg
+    elseif T <: Symbol || T <: AbstractString
+      try
+        color = parse(Colorant, string(arg))
+      end
+    elseif allAlphas(arg)
+      alpha = arg
+    elseif allReals(arg)
+      width = arg
+    else
+      warn("Unused stroke arg: $arg ($(typeof(arg)))")
+    end
+  end
+
+  Stroke(width, color, alpha, style)
+end
+
+
+immutable Brush
+  size  # fillrange, markersize, or any other sizey attribute
+  color
+  alpha
+end
+
+function brush(args...; alpha = nothing)
+  size = nothing
+  color = nothing
+
+  for arg in args
+    T = typeof(arg)
+
+    if T <: Colorant
+      color = arg
+    elseif T <: Symbol || T <: AbstractString
+      try
+        color = parse(Colorant, string(arg))
+      end
+    elseif allAlphas(arg)
+      alpha = arg
+    elseif allReals(arg)
+      size = arg
+    else
+      warn("Unused brush arg: $arg ($(typeof(arg)))")
+    end
+  end
+
+  Brush(size, color, alpha)
+end
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+"type which represents z-values for colors and sizes (and anything else that might come up)"
+immutable ZValues
+  values::Vector{Float64}
+  zrange::Tuple{Float64,Float64}
+end
+
+function zvalues{T<:Real}(values::AVec{T}, zrange::Tuple{T,T} = (minimum(values), maximum(values)))
+  ZValues(collect(float(values)), map(Float64, zrange))
+end
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+abstract AbstractSurface
+
+"represents a contour or surface mesh"
+immutable Surface{M<:AMat} <: AbstractSurface
+  surf::M
+end
+
+Surface(f::Function, x, y) = Surface(Float64[f(xi,yi) for yi in y, xi in x])
+
+Base.Array(surf::Surface) = surf.surf
+
+for f in (:length, :size)
+  @eval Base.$f(surf::Surface, args...) = $f(surf.surf, args...)
+end
+Base.copy(surf::Surface) = Surface{typeof(surf.surf)}(copy(surf.surf))
+Base.eltype{T}(surf::Surface{T}) = eltype(T)
+
+function expand_extrema!(a::Axis, surf::Surface)
+    ex = a[:extrema]
+    for vi in surf.surf
+        expand_extrema!(ex, vi)
+    end
+    ex
+end
+
+"For the case of representing a surface as a function of x/y... can possibly avoid allocations."
+immutable SurfaceFunction <: AbstractSurface
+    f::Function
+end
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# style is :open or :closed (for now)
+immutable Arrow
+    style::Symbol
+    headlength::Float64
+    headwidth::Float64
+end
+
+function arrow(args...)
+    style = :simple
+    headlength = 0.3
+    headwidth = 0.3
+    setlength = false
+    for arg in args
+        T = typeof(arg)
+        if T == Symbol
+            style = arg
+        elseif T <: Number
+            # first we apply to both, but if there's more, then only change width after the first number
+            headwidth = Float64(arg)
+            if !setlength
+                headlength = headwidth
+            end
+            setlength = true
+        elseif T <: Tuple && length(arg) == 2
+            headlength, headwidth = Float64(arg[1]), Float64(arg[2])
+        else
+            warn("Skipped arrow arg $arg")
+        end
+    end
+    Arrow(style, headlength, headwidth)
+end
+
+
+# allow for do-block notation which gets called on every valid start/end pair which
+# we need to draw an arrow
+function add_arrows(func::Function, x::AVec, y::AVec)
+    for i=2:length(x)
+        xyprev = (x[i-1], y[i-1])
+        xy = (x[i], y[i])
+        if ok(xyprev) && ok(xy)
+            if i==length(x) || !ok(x[i+1], y[i+1])
+                # add the arrow from xyprev to xy
+                func(xyprev, xy)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type BezierCurve{T <: FixedSizeArrays.Vec}
+  control_points::Vector{T}
+end
+
+@compat function (bc::BezierCurve)(t::Real)
+  p = zero(P2)
+  n = length(bc.control_points)-1
+  for i in 0:n
+      p += bc.control_points[i+1] * binomial(n, i) * (1-t)^(n-i) * t^i
+  end
+  p
+end
+
+Base.mean(x::Real, y::Real) = 0.5*(x+y)
+Base.mean{N,T<:Real}(ps::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{N,T}...) = sum(ps) / length(ps)
+
+curve_points(curve::BezierCurve, n::Integer = 30; range = [0,1]) = map(curve, linspace(range..., n))
+
+# build a BezierCurve which leaves point p vertically upwards and arrives point q vertically upwards.
+# may create a loop if necessary.  Assumes the view is [0,1]
+function directed_curve(p::P2, q::P2; xview = 0:1, yview = 0:1)
+mn = mean(p, q)
+diff = q - p
+
+minx, maxx = minimum(xview), maximum(xview)
+miny, maxy = minimum(yview), maximum(yview)
+diffpct = P2(diff[1] / (maxx - minx),
+             diff[2] / (maxy - miny))
+
+# these points give the initial/final "rise"
+# vertical_offset = P2(0, (maxy - miny) * max(0.03, min(abs(0.5diffpct[2]), 1.0)))
+vertical_offset = P2(0, max(0.15, 0.5norm(diff)))
+upper_control = p + vertical_offset
+lower_control = q - vertical_offset
+
+# try to figure out when to loop around vs just connecting straight
+# TODO: choose loop direction based on sign of p[1]??
+# x_close_together = abs(diffpct[1]) <= 0.05
+p_is_higher = diff[2] <= 0
+inside_control_points = if p_is_higher
+  # add curve points which will create a loop
+  sgn = mn[1] < 0.5 * (maxx + minx) ? -1 : 1
+  inside_offset = P2(0.3 * (maxx - minx), 0)
+  additional_offset = P2(sgn * diff[1], 0)  # make it even loopier
+  [upper_control + sgn * (inside_offset + max(0,  additional_offset)),
+   lower_control + sgn * (inside_offset + max(0, -additional_offset))]
+else
+  []
+end
+
+BezierCurve([p, upper_control, inside_control_points..., lower_control, q])
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+
+abstract ColorScheme
+
+Base.getindex(scheme::ColorScheme, i::Integer) = getColor(scheme, i)
+
+export
+    cgrad
+
+cgrad() = default_gradient()
+
+function cgrad(arg, values = nothing; alpha = nothing, scale = :identity)
+    colors = ColorGradient(arg, alpha=alpha).colors
+    values = if values != nothing
+        values
+    elseif scale in (:log, :log10)
+        log10(linspace(1,10,30))
+    elseif scale == :log2
+        log2(linspace(1,2,30))
+    elseif scale == :ln
+        log(linspace(1,pi,30))
+    elseif scale in (:exp, :exp10)
+        (exp10(linspace(0,1,30)) - 1) / 9
+    else
+        linspace(0, 1, length(colors))
+    end
+    ColorGradient(colors, values)
+end
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+getColor(scheme::ColorScheme) = getColor(scheme, 1)
+getColorVector(scheme::ColorScheme) = [getColor(scheme)]
+
+colorscheme(scheme::ColorScheme) = scheme
+colorscheme(s::AbstractString; kw...) = colorscheme(Symbol(s); kw...)
+colorscheme(s::Symbol; kw...) = haskey(_gradients, s) ? ColorGradient(s; kw...) : ColorWrapper(convertColor(s); kw...)
+colorscheme{T<:Real}(s::Symbol, vals::AVec{T}; kw...) = ColorGradient(s, vals; kw...)
+colorscheme(cs::AVec, vs::AVec; kw...) = ColorGradient(cs, vs; kw...)
+colorscheme{T<:Colorant}(cs::AVec{T}; kw...) = ColorGradient(cs; kw...)
+colorscheme(f::Function; kw...) = ColorFunction(f; kw...)
+colorscheme(v::AVec; kw...) = ColorVector(v; kw...)
+colorscheme(m::AMat; kw...) = size(m,1) == 1 ? map(c->colorscheme(c; kw...), m) : [colorscheme(m[:,i]; kw...) for i in 1:size(m,2)]'
+colorscheme(c::Colorant; kw...) = ColorWrapper(c; kw...)
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+convertColor(c::AbstractString) = parse(Colorant, c)
+convertColor(c::Symbol) = parse(Colorant, string(c))
+convertColor(c::Colorant) = c
+convertColor(cvec::AbstractVector) = map(convertColor, cvec)
+convertColor(c::ColorScheme) = c
+convertColor(v::Void) = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
+convertColor(b::Bool) = b ? RGBA(0,0,0,1) : RGBA(0,0,0,0)
+
+function convertColor(c, α::Real)
+  c = convertColor(c)
+  RGBA(RGB(getColor(c)), α)
+end
+convertColor(cs::AVec, α::Real) = map(c -> convertColor(c, α), cs)
+convertColor(c, α::Void) = convertColor(c)
+
+# backup... try to convert
+getColor(c) = convertColor(c)
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function darken(c, v=0.1)
+    rgba = convert(RGBA, c)
+    r = max(0, min(rgba.r - v, 1))
+    g = max(0, min(rgba.g - v, 1))
+    b = max(0, min(rgba.b - v, 1))
+    RGBA(r,g,b,rgba.alpha)
+end
+function lighten(c, v=0.3)
+    darken(c, -v)
+end
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const _rainbowColors = [colorant"purple", colorant"blue", colorant"green", colorant"orange", colorant"red"]
+const _testColors = [colorant"darkblue", colorant"blueviolet",  colorant"darkcyan",colorant"green",
+                     darken(colorant"yellow",0.3), colorant"orange", darken(colorant"red",0.2)]
+
+const _gradients = KW(
+    :blues        => [colorant"lightblue", colorant"darkblue"],
+    :reds         => [colorant"lightpink", colorant"darkred"],
+    :greens       => [colorant"lightgreen", colorant"darkgreen"],
+    :redsblues    => [colorant"darkred", RGB(0.8,0.85,0.8), colorant"darkblue"],
+    :bluesreds    => [colorant"darkblue", RGB(0.8,0.85,0.8), colorant"darkred"],
+    :heat         => [colorant"lightyellow", colorant"orange", colorant"darkred"],
+    :grays        => [RGB(.95,.95,.95),RGB(.05,.05,.05)],
+    :rainbow      => _rainbowColors,
+    :lightrainbow => map(lighten, _rainbowColors),
+    :darkrainbow  => map(darken, _rainbowColors),
+    :darktest     => _testColors,
+    :lighttest    => map(c -> lighten(c, 0.3), _testColors),
+  )
+
+function register_gradient_colors{C<:Colorant}(name::Symbol, colors::AVec{C})
+    _gradients[name] = colors
+end
+
+include("color_gradients.jl")
+
+default_gradient() = ColorGradient(:inferno)
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+"Continuous gradient between values.  Wraps a list of bounding colors and the values they represent."
+immutable ColorGradient <: ColorScheme
+  colors::Vector
+  values::Vector
+
+  function ColorGradient{S<:Real}(cs::AVec, vals::AVec{S} = linspace(0, 1, length(cs)); alpha = nothing)
+    if length(cs) == length(vals)
+      return new(convertColor(cs,alpha), collect(vals))
+    end
+
+    # # otherwise interpolate evenly between the minval and maxval
+    # minval, maxval = minimum(vals), maximum(vals)
+    # vs = Float64[interpolate(minval, maxval, w) for w in linspace(0, 1, length(cs))]
+    # new(convertColor(cs,alpha), vs)
+
+    # interpolate the colors for each value
+    vals = merge(linspace(0, 1, length(cs)), vals)
+    grad = ColorGradient(cs)
+    cs = [getColorZ(grad, z) for z in linspace(0, 1, length(vals))]
+    new(convertColor(cs, alpha), vals)
+  end
+end
+
+
+
+Base.getindex(cs::ColorGradient, i::Integer) = getColor(cs, i)
+Base.getindex(cs::ColorGradient, z::Number) = getColorZ(cs, z)
+
+
+# create a gradient from a symbol (blues, reds, etc) and vector of boundary values
+function ColorGradient{T<:Real}(s::Symbol, vals::AVec{T} = 0:0; kw...)
+  haskey(_gradients, s) || error("Invalid gradient symbol.  Choose from: ", sort(collect(keys(_gradients))))
+  cs = _gradients[s]
+  if vals == 0:0
+    vals = linspace(0, 1, length(cs))
+  end
+  ColorGradient(cs, vals; kw...)
+end
+
+# function ColorGradient{T<:Real}(cs::AVec, vals::AVec{T} = linspace(0, 1, length(cs)); kw...)
+#   ColorGradient(map(convertColor, cs), vals; kw...)
+# end
+
+function ColorGradient(grad::ColorGradient; alpha = nothing)
+  ColorGradient(convertColor(grad.colors, alpha), grad.values)
+end
+
+# anything else just gets the default gradient
+function ColorGradient(cw; alpha=nothing)
+    ColorGradient(default_gradient(), alpha=alpha)
+end
+
+getColor(gradient::ColorGradient, idx::Int) = gradient.colors[mod1(idx, length(gradient.colors))]
+
+function getColorZ(gradient::ColorGradient, z::Real)
+  cs = gradient.colors
+  vs = gradient.values
+  n = length(cs)
+  @assert n > 0 && n == length(vs)
+
+  # can we just return the first color?
+  if z <= vs[1] || n == 1
+    return cs[1]
+  end
+
+  # find the bounding colors and interpolate
+  for i in 2:n
+    if z <= vs[i]
+      return interpolate_rgb(cs[i-1], cs[i], (z - vs[i-1]) / (vs[i] - vs[i-1]))
+    end
+  end
+
+  # if we get here, return the last color
+  cs[end]
+end
+
+getColorVector(gradient::ColorGradient) = gradient.colors
+
+# for 0.3
+Colors.RGBA(c::Colorant) = RGBA(red(c), green(c), blue(c), alpha(c))
+Colors.RGB(c::Colorant) = RGB(red(c), green(c), blue(c))
+
+function interpolate_rgb(c1::Colorant, c2::Colorant, w::Real)
+  rgb1 = RGBA(c1)
+  rgb2 = RGBA(c2)
+  r = interpolate(rgb1.r, rgb2.r, w)
+  g = interpolate(rgb1.g, rgb2.g, w)
+  b = interpolate(rgb1.b, rgb2.b, w)
+  a = interpolate(rgb1.alpha, rgb2.alpha, w)
+  RGBA(r, g, b, a)
+end
+
+
+function interpolate(v1::Real, v2::Real, w::Real)
+  (1-w) * v1 + w * v2
+end
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+"Wraps a function, taking an index and returning a Colorant"
+immutable ColorFunction <: ColorScheme
+  f::Function
+end
+
+getColor(scheme::ColorFunction, idx::Int) = scheme.f(idx)
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+"Wraps a function, taking an z-value and returning a Colorant"
+immutable ColorZFunction <: ColorScheme
+  f::Function
+end
+
+getColorZ(scheme::ColorZFunction, z::Real) = scheme.f(z)
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+"Wraps a vector of colors... may be vector of Symbol/String/Colorant"
+immutable ColorVector <: ColorScheme
+  v::Vector{Colorant}
+  ColorVector(v::AVec; alpha = nothing) = new(convertColor(v,alpha))
+end
+
+getColor(scheme::ColorVector, idx::Int) = convertColor(scheme.v[mod1(idx, length(scheme.v))])
+getColorVector(scheme::ColorVector) = scheme.v
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+"Wraps a single color"
+immutable ColorWrapper <: ColorScheme
+  c::RGBA
+  ColorWrapper(c::Colorant; alpha = nothing) = new(convertColor(c, alpha))
+end
+
+ColorWrapper(s::Symbol; alpha = nothing) = ColorWrapper(convertColor(parse(Colorant, s), alpha))
+
+getColor(scheme::ColorWrapper, idx::Int) = scheme.c
+getColorZ(scheme::ColorWrapper, z::Real) = scheme.c
+convertColor(c::ColorWrapper, α::Void) = c.c
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+isbackgrounddark(bgcolor::Color) = Lab(bgcolor).l < 0.5
+
+# move closer to lighter/darker depending on background value
+function adjustAway(val, bgval, vmin=0., vmax=100.)
+  if bgval < 0.5 * (vmax+vmin)
+    tmp = max(val, bgval)
+    return 0.5 * (tmp + max(tmp, vmax))
+  else
+    tmp = min(val, bgval)
+    return 0.5 * (tmp + min(tmp, vmin))
+  end
+end
+
+# borrowed from http://stackoverflow.com/a/1855903:
+lightnessLevel(c::Colorant) = 0.299 * red(c) + 0.587 * green(c) + 0.114 * blue(c)
+
+isdark(c::Colorant) = lightnessLevel(c) < 0.5
+islight(c::Colorant) = !isdark(c)
+
+function convertHexToRGB(h::Unsigned)
+  mask = 0x0000FF
+  RGB([(x & mask) / 0xFF for x in  (h >> 16, h >> 8, h)]...)
+end
+
+# note: I found this list of hex values in a comment by Tatarize here: http://stackoverflow.com/a/12224359
+const _masterColorList = [
+    0xFFFFFF, 0x000000, 0x0000FF, 0x00FF00, 0xFF0000, 0x01FFFE, 0xFFA6FE, 0xFFDB66, 0x006401, 0x010067,
+    0x95003A, 0x007DB5, 0xFF00F6, 0xFFEEE8, 0x774D00, 0x90FB92, 0x0076FF, 0xD5FF00, 0xFF937E, 0x6A826C,
+    0xFF029D, 0xFE8900, 0x7A4782, 0x7E2DD2, 0x85A900, 0xFF0056, 0xA42400, 0x00AE7E, 0x683D3B, 0xBDC6FF,
+    0x263400, 0xBDD393, 0x00B917, 0x9E008E, 0x001544, 0xC28C9F, 0xFF74A3, 0x01D0FF, 0x004754, 0xE56FFE,
+    0x788231, 0x0E4CA1, 0x91D0CB, 0xBE9970, 0x968AE8, 0xBB8800, 0x43002C, 0xDEFF74, 0x00FFC6, 0xFFE502,
+    0x620E00, 0x008F9C, 0x98FF52, 0x7544B1, 0xB500FF, 0x00FF78, 0xFF6E41, 0x005F39, 0x6B6882, 0x5FAD4E,
+    0xA75740, 0xA5FFD2, 0xFFB167, 0x009BFF, 0xE85EBE
+  ]
+const _allColors = map(convertHexToRGB, _masterColorList)
+const _darkColors = filter(isdark, _allColors)
+const _lightColors = filter(islight, _allColors)
+const _sortedColorsForDarkBackground = vcat(_lightColors, reverse(_darkColors[2:end]))
+const _sortedColorsForLightBackground = vcat(_darkColors, reverse(_lightColors[2:end]))
+
+const _defaultNumColors = 17
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Methods to automatically generate gradients for color selection based on
+# background color and a short list of seed colors
+
+# here are some magic constants that could be changed if you really want
+const _lightness_darkbg = [80.0]
+const _lightness_lightbg = [60.0]
+const _lch_c_const = [60]
+
+function adjust_lch(color, l, c)
+    lch = convert(LCHab, color)
+    convert(RGB, LCHab(l, c, lch.h))
+end
+
+function lightness_from_background(bgcolor)
+  bglight = convert(LCHab, bgcolor).l
+  bglight < 50.0 ? _lightness_darkbg[1] : _lightness_lightbg[1]
+end
+
+function gradient_from_list(cs)
+    zvalues = Plots.get_zvalues(length(cs))
+    indices = sortperm(zvalues)
+    sorted_colors = map(RGBA, cs[indices])
+    sorted_zvalues = zvalues[indices]
+    ColorGradient(sorted_colors, sorted_zvalues)
+end
+
+function generate_colorgradient(bgcolor = colorant"white";
+                               color_bases = color_bases=[colorant"steelblue",colorant"orangered"],
+                               lightness = lightness_from_background(bgcolor),
+                               chroma = _lch_c_const[1],
+                               n = _defaultNumColors)
+  seed_colors = vcat(bgcolor, map(c -> adjust_lch(c, lightness, chroma), color_bases))
+  colors = distinguishable_colors(n,
+      seed_colors,
+      lchoices=Float64[lightness],
+      cchoices=Float64[chroma],
+      hchoices=linspace(0, 340, 20)
+    )[2:end]
+  gradient_from_list(colors)
+end
+
+function get_color_palette(palette, bgcolor::Union{Colorant,ColorWrapper}, numcolors::Integer)
+  grad = if palette == :auto
+    generate_colorgradient(bgcolor)
+  else
+    ColorGradient(palette)
+  end
+  zrng = get_zvalues(numcolors)
+  RGBA[getColorZ(grad, z) for z in zrng]
+end
+
+function get_color_palette{C<:Colorant}(palette::Vector{C},
+            bgcolor::Union{Colorant,ColorWrapper}, numcolors::Integer)
+  palette
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function getpctrange(n::Int)
+    n > 0 || error()
+    n == 1 && return zeros(1)
+    zs = [0.0, 1.0]
+    for i in 3:n
+        sorted = sort(zs)
+        diffs = diff(sorted)
+        widestj = 0
+        widest = 0.0
+        for (j,d) in enumerate(diffs)
+            if d > widest
+                widest = d
+                widestj = j
+            end
+        end
+        push!(zs, sorted[widestj] + 0.5 * diffs[widestj])
+    end
+    zs
+end
+
+function get_zvalues(n::Int)
+    offsets = getpctrange(ceil(Int,n/4)+1)/4
+    offsets = vcat(offsets[1], offsets[3:end])
+    zvalues = Float64[]
+    for offset in offsets
+        append!(zvalues, offset + [0.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.75])
+    end
+    vcat(zvalues[1], 1.0, zvalues[2:n-1])
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+make255(x) = round(Int, 255 * x)
+
+function webcolor(c::Color)
+    @sprintf("rgb(%d, %d, %d)", [make255(f(c)) for f in [red,green,blue]]...)
+end
+function webcolor(c::TransparentColor)
+    @sprintf("rgba(%d, %d, %d, %1.3f)", [make255(f(c)) for f in [red,green,blue]]..., alpha(c))
+end
+webcolor(cs::ColorScheme) = webcolor(getColor(cs))
+webcolor(c) = webcolor(convertColor(c))
+webcolor(c, α) = webcolor(convertColor(getColor(c), α))
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# converts a symbol or string into a colorant (Colors.RGB), and assigns a color automatically
+function getSeriesRGBColor(c, sp::Subplot, n::Int)
+
+  if c == :auto
+    c = autopick(sp[:color_palette], n)
+  end
+
+  # c should now be a subtype of ColorScheme
+  colorscheme(c)
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+
+
+# TODO:
+"""
+- load Contours.jl similar to DataFrames
+- method to build grid from x/y/z vectors
+- method to wrap contours creation
+- method to plot contours as custom shapes (TODO: create Stroke and Fill types and add markerstroke/markerfill args)
+
+"""
+
+
+
+# # ----------------------------------------------------------
+# # ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# immutable Vertex
+#   x::Float64
+#   y::Float64
+#   z::Float64
+# end
+
+# immutable Edge
+#   v::Vertex
+#   u::Vertex
+# end
+
+# # ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+# # one rectangle's z-values and the center vertex
+# # z is ordered: topleft, topright, bottomright, bottomleft
+# immutable GridRect
+#   z::Vector{Float64}
+#   center::Vertex
+#   data::Vector{Vertex}
+# end
+
+
+
+# type Grid
+#   xs::Vector{Float64}
+#   ys::Vector{Float64}
+#   rects::Matrix{GridRect}
+# end
+
+# function splitDataEvenly(v::AbstractVector{Float64}, n::Int)
+#   vs = sort(v)
+  
+# end
+
+# # the goal here is to create the vertical and horizontal partitions
+# # which define the grid, so that the data is somewhat evenly split
+# function bucketData(x, y, z)
+
+# end
+
+
+# function buildGrid(x, y, z)
+#   # create 
+# end
+
+
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+
+# create a new "build_series_args" which converts all inputs into xs = Any[xitems], ys = Any[yitems].
+# Special handling for: no args, xmin/xmax, parametric, dataframes
+# Then once inputs have been converted, build the series args, map functions, etc.
+# This should cut down on boilerplate code and allow more focused dispatch on type
+# note: returns meta information... mainly for use with automatic labeling from DataFrames for now
+
+typealias FuncOrFuncs @compat(Union{Function, AVec{Function}})
+
+all3D(d::KW) = trueOrAllTrue(st -> st in (:contour, :contourf, :heatmap, :surface, :wireframe, :contour3d, :image), get(d, :seriestype, :none))
+
+# missing
+convertToAnyVector(v::@compat(Void), d::KW) = Any[nothing], nothing
+
+# fixed number of blank series
+convertToAnyVector(n::Integer, d::KW) = Any[zeros(0) for i in 1:n], nothing
+
+# numeric vector
+convertToAnyVector{T<:Number}(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing
+
+# string vector
+convertToAnyVector{T<:@compat(AbstractString)}(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing
+
+function convertToAnyVector(v::AMat, d::KW)
+    if all3D(d)
+        Any[Surface(v)]
+    else
+        Any[v[:,i] for i in 1:size(v,2)]
+    end, nothing
+end
+
+# function
+convertToAnyVector(f::Function, d::KW) = Any[f], nothing
+
+# surface
+convertToAnyVector(s::Surface, d::KW) = Any[s], nothing
+
+# # vector of OHLC
+# convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{OHLC}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing
+
+# dates
+convertToAnyVector{D<:Union{Date,DateTime}}(dts::AVec{D}, d::KW) = Any[dts], nothing
+
+# list of things (maybe other vectors, functions, or something else)
+function convertToAnyVector(v::AVec, d::KW)
+    if all(x -> typeof(x) <: Number, v)
+        # all real numbers wrap the whole vector as one item
+        Any[convert(Vector{Float64}, v)], nothing
+    else
+        # something else... treat each element as an item
+        vcat(Any[convertToAnyVector(vi, d)[1] for vi in v]...), nothing
+        # Any[vi for vi in v], nothing
+    end
+end
+
+convertToAnyVector(t::Tuple, d::KW) = Any[t], nothing
+
+
+function convertToAnyVector(args...)
+    error("In convertToAnyVector, could not handle the argument types: $(map(typeof, args[1:end-1]))")
+end
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# TODO: can we avoid the copy here?  one error that crops up is that mapping functions over the same array
+#       result in that array being shared.  push!, etc will add too many items to that array
+
+compute_x(x::Void, y::Void, z)      = 1:size(z,1)
+compute_x(x::Void, y, z)            = 1:size(y,1)
+compute_x(x::Function, y, z)        = map(x, y)
+compute_x(x, y, z)                  = copy(x)
+
+# compute_y(x::Void, y::Function, z)  = error()
+compute_y(x::Void, y::Void, z)      = 1:size(z,2)
+compute_y(x, y::Function, z)        = map(y, x)
+compute_y(x, y, z)                  = copy(y)
+
+compute_z(x, y, z::Function)        = map(z, x, y)
+compute_z(x, y, z::AbstractMatrix)  = Surface(z)
+compute_z(x, y, z::Void)            = nothing
+compute_z(x, y, z)                  = copy(z)
+
+nobigs(v::AVec{BigFloat}) = map(Float64, v)
+nobigs(v::AVec{BigInt}) = map(Int64, v)
+nobigs(v) = v
+
+@noinline function compute_xyz(x, y, z)
+    x = compute_x(x,y,z)
+    y = compute_y(x,y,z)
+    z = compute_z(x,y,z)
+    nobigs(x), nobigs(y), nobigs(z)
+end
+
+# not allowed
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::FuncOrFuncs, z)       = error("If you want to plot the function `$y`, you need to define the x values!")
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::Void, z::FuncOrFuncs) = error("If you want to plot the function `$z`, you need to define x and y values!")
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::Void, z::Void)        = error("x/y/z are all nothing!")
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+"""
+Holds all data needed for a documentation example... header, description, and plotting expression (Expr)
+"""
+type PlotExample
+  header::AbstractString
+  desc::AbstractString
+  exprs::Vector{Expr}
+end
+
+# the _examples we'll run for each
+const _examples = PlotExample[
+
+PlotExample("Lines",
+    "A simple line plot of the columns.",
+    [:(begin
+        plot(Plots.fakedata(50,5), w=3)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Functions, adding data, and animations",
+    "Plot multiple functions.  You can also put the function first, or use the form `plot(f, xmin, xmax)` where f is a Function or AbstractVector{Function}.\n\nGet series data: `x, y = plt[i]`.  Set series data: `plt[i] = (x,y)`. Add to the series with `push!`/`append!`.\n\nEasily build animations.  (`convert` or `ffmpeg` must be available to generate the animation.)  Use command `gif(anim, filename, fps=15)` to save the animation.",
+    [:(begin
+        p = plot([sin,cos], zeros(0), leg=false)
+        anim = Animation()
+        for x in linspace(0, 10π, 100)
+            push!(p, x, Float64[sin(x), cos(x)])
+            frame(anim)
+        end
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Parametric plots",
+    "Plot function pair (x(u), y(u)).",
+    [:(begin
+        plot(sin, x->sin(2x), 0, 2π, line=4, leg=false, fill=(0,:orange))
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Colors",
+    "Access predefined palettes (or build your own with the `colorscheme` method).  Line/marker colors are auto-generated from the plot's palette, unless overridden.  Set the `z` argument to turn on series gradients.",
+    [:(begin
+        y = rand(100)
+        plot(0:10:100,rand(11,4),lab="lines",w=3,palette=:grays,fill=(0,:auto), α=0.6)
+        scatter!(y, zcolor=abs(y-.5), m=(:heat,0.8,stroke(1,:green)), ms=10*abs(y-0.5)+4, lab="grad")
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Global",
+    "Change the guides/background/limits/ticks.  Convenience args `xaxis` and `yaxis` allow you to pass a tuple or value which will be mapped to the relevant args automatically.  The `xaxis` below will be replaced with `xlabel` and `xlims` args automatically during the preprocessing step. You can also use shorthand functions: `title!`, `xaxis!`, `yaxis!`, `xlabel!`, `ylabel!`, `xlims!`, `ylims!`, `xticks!`, `yticks!`",
+    [:(begin
+        y = rand(20,3)
+        plot(y, xaxis=("XLABEL",(-5,30),0:2:20,:flip), background_color = RGB(0.2,0.2,0.2), leg=false)
+        hline!(mean(y,1)+rand(1,3), line=(4,:dash,0.6,[:lightgreen :green :darkgreen]))
+        vline!([5,10])
+        title!("TITLE")
+        yaxis!("YLABEL", :log10)
+    end)]
+),
+
+# PlotExample("Two-axis",
+#             "Use the `axis` arguments.",
+#             [
+#               :(plot(Vector[randn(100), randn(100)*100], axis = [:l :r], ylabel="LEFT", yrightlabel="RIGHT", xlabel="X", title="TITLE"))
+#             ]), 
+
+PlotExample("Images",
+    "Plot an image.  y-axis is set to flipped",
+    [:(begin
+        import Images
+        img = Images.load(Pkg.dir("PlotReferenceImages","Plots","pyplot","0.7.0","ref1.png"))
+        plot(img)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Arguments",
+    "Plot multiple series with different numbers of points.  Mix arguments that apply to all series (marker/markersize) with arguments unique to each series (colors).  Special arguments `line`, `marker`, and `fill` will automatically figure out what arguments to set (for example, we are setting the `linestyle`, `linewidth`, and `color` arguments with `line`.)  Note that we pass a matrix of colors, and this applies the colors to each series.",
+    [:(begin
+        ys = Vector[rand(10), rand(20)]
+        plot(ys, color=[:black :orange], line=(:dot,4), marker=([:hex :d],12,0.8,stroke(3,:gray)))
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Build plot in pieces",
+    "Start with a base plot...",
+    [:(begin
+        plot(rand(100)/3, reg=true, fill=(0,:green))
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("",
+    "and add to it later.",
+    [:(begin
+        scatter!(rand(100), markersize=6, c=:orange)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Histogram2D",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        histogram2d(randn(10000), randn(10000), nbins=20)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Line types",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        linetypes = [:path :steppre :steppost :sticks :scatter]
+        n = length(linetypes)
+        x = Vector[sort(rand(20)) for i in 1:n]
+        y = rand(20,n)
+        plot(x, y, line=(linetypes,3), lab=map(string,linetypes), ms=15)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Line styles",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        styles = filter(s -> s in supported_styles(), [:solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot])'
+        n = length(styles)
+        y = cumsum(randn(20,n),1)
+        plot(y, line = (5, styles), label = map(string,styles))
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Marker types",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        markers = filter(m -> m in supported_markers(), Plots._shape_keys)'
+        n = length(markers)
+        x = linspace(0,10,n+2)[2:end-1]
+        y = repmat(reverse(x)', n, 1)
+        scatter(x, y, m=(8,:auto), lab=map(string,markers), bg=:linen, xlim=(0,10), ylim=(0,10))
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Bar",
+    "x is the midpoint of the bar. (todo: allow passing of edges instead of midpoints)",
+    [:(begin
+        bar(randn(99))
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Histogram",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        histogram(randn(1000), nbins=20)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Subplots",
+    """
+    Use the `layout` keyword, and optionally the convenient `@layout` macro to generate arbitrarily complex subplot layouts.
+    """,
+    [:(begin
+        l = @layout([a{0.1h}; b [c;d e]])
+        plot(randn(100,5), layout=l, t=[:line :histogram :scatter :steppre :bar], leg=false, ticks=nothing, border=false)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Adding to subplots",
+    "Note here the automatic grid layout, as well as the order in which new series are added to the plots.",
+    [:(begin
+        plot(Plots.fakedata(100,10), layout=4, palette=[:grays :blues :heat :lightrainbow], bg_inside=[:orange :pink :darkblue :black])
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        srand(111)
+        plot!(Plots.fakedata(100,10))
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Open/High/Low/Close",
+    "Create an OHLC chart.  Pass in a list of (open,high,low,close) tuples as your `y` argument.  This uses recipes to first convert the tuples to OHLC objects, and subsequently create a :path series with the appropriate line segments.",
+    [:(begin
+        n=20
+        hgt=rand(n)+1
+        bot=randn(n)
+        openpct=rand(n)
+        closepct=rand(n)
+        y = OHLC[(openpct[i]*hgt[i]+bot[i], bot[i]+hgt[i], bot[i], closepct[i]*hgt[i]+bot[i]) for i in 1:n]
+        ohlc(y)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Annotations",
+    "The `annotations` keyword is used for text annotations in data-coordinates.  Pass in a tuple (x,y,text) or a vector of annotations.  `annotate!(ann)` is shorthand for `plot!(; annotation=ann)`.  Series annotations are used for annotating individual data points.  They require only the annotation... x/y values are computed.  A `PlotText` object can be build with the method `text(string, attr...)`, which wraps font and color attributes.",
+    [:(begin
+        y = rand(10)
+        plot(y, annotations = (3,y[3],text("this is #3",:left)), leg=false)
+        annotate!([(5, y[5], text("this is #5",16,:red,:center)), (10, y[10], text("this is #10",:right,20,"courier"))])
+        scatter!(linspace(2,8,6), rand(6), marker=(50,0.2,:orange), series_annotations = ["series","annotations","map","to","series",text("data",:green)])
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Custom Markers",
+    "A `Plots.Shape` is a light wrapper around vertices of a polygon.  For supported backends, pass arbitrary polygons as the marker shapes.  Note: The center is (0,0) and the size is expected to be rougly the area of the unit circle.",
+    [:(begin
+        verts = [(-1.0,1.0),(-1.28,0.6),(-0.2,-1.4),(0.2,-1.4),(1.28,0.6),(1.0,1.0),
+                 (-1.0,1.0),(-0.2,-0.6),(0.0,-0.2),(-0.4,0.6),(1.28,0.6),(0.2,-1.4),
+                 (-0.2,-1.4),(0.6,0.2),(-0.2,0.2),(0.0,-0.2),(0.2,0.2),(-0.2,-0.6)]
+        x = 0.1:0.2:0.9
+        y = 0.7rand(5)+0.15
+        plot(x, y, line = (3,:dash,:lightblue), marker = (Shape(verts),30,RGBA(0,0,0,0.2)),
+                   bg=:pink, fg=:darkblue, xlim = (0,1), ylim=(0,1), leg=false)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Contours",
+    "Any value for fill works here.  We first build a filled contour from a function, then an unfilled contour from a matrix.",
+    [:(begin
+        x = 1:0.5:20
+        y = 1:0.5:10
+        f(x,y) = (3x+y^2)*abs(sin(x)+cos(y))
+        X = repmat(x', length(y), 1)
+        Y = repmat(y, 1, length(x))
+        Z = map(f, X, Y)
+        p1 = contour(x, y, f, fill=true)
+        p2 = contour(x, y, Z)
+        plot(p1, p2)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Pie",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        x = ["Nerds", "Hackers", "Scientists"]
+        y = [0.4, 0.35, 0.25]
+        pie(x, y, title="The Julia Community", l=0.5)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("3D",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        n = 100
+        ts = linspace(0,8π,n)
+        x = ts .* map(cos,ts)
+        y = 0.1ts .* map(sin,ts)
+        z = 1:n
+        plot(x, y, z, zcolor=reverse(z), m=(10,0.8,:blues,stroke(0)), leg=false, cbar=true, w=5)
+        plot!(zeros(n),zeros(n),1:n, w=10)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("DataFrames",
+    "Plot using DataFrame column symbols.",
+    [:(begin
+        import RDatasets
+        iris = RDatasets.dataset("datasets", "iris")
+        scatter(iris, :SepalLength, :SepalWidth, group=:Species,
+            title = "My awesome plot", xlabel = "Length", ylabel = "Width",
+            marker = (0.5, [:+ :h :star7], 12), bg=RGB(.2,.2,.2))
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Groups and Subplots",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        group = rand(map(i->"group $i",1:4),100)
+        plot(rand(100), layout=@layout([a b;c]), group=group, linetype=[:bar :scatter :steppre])
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Polar Plots",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        Θ = linspace(0,1.5π,100)
+        r = abs(0.1randn(100)+sin(3Θ))
+        plot(Θ, r, proj=:polar, m=2)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Heatmap, categorical axes, and aspect_ratio",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        xs = [string("x",i) for i=1:10]
+        ys = [string("y",i) for i=1:4]
+        z = float((1:4)*(1:10)')
+        heatmap(xs, ys, z, aspect_ratio=1)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Layouts, margins, label rotation, title location",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        plot(rand(100,6),layout=@layout([a b; c]),title=["A" "B" "C"],
+                        title_location=:left, left_margin=[20mm 0mm],
+                        bottom_margin=50px, xrotation=60)
+    end)]
+),
+
+PlotExample("Boxplot and Violin series recipes",
+    "",
+    [:(begin
+        import RDatasets
+        singers = RDatasets.dataset("lattice", "singer")
+        violin(singers, :VoicePart, :Height, line = 0, fill = (0.2, :blue))
+        boxplot!(singers, :VoicePart, :Height, line = (2,:black), fill = (0.3, :orange))
+    end)]
+)
+
+]
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# make and display one plot
+function test_examples(pkgname::Symbol, idx::Int; debug = false, disp = true)
+  Plots._debugMode.on = debug
+  info("Testing plot: $pkgname:$idx:$(_examples[idx].header)")
+  backend(pkgname)
+  backend()
+  map(eval, _examples[idx].exprs)
+  plt = current()
+  if disp
+    gui(plt)
+  end
+  plt
+end
+
+# generate all plots and create a dict mapping idx --> plt
+function test_examples(pkgname::Symbol; debug = false, disp = true, sleep = nothing,
+                                        skip = [], only = nothing)
+  Plots._debugMode.on = debug
+  plts = Dict()
+  for i in 1:length(_examples)
+    only != nothing && !(i in only) && continue
+    i in skip && continue
+    try
+      plt = test_examples(pkgname, i, debug=debug, disp=disp)
+      plts[i] = plt
+    catch ex
+      # TODO: put error info into markdown?
+      warn("Example $pkgname:$i:$(_examples[i].header) failed with: $ex")
+    end
+    if sleep != nothing
+        Base.sleep(sleep)
+    end
+  end
+  plts
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,711 @@
+
+# NOTE: (0,0) is the top-left !!!
+
+# allow pixels and percentages
+const px = AbsoluteLength(0.254)
+const pct = Length{:pct, Float64}(1.0)
+
+to_pixels(m::AbsoluteLength) = m.value / 0.254
+
+const _cbar_width = 5mm
+
+@compat Base.:.*(m::Measure, n::Number) = m * n
+@compat Base.:.*(n::Number, m::Measure) = m * n
+@compat Base.:-(m::Measure, a::AbstractArray) = map(ai -> m - ai, a)
+@compat Base.:-(a::AbstractArray, m::Measure) = map(ai -> ai - m, a)
+Base.zero(::Type{typeof(mm)}) = 0mm
+Base.one(::Type{typeof(mm)}) = 1mm
+Base.typemin(::typeof(mm)) = -Inf*mm
+Base.typemax(::typeof(mm)) = Inf*mm
+Base.convert{F<:AbstractFloat}(::Type{F}, l::AbsoluteLength) = convert(F, l.value)
+
+# TODO: these are unintuitive and may cause tricky bugs
+# @compat Base.:+(m1::AbsoluteLength, m2::Length{:pct}) = AbsoluteLength(m1.value * (1 + m2.value))
+# @compat Base.:+(m1::Length{:pct}, m2::AbsoluteLength) = AbsoluteLength(m2.value * (1 + m1.value))
+# @compat Base.:-(m1::AbsoluteLength, m2::Length{:pct}) = AbsoluteLength(m1.value * (1 - m2.value))
+# @compat Base.:-(m1::Length{:pct}, m2::AbsoluteLength) = AbsoluteLength(m2.value * (m1.value - 1))
+
+@compat Base.:*(m1::AbsoluteLength, m2::Length{:pct}) = AbsoluteLength(m1.value * m2.value)
+@compat Base.:*(m1::Length{:pct}, m2::AbsoluteLength) = AbsoluteLength(m2.value * m1.value)
+@compat Base.:/(m1::AbsoluteLength, m2::Length{:pct}) = AbsoluteLength(m1.value / m2.value)
+@compat Base.:/(m1::Length{:pct}, m2::AbsoluteLength) = AbsoluteLength(m2.value / m1.value)
+
+
+Base.zero(::Type{typeof(pct)}) = 0pct
+Base.one(::Type{typeof(pct)}) = 1pct
+Base.typemin(::typeof(pct)) = 0pct
+Base.typemax(::typeof(pct)) = 1pct
+
+const defaultbox = BoundingBox(0mm, 0mm, 0mm, 0mm)
+
+left(bbox::BoundingBox) = bbox.x0[1]
+top(bbox::BoundingBox) = bbox.x0[2]
+right(bbox::BoundingBox) = left(bbox) + width(bbox)
+bottom(bbox::BoundingBox) = top(bbox) + height(bbox)
+Base.size(bbox::BoundingBox) = (width(bbox), height(bbox))
+
+# @compat Base.:*{T,N}(m1::Length{T,N}, m2::Length{T,N}) = Length{T,N}(m1.value * m2.value)
+ispositive(m::Measure) = m.value > 0
+
+# union together bounding boxes
+@compat function Base.:+(bb1::BoundingBox, bb2::BoundingBox)
+    # empty boxes don't change the union
+    ispositive(width(bb1))  || return bb2
+    ispositive(height(bb1)) || return bb2
+    ispositive(width(bb2))  || return bb1
+    ispositive(height(bb2)) || return bb1
+
+    l = min(left(bb1), left(bb2))
+    t = min(top(bb1), top(bb2))
+    r = max(right(bb1), right(bb2))
+    b = max(bottom(bb1), bottom(bb2))
+    BoundingBox(l, t, r-l, b-t)
+end
+
+# this creates a bounding box in the parent's scope, where the child bounding box
+# is relative to the parent
+function crop(parent::BoundingBox, child::BoundingBox)
+    l = left(parent) + left(child)
+    t = top(parent) + top(child)
+    w = width(child)
+    h = height(child)
+    BoundingBox(l, t, w, h)
+end
+
+# convert x,y coordinates from absolute coords to percentages...
+# returns x_pct, y_pct
+function xy_mm_to_pcts(x::AbsoluteLength, y::AbsoluteLength, figw, figh, flipy = true)
+    xmm, ymm = x.value, y.value
+    if flipy
+        ymm = figh.value - ymm  # flip y when origin in bottom-left
+    end
+    xmm / figw.value, ymm / figh.value
+end
+
+# convert a bounding box from absolute coords to percentages...
+# returns an array of percentages of figure size: [left, bottom, width, height]
+function bbox_to_pcts(bb::BoundingBox, figw, figh, flipy = true)
+    mms = Float64[f(bb).value for f in (left,bottom,width,height)]
+    if flipy
+        mms[2] = figh.value - mms[2]  # flip y when origin in bottom-left
+    end
+    mms ./ Float64[figw.value, figh.value, figw.value, figh.value]
+end
+
+function Base.show(io::IO, bbox::BoundingBox)
+    print(io, "BBox{l,t,r,b,w,h = $(left(bbox)),$(top(bbox)), $(right(bbox)),$(bottom(bbox)), $(width(bbox)),$(height(bbox))}")
+end
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+# AbstractLayout
+
+Base.show(io::IO, layout::AbstractLayout) = print(io, "$(typeof(layout))$(size(layout))")
+
+make_measure_hor(n::Number) = n * w
+make_measure_hor(m::Measure) = m
+
+make_measure_vert(n::Number) = n * h
+make_measure_vert(m::Measure) = m
+
+
+function bbox(x, y, w, h, oarg1::Symbol, originargs::Symbol...)
+    oargs = vcat(oarg1, originargs...)
+    orighor = :left
+    origver = :top
+    for oarg in oargs
+        if oarg in (:left, :right)
+            orighor = oarg
+        elseif oarg in (:top, :bottom)
+            origver = oarg
+        else
+            warn("Unused origin arg in bbox construction: $oarg")
+        end
+    end
+    bbox(x, y, w, h; h_anchor = orighor, v_anchor = origver)
+end
+
+# create a new bbox
+function bbox(x, y, width, height; h_anchor = :left, v_anchor = :top)
+    x = make_measure_hor(x)
+    y = make_measure_vert(y)
+    width = make_measure_hor(width)
+    height = make_measure_vert(height)
+    left = if h_anchor == :left
+        x
+    else
+        1w - x - width 
+    end
+    top = if v_anchor == :top
+        y
+    else
+        1h - y - height 
+    end
+    BoundingBox(left, top, width, height)
+end
+
+# this is the available area for drawing everything in this layout... as percentages of total canvas
+bbox(layout::AbstractLayout) = layout.bbox
+bbox!(layout::AbstractLayout, bb::BoundingBox) = (layout.bbox = bb)
+
+# layouts are recursive, tree-like structures, and most will have a parent field
+Base.parent(layout::AbstractLayout) = layout.parent
+parent_bbox(layout::AbstractLayout) = bbox(parent(layout))
+
+# padding_w(layout::AbstractLayout) = left_padding(layout) + right_padding(layout)
+# padding_h(layout::AbstractLayout) = bottom_padding(layout) + top_padding(layout)
+# padding(layout::AbstractLayout) = (padding_w(layout), padding_h(layout))
+
+update_position!(layout::AbstractLayout) = nothing
+update_child_bboxes!(layout::AbstractLayout, minimum_perimeter = [0mm,0mm,0mm,0mm]) = nothing
+
+left(layout::AbstractLayout) = left(bbox(layout))
+top(layout::AbstractLayout) = top(bbox(layout))
+right(layout::AbstractLayout) = right(bbox(layout))
+bottom(layout::AbstractLayout) = bottom(bbox(layout))
+width(layout::AbstractLayout) = width(bbox(layout))
+height(layout::AbstractLayout) = height(bbox(layout))
+
+# pass these through to the bbox methods if there's no plotarea
+plotarea(layout::AbstractLayout) = bbox(layout)
+plotarea!(layout::AbstractLayout, bb::BoundingBox) = bbox!(layout, bb)
+
+attr(layout::AbstractLayout, k::Symbol) = layout.attr[k]
+attr(layout::AbstractLayout, k::Symbol, v) = get(layout.attr, k, v)
+attr!(layout::AbstractLayout, v, k::Symbol) = (layout.attr[k] = v)
+hasattr(layout::AbstractLayout, k::Symbol) = haskey(layout.attr, k)
+
+leftpad(layout::AbstractLayout)   = 0mm
+toppad(layout::AbstractLayout)    = 0mm
+rightpad(layout::AbstractLayout)  = 0mm
+bottompad(layout::AbstractLayout) = 0mm
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+# RootLayout
+
+# this is the parent of the top-level layout
+immutable RootLayout <: AbstractLayout end
+
+Base.parent(::RootLayout) = nothing
+parent_bbox(::RootLayout) = defaultbox
+bbox(::RootLayout) = defaultbox
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+# EmptyLayout
+
+# contains blank space
+type EmptyLayout <: AbstractLayout
+    parent::AbstractLayout
+    bbox::BoundingBox
+    attr::KW  # store label, width, and height for initialization
+    # label  # this is the label that the subplot will take (since we create a layout before initialization)
+end
+EmptyLayout(parent = RootLayout(); kw...) = EmptyLayout(parent, defaultbox, KW(kw))
+
+Base.size(layout::EmptyLayout) = (0,0)
+Base.length(layout::EmptyLayout) = 0
+Base.getindex(layout::EmptyLayout, r::Int, c::Int) = nothing
+
+_update_min_padding!(layout::EmptyLayout) = nothing
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+# GridLayout
+
+# nested, gridded layout with optional size percentages
+type GridLayout <: AbstractLayout
+    parent::AbstractLayout
+    minpad::Tuple # leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad
+    bbox::BoundingBox
+    grid::Matrix{AbstractLayout} # Nested layouts. Each position is a AbstractLayout, which allows for arbitrary recursion
+    widths::Vector{Measure}
+    heights::Vector{Measure}
+    attr::KW
+end
+
+grid(args...; kw...) = GridLayout(args...; kw...)
+
+function GridLayout(dims...;
+                    parent = RootLayout(),
+                    widths = zeros(dims[2]),
+                    heights = zeros(dims[1]),
+                    kw...)
+    grid = Matrix{AbstractLayout}(dims...)
+    layout = GridLayout(
+        parent,
+        (20mm, 5mm, 2mm, 10mm),
+        defaultbox,
+        grid,
+        Measure[w*pct for w in widths],
+        Measure[h*pct for h in heights],
+        # convert(Vector{Float64}, widths),
+        # convert(Vector{Float64}, heights),
+        KW(kw))
+    fill!(grid, EmptyLayout(layout))
+    layout
+end
+
+Base.size(layout::GridLayout) = size(layout.grid)
+Base.length(layout::GridLayout) = length(layout.grid)
+Base.getindex(layout::GridLayout, r::Int, c::Int) = layout.grid[r,c]
+function Base.setindex!(layout::GridLayout, v, r::Int, c::Int)
+    layout.grid[r,c] = v
+end
+
+leftpad(layout::GridLayout)   = layout.minpad[1]
+toppad(layout::GridLayout)    = layout.minpad[2]
+rightpad(layout::GridLayout)  = layout.minpad[3]
+bottompad(layout::GridLayout) = layout.minpad[4]
+
+
+# here's how this works... first we recursively "update the minimum padding" (which 
+# means to calculate the minimum size needed from the edge of the subplot to plot area)
+# for the whole layout tree.  then we can compute the "padding borders" of this
+# layout as the biggest padding of the children on the perimeter.  then we need to
+# recursively pass those borders back down the tree, one side at a time, but ONLY
+# to those perimeter children.
+
+# leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad
+function _update_min_padding!(layout::GridLayout)
+    map(_update_min_padding!, layout.grid)
+    layout.minpad = (
+        maximum(map(leftpad,   layout.grid[:,1])),
+        maximum(map(toppad,    layout.grid[1,:])),
+        maximum(map(rightpad,  layout.grid[:,end])),
+        maximum(map(bottompad, layout.grid[end,:]))
+    )
+end
+
+
+function update_position!(layout::GridLayout)
+    map(update_position!, layout.grid)
+end
+
+# some lengths are fixed... we have to split up the free space among the list v
+function recompute_lengths(v)
+    # dump(v)
+    tot = 0pct
+    cnt = 0
+    for vi in v
+        if vi == 0pct
+            cnt += 1
+        else
+            tot += vi
+        end
+    end
+    leftover = 1.0pct - tot
+    if cnt > 1 && leftover.value <= 0
+        error("Not enough length left over in layout!  v = $v, cnt = $cnt, leftover = $leftover")
+    end
+
+    # now fill in the blanks
+    Measure[(vi == 0pct ? leftover / cnt : vi) for vi in v]
+end
+
+# recursively compute the bounding boxes for the layout and plotarea (relative to canvas!)
+function update_child_bboxes!(layout::GridLayout, minimum_perimeter = [0mm,0mm,0mm,0mm])
+    nr, nc = size(layout)
+
+    # # create a matrix for each minimum padding direction
+    # _update_min_padding!(layout)
+
+    minpad_left   = map(leftpad,   layout.grid)
+    minpad_top    = map(toppad,    layout.grid)
+    minpad_right  = map(rightpad,  layout.grid)
+    minpad_bottom = map(bottompad, layout.grid)
+    # @show minpad_left minpad_top minpad_right minpad_bottom
+
+    # get the max horizontal (left and right) padding over columns,
+    # and max vertical (bottom and top) padding over rows
+    # TODO: add extra padding here
+    pad_left   = maximum(minpad_left,   1)
+    pad_top    = maximum(minpad_top,    2)
+    pad_right  = maximum(minpad_right,  1)
+    pad_bottom = maximum(minpad_bottom, 2)
+    # @show pad_left pad_top pad_right pad_bottom
+
+    # make sure the perimeter match the parent
+    pad_left[1]     = max(pad_left[1], minimum_perimeter[1])
+    pad_top[1]      = max(pad_top[1], minimum_perimeter[2])
+    pad_right[end]  = max(pad_right[end], minimum_perimeter[3])
+    pad_bottom[end] = max(pad_bottom[end], minimum_perimeter[4])
+
+    # scale this up to the total padding in each direction
+    total_pad_horizontal = sum(pad_left + pad_right)
+    total_pad_vertical   = sum(pad_top + pad_bottom)
+    # @show total_pad_horizontal total_pad_vertical
+
+    # now we can compute the total plot area in each direction
+    total_plotarea_horizontal = width(layout)  - total_pad_horizontal
+    total_plotarea_vertical   = height(layout) - total_pad_vertical
+    # @show total_plotarea_horizontal total_plotarea_vertical
+
+    # recompute widths/heights
+    layout.widths = recompute_lengths(layout.widths)
+    layout.heights = recompute_lengths(layout.heights)
+    # @show layout.widths layout.heights
+
+    # normalize widths/heights so they sum to 1
+    # denom_w = sum(layout.widths)
+    # denom_h = sum(layout.heights)
+    # @show layout.widths layout.heights denom_w, denom_h
+
+    # we have all the data we need... lets compute the plot areas and set the bounding boxes
+    for r=1:nr, c=1:nc
+        child = layout[r,c]
+
+        # get the top-left corner of this child... the first one is top-left of the parent (i.e. layout)
+        child_left = (c == 1 ? left(layout.bbox) : right(layout[r, c-1].bbox))
+        child_top  = (r == 1 ? top(layout.bbox) : bottom(layout[r-1, c].bbox))
+
+        # compute plot area
+        plotarea_left   = child_left + pad_left[c]
+        plotarea_top    = child_top + pad_top[r]
+        plotarea_width  = total_plotarea_horizontal * layout.widths[c]
+        plotarea_height = total_plotarea_vertical * layout.heights[r]
+        plotarea!(child, BoundingBox(plotarea_left, plotarea_top, plotarea_width, plotarea_height))
+
+        # compute child bbox
+        child_width  = pad_left[c] + plotarea_width + pad_right[c]
+        child_height = pad_top[r] + plotarea_height + pad_bottom[r]
+        bbox!(child, BoundingBox(child_left, child_top, child_width, child_height))
+
+        # this is the minimum perimeter as decided by this child's parent, so that
+        # all children on this border have the same value
+        min_child_perimeter = [
+            c == 1  ? layout.minpad[1] : 0mm,
+            r == 1  ? layout.minpad[2] : 0mm,
+            c == nc ? layout.minpad[3] : 0mm,
+            r == nr ? layout.minpad[4] : 0mm
+        ]
+
+        # recursively update the child's children
+        update_child_bboxes!(child, min_child_perimeter)
+    end
+end
+
+# for each inset (floating) subplot, resolve the relative position
+# to absolute canvas coordinates, relative to the parent's plotarea
+function update_inset_bboxes!(plt::Plot)
+    for sp in plt.inset_subplots
+        p_area = Measures.resolve(plotarea(sp.parent), sp[:relative_bbox])
+        # @show bbox(sp.parent) sp[:relative_bbox] p_area
+        plotarea!(sp, p_area)
+
+        bbox!(sp, bbox(
+            left(p_area) - leftpad(sp),
+            top(p_area) - toppad(sp),
+            width(p_area) + leftpad(sp) + rightpad(sp),
+            height(p_area) + toppad(sp) + bottompad(sp)
+        ))
+    end
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+calc_num_subplots(layout::AbstractLayout) = 1
+function calc_num_subplots(layout::GridLayout)
+    tot = 0
+    for l in layout.grid
+        tot += calc_num_subplots(l)
+    end
+    tot
+end
+
+function compute_gridsize(numplts::Int, nr::Int, nc::Int)
+    # figure out how many rows/columns we need
+    if nr < 1
+        if nc < 1
+            nr = round(Int, sqrt(numplts))
+            nc = ceil(Int, numplts / nr)
+        else
+            nr = ceil(Int, numplts / nc)
+        end
+    else
+        nc = ceil(Int, numplts / nr)
+    end
+    nr, nc
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# constructors
+
+# pass the layout arg through
+function layout_args(d::KW)
+    layout_args(get(d, :layout, default(:layout)))
+end
+
+function layout_args(d::KW, n_override::Integer)
+    layout, n = layout_args(get(d, :layout, n_override))
+    if n != n_override
+        error("When doing layout, n != n_override.  You're probably trying to force existing plots into a layout that doesn't fit them.")
+    end
+    layout, n
+end
+
+function layout_args(n::Integer)
+    nr, nc = compute_gridsize(n, -1, -1)
+    GridLayout(nr, nc), n
+end
+
+function layout_args{I<:Integer}(sztup::NTuple{2,I})
+    nr, nc = sztup
+    GridLayout(nr, nc), nr*nc
+end
+
+function layout_args{I<:Integer}(sztup::NTuple{3,I})
+    n, nr, nc = sztup
+    nr, nc = compute_gridsize(n, nr, nc)
+    GridLayout(nr, nc), n
+end
+
+# compute number of subplots
+function layout_args(layout::GridLayout)
+    # recursively get the size of the grid
+    n = calc_num_subplots(layout)
+    layout, n
+end
+
+layout_args(huh) = error("unhandled layout type $(typeof(huh)): $huh")
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+function build_layout(args...)
+    layout, n = layout_args(args...)
+    build_layout(layout, n)
+end
+
+# # just a single subplot
+# function build_layout(sp::Subplot, n::Integer)
+#     sp, Subplot[sp], SubplotMap(gensym() => sp)
+# end
+
+# n is the number of subplots... build a grid and initialize the inner subplots recursively
+function build_layout(layout::GridLayout, n::Integer)
+    nr, nc = size(layout)
+    subplots = Subplot[]
+    spmap = SubplotMap()
+    i = 0
+    for r=1:nr, c=1:nc
+        l = layout[r,c]
+        if isa(l, EmptyLayout) && !get(l.attr, :blank, false)
+            sp = Subplot(backend(), parent=layout)
+            layout[r,c] = sp
+            push!(subplots, sp)
+            spmap[attr(l,:label,gensym())] = sp
+            if get(l.attr, :width, :auto) != :auto
+                layout.widths[c] = attr(l,:width)
+            end
+            if get(l.attr, :height, :auto) != :auto
+                layout.heights[r] = attr(l,:height)
+            end
+            i += 1
+        elseif isa(l, GridLayout)
+            # sub-grid
+            l, sps, m = build_layout(l, n-i)
+            append!(subplots, sps)
+            merge!(spmap, m)
+            i += length(sps)
+        elseif isa(l, Subplot)
+            error("Subplot exists. Cannot re-use existing layout.  Please make a new one.")
+        end
+        i >= n && break  # only add n subplots
+    end
+
+    layout, subplots, spmap
+end
+
+# build a layout from a list of existing Plot objects
+# TODO... much of the logic overlaps with the method above... can we merge?
+function build_layout(layout::GridLayout, numsp::Integer, plts::AVec{Plot})
+    nr, nc = size(layout)
+    subplots = Subplot[]
+    spmap = SubplotMap()
+    i = 0
+    for r=1:nr, c=1:nc
+        l = layout[r,c]
+        if isa(l, EmptyLayout) && !get(l.attr, :blank, false)
+            plt = shift!(plts)  # grab the first plot out of the list
+            layout[r,c] = plt.layout
+            append!(subplots, plt.subplots)
+            merge!(spmap, plt.spmap)
+            if get(l.attr, :width, :auto) != :auto
+                layout.widths[c] = attr(l,:width)
+            end
+            if get(l.attr, :height, :auto) != :auto
+                layout.heights[r] = attr(l,:height)
+            end
+            i += length(plt.subplots)
+        elseif isa(l, GridLayout)
+            # sub-grid
+            l, sps, m = build_layout(l, numsp-i, plts)
+            append!(subplots, sps)
+            merge!(spmap, m)
+            i += length(sps)
+        end
+        i >= numsp && break  # only add n subplots
+    end
+    layout, subplots, spmap
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# @layout macro
+
+function add_layout_pct!(kw::KW, v::Expr, idx::Integer, nidx::Integer)
+    # dump(v)
+    # something like {0.2w}?
+    if v.head == :call && v.args[1] == :*
+        num = v.args[2]
+        if length(v.args) == 3 && isa(num, Number)
+            units = v.args[3]
+            if units == :h
+                return kw[:h] = num*pct
+            elseif units == :w
+                return kw[:w] = num*pct
+            elseif units in (:pct, :px, :mm, :cm, :inch)
+                idx == 1 && (kw[:w] = v)
+                (idx == 2 || nidx == 1) && (kw[:h] = v)
+                # return kw[idx == 1 ? :w : :h] = v
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    error("Couldn't match layout curly (idx=$idx): $v")
+end
+
+function add_layout_pct!(kw::KW, v::Number, idx::Integer)
+    # kw[idx == 1 ? :w : :h] = v*pct
+    idx == 1 && (kw[:w] = v*pct)
+    (idx == 2 || nidx == 1) && (kw[:h] = v*pct)
+end
+
+isrow(v) = isa(v, Expr) && v.head in (:hcat,:row)
+iscol(v) = isa(v, Expr) && v.head == :vcat
+rowsize(v) = isrow(v) ? length(v.args) : 1
+
+
+function create_grid(expr::Expr)
+    if iscol(expr)
+        create_grid_vcat(expr)
+    elseif isrow(expr)
+        :(let cell = GridLayout(1, $(length(expr.args)))
+            $([:(cell[1,$i] = $(create_grid(v))) for (i,v) in enumerate(expr.args)]...)
+            cell
+        end)
+
+    elseif expr.head == :curly
+        create_grid_curly(expr)
+    else
+        # if it's something else, just return that (might be an existing layout?)
+        expr
+    end
+end
+
+function create_grid_vcat(expr::Expr)
+    rowsizes = map(rowsize, expr.args)
+    rmin, rmax = extrema(rowsizes)
+    if rmin > 0 && rmin == rmax
+        # we have a grid... build the whole thing
+        # note: rmin is the number of columns
+        nr = length(expr.args)
+        nc = rmin
+        body = Expr(:block)
+        for r=1:nr
+            arg = expr.args[r]
+            if isrow(arg)
+                for (c,item) in enumerate(arg.args)
+                    push!(body.args, :(cell[$r,$c] = $(create_grid(item))))
+                end
+            else
+                push!(body.args, :(cell[$r,1] = $(create_grid(arg))))
+            end
+        end
+        :(let cell = GridLayout($nr, $nc)
+            $body
+            cell
+        end)
+    else
+        # otherwise just build one row at a time
+        :(let cell = GridLayout($(length(expr.args)), 1)
+            $([:(cell[$i,1] = $(create_grid(v))) for (i,v) in enumerate(expr.args)]...)
+            cell
+        end)
+    end
+end
+
+function create_grid_curly(expr::Expr)
+    s = expr.args[1]
+    kw = KW()
+    for (i,arg) in enumerate(expr.args[2:end])
+        add_layout_pct!(kw, arg, i, length(expr.args)-1)
+    end
+    # @show kw
+    :(EmptyLayout(label = $(QuoteNode(s)), width = $(get(kw, :w, QuoteNode(:auto))), height = $(get(kw, :h, QuoteNode(:auto)))))
+end
+
+function create_grid(s::Symbol)
+    :(EmptyLayout(label = $(QuoteNode(s)), blank = $(s == :_)))
+end
+
+macro layout(mat::Expr)
+    create_grid(mat)
+end
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# make all reference the same axis extrema/values
+function link_axes!(axes::Axis...)
+    a1 = axes[1]
+    for i=2:length(axes)
+        a2 = axes[i]
+        for k in (:extrema, :discrete_values, :continuous_values, :discrete_map)
+            a2[k] = a1[k]
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+# for some vector or matrix of layouts, filter only the Subplots and link those axes
+function link_axes!(a::AbstractArray{AbstractLayout}, axissym::Symbol)
+    subplots = filter(l -> isa(l, Subplot), a)
+    axes = [sp.attr[axissym] for sp in subplots]
+    if length(axes) > 0
+        link_axes!(axes...)
+    end
+end
+
+# don't do anything for most layout types
+function link_axes!(l::AbstractLayout, link::Symbol)
+end
+
+# process a GridLayout, recursively linking axes according to the link symbol
+function link_axes!(layout::GridLayout, link::Symbol)
+    nr, nc = size(layout)
+    if link in (:x, :both)
+        for c=1:nc
+            link_axes!(layout.grid[:,c], :xaxis)
+        end
+    end
+    if link in (:y, :both)
+        for r=1:nr
+            link_axes!(layout.grid[r,:], :yaxis)
+        end
+    end
+    if link == :square
+        sps = filter(l -> isa(l, Subplot), layout.grid)
+        if !isempty(sps)
+            base_axis = sps[1][:xaxis]
+            for sp in sps
+                link_axes!(base_axis, sp[:xaxis])
+                link_axes!(base_axis, sp[:yaxis])
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    if link == :all
+        link_axes!(layout.grid, :xaxis)
+        link_axes!(layout.grid, :yaxis)
+    end
+    for l in layout.grid
+        link_axes!(l, link)
+    end
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+
+
+defaultOutputFormat(plt::Plot) = "png"
+
+function png(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
+  fn = addExtension(fn, "png")
+  io = open(fn, "w")
+  writemime(io, MIME("image/png"), plt)
+  close(io)
+end
+png(fn::AbstractString) = png(current(), fn)
+
+function svg(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
+  fn = addExtension(fn, "svg")
+  io = open(fn, "w")
+  writemime(io, MIME("image/svg+xml"), plt)
+  close(io)
+end
+svg(fn::AbstractString) = svg(current(), fn)
+
+
+function pdf(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
+  fn = addExtension(fn, "pdf")
+  io = open(fn, "w")
+  writemime(io, MIME("application/pdf"), plt)
+  close(io)
+end
+pdf(fn::AbstractString) = pdf(current(), fn)
+
+
+function ps(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
+  fn = addExtension(fn, "ps")
+  io = open(fn, "w")
+  writemime(io, MIME("application/postscript"), plt)
+  close(io)
+end
+ps(fn::AbstractString) = ps(current(), fn)
+
+
+function tex(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
+  fn = addExtension(fn, "tex")
+  io = open(fn, "w")
+  writemime(io, MIME("application/x-tex"), plt)
+  close(io)
+end
+tex(fn::AbstractString) = tex(current(), fn)
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@compat const _savemap = Dict(
+    "png" => png,
+    "svg" => svg,
+    "pdf" => pdf,
+    "ps"  => ps,
+    "tex" => tex,
+  )
+
+function getExtension(fn::AbstractString)
+  pieces = split(fn, ".")
+  length(pieces) > 1 || error("Can't extract file extension: ", fn)
+  ext = pieces[end]
+  haskey(_savemap, ext) || error("Invalid file extension: ", fn)
+  ext
+end
+
+function addExtension(fn::AbstractString, ext::AbstractString)
+  try
+    oldext = getExtension(fn)
+    if oldext == ext
+      return fn
+    else
+      return "$fn.$ext"
+    end
+  catch
+    return "$fn.$ext"
+  end
+end
+
+function savefig(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
+
+  # get the extension
+  local ext
+  try
+    ext = getExtension(fn)
+  catch
+    # if we couldn't extract the extension, add the default
+    ext = defaultOutputFormat(plt)
+    fn = addExtension(fn, ext)
+  end
+
+  # save it
+  func = get(_savemap, ext) do
+    error("Unsupported extension $ext with filename ", fn)
+  end
+  func(plt, fn)
+end
+savefig(fn::AbstractString) = savefig(current(), fn)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+gui(plt::Plot = current()) = display(PlotsDisplay(), plt)
+
+function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Plot)
+    prepare_output(plt)
+    _display(plt)
+end
+
+# override the REPL display to open a gui window
+Base.display(::Base.REPL.REPLDisplay, ::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot) = gui(plt)
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+const _mimeformats = Dict(
+    "application/eps"         => "eps",
+    "image/eps"               => "eps",
+    "application/pdf"         => "pdf",
+    "image/png"               => "png",
+    "application/postscript"  => "ps",
+    "image/svg+xml"           => "svg",
+    "text/plain"              => "txt",
+)
+
+const _best_html_output_type = KW(
+    :pyplot => :png,
+    :unicodeplots => :txt,
+)
+
+# a backup for html... passes to svg or png depending on the html_output_format arg
+function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot)
+    output_type = Symbol(plt.attr[:html_output_format])
+    if output_type == :auto
+        output_type = get(_best_html_output_type, backend_name(plt.backend), :svg)
+    end
+    if output_type == :png
+        # info("writing png to html output")
+        print(io, "<img src=\"data:image/png;base64,", base64encode(writemime, MIME("image/png"), plt), "\" />")
+    elseif output_type == :svg
+        # info("writing svg to html output")
+        writemime(io, MIME("image/svg+xml"), plt)
+    elseif output_type == :txt
+        writemime(io, MIME("text/plain"), plt)
+    else
+        error("only png or svg allowed. got: $output_type")
+    end
+end
+
+function _writemime(io::IO, m, plt::Plot)
+    warn("_writemime is not defined for this backend. m=", string(m))
+end
+function _display(plt::Plot)
+    warn("_display is not defined for this backend.")
+end
+
+# for writing to io streams... first prepare, then callback
+for mime in keys(_mimeformats)
+    @eval function Base.writemime(io::IO, m::MIME{Symbol($mime)}, plt::Plot)
+        prepare_output(plt)
+        _writemime(io, m, plt)
+    end
+end
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+# A backup, if no PNG generation is defined, is to try to make a PDF and use FileIO to convert
+
+if is_installed("FileIO")
+    @eval import FileIO
+    function _writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot)
+        fn = tempname()
+
+        # first save a pdf file
+        pdf(plt, fn)
+
+        # load that pdf into a FileIO Stream
+        s = FileIO.load(fn * ".pdf")
+
+        # save a png
+        pngfn = fn * ".png"
+        FileIO.save(pngfn, s)
+
+        # now write from the file
+        write(io, readall(open(pngfn)))
+    end
+end
+
+
+
+
+
+# function html_output_format(fmt)
+#     if fmt == "png"
+#         @eval function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot)
+#             print(io, "<img src=\"data:image/png;base64,", base64(writemime, MIME("image/png"), plt), "\" />")
+#         end
+#     elseif fmt == "svg"
+#         @eval function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot)
+#             writemime(io, MIME("image/svg+xml"), plt)
+#         end
+#     else
+#         error("only png or svg allowed. got: $fmt")
+#     end
+# end
+#
+# html_output_format("svg")
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+# IJulia
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+const _ijulia_output = Compat.ASCIIString["text/html"]
+
+function setup_ijulia()
+    # override IJulia inline display
+    if isijulia()
+        @eval begin
+            import IJulia
+            export set_ijulia_output
+            function set_ijulia_output(mimestr::AbstractString)
+                # info("Setting IJulia output format to $mimestr")
+                global _ijulia_output
+                _ijulia_output[1] = mimestr
+            end
+            function IJulia.display_dict(plt::Plot)
+                global _ijulia_output
+                Dict{Compat.ASCIIString, ByteString}(_ijulia_output[1] => sprint(writemime, _ijulia_output[1], plt))
+            end
+
+            # default text/plain passes to html... handles Interact issues
+            function Base.writemime(io::IO, m::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot)
+                writemime(io, MIME("text/html"), plt)
+            end
+        end
+        set_ijulia_output("text/html")
+    end
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+# Atom PlotPane
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+function setup_atom()
+    # @require Atom begin
+    if isatom() && get(ENV, "PLOTS_USE_ATOM_PLOTPANE", false) in (true, 1, "1", "true", "yes")
+        # @eval import Atom, Media
+        @eval import Atom
+
+        # # connects the render function
+        # for T in (GadflyBackend,ImmerseBackend,PyPlotBackend,GRBackend)
+        #     Atom.Media.media(Plot{T}, Atom.Media.Plot)
+        # end
+        Atom.Media.media(Plot, Atom.Media.Graphical)
+        # Atom.Media.media{T <: Union{GadflyBackend,ImmerseBackend,PyPlotBackend,GRBackend}}(Plot{T}, Atom.Media.Plot)
+
+        # Atom.displaysize(::Plot) = (535, 379)
+        # Atom.displaytitle(plt::Plot) = "Plots.jl (backend: $(backend(plt)))"
+
+        # this is like "display"... sends an html div with the plot to the PlotPane
+        function Atom.Media.render(pane::Atom.PlotPane, plt::Plot)
+            @show "here"
+            Atom.Media.render(pane, Atom.div(Atom.d(), Atom.HTML(stringmime(MIME("text/html"), plt))))
+        end
+
+        # # force text/plain to output to the PlotPane
+        # function Base.writemime(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot)
+        #     # writemime(io::IO, MIME("text/html"), plt)
+        #     Atom.Media.render(pane)
+        # end
+
+        # function Atom.Media.render(pane::Atom.PlotPane, plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+        #     html = Media.render(pane, Atom.div(Atom.d(), Atom.HTML(stringmime(MIME("text/html"), plt))))
+        # end
+    end
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------
+# preprocessing
+
+function command_idx(kw_list::AVec{KW}, kw::KW)
+    Int(kw[:series_plotindex]) - Int(kw_list[1][:series_plotindex]) + 1
+end
+
+function _expand_seriestype_array(d::KW, args)
+    sts = get(d, :seriestype, :path)
+    if typeof(sts) <: AbstractArray
+        delete!(d, :seriestype)
+        RecipeData[begin
+            dc = copy(d)
+            dc[:seriestype] = sts[r,:]
+            RecipeData(dc, args)
+        end for r=1:size(sts,1)]
+    else
+        RecipeData[RecipeData(copy(d), args)]
+    end
+end
+
+function _preprocess_args(d::KW, args, still_to_process::Vector{RecipeData})
+    # the grouping mechanism is a recipe on a GroupBy object
+    # we simply add the GroupBy object to the front of the args list to allow
+    # the recipe to be applied
+    if haskey(d, :group)
+        args = (extractGroupArgs(d[:group], args...), args...)
+    end
+
+    # if we were passed a vector/matrix of seriestypes and there's more than one row,
+    # we want to duplicate the inputs, once for each seriestype row.
+    if !isempty(args)
+        append!(still_to_process, _expand_seriestype_array(d, args))
+    end
+
+    # remove subplot and axis args from d... they will be passed through in the kw_list
+    if !isempty(args)
+        for (k,v) in d
+            for defdict in (_subplot_defaults,
+                            _axis_defaults,
+                            _axis_defaults_byletter)
+                if haskey(defdict, k)
+                    delete!(d, k)
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+    args
+end
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------
+# user recipes
+
+
+function _process_userrecipes(plt::Plot, d::KW, args)
+    still_to_process = RecipeData[]
+    args = _preprocess_args(d, args, still_to_process)
+
+    # for plotting recipes, swap out the args and update the parameter dictionary
+    # we are keeping a queue of series that still need to be processed.
+    # each pass through the loop, we pop one off and apply the recipe.
+    # the recipe will return a list a Series objects... the ones that are
+    # finished (no more args) get added to the kw_list, and the rest go into the queue
+    # for processing.
+    kw_list = KW[]
+    while !isempty(still_to_process)
+        # grab the first in line to be processed and pass it through apply_recipe
+        # to generate a list of RecipeData objects (data + attributes)
+        next_series = shift!(still_to_process)
+        rd_list = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(next_series.d, next_series.args...)
+        for recipedata in rd_list
+            # recipedata should be of type RecipeData.  if it's not then the inputs must not have been fully processed by recipes
+            if !(typeof(recipedata) <: RecipeData)
+                error("Inputs couldn't be processed... expected RecipeData but got: $recipedata")
+            end
+
+            if isempty(recipedata.args)
+                _process_userrecipe(plt, kw_list, recipedata)
+            else
+                # args are non-empty, so there's still processing to do... add it back to the queue
+                push!(still_to_process, recipedata)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+    # don't allow something else to handle it
+    d[:smooth] = false
+    kw_list
+end
+
+function _process_userrecipe(plt::Plot, kw_list::Vector{KW}, recipedata::RecipeData)
+    # when the arg tuple is empty, that means there's nothing left to recursively
+    # process... finish up and add to the kw_list
+    kw = recipedata.d
+    _preprocess_userrecipe(kw)
+    warnOnUnsupported_scales(plt.backend, kw)
+
+    # add the plot index
+    plt.n += 1
+    kw[:series_plotindex] = plt.n
+
+    push!(kw_list, kw)
+    _add_errorbar_kw(kw_list, kw)
+    _add_smooth_kw(kw_list, kw)
+    return
+end
+
+function _preprocess_userrecipe(kw::KW)
+    _add_markershape(kw)
+
+    # if there was a grouping, filter the data here
+    _filter_input_data!(kw)
+
+    # map marker_z if it's a Function
+    if isa(get(kw, :marker_z, nothing), Function)
+        # TODO: should this take y and/or z as arguments?
+        kw[:marker_z] = map(kw[:marker_z], kw[:x], kw[:y], kw[:z])
+    end
+
+    # map line_z if it's a Function
+    if isa(get(kw, :line_z, nothing), Function)
+        kw[:line_z] = map(kw[:line_z], kw[:x], kw[:y], kw[:z])
+    end
+
+    # convert a ribbon into a fillrange
+    if get(kw, :ribbon, nothing) != nothing
+        make_fillrange_from_ribbon(kw)
+    end
+    return
+end
+
+function _add_errorbar_kw(kw_list::Vector{KW}, kw::KW)
+    # handle error bars by creating new recipedata data... these will have
+    # the same recipedata index as the recipedata they are copied from
+    for esym in (:xerror, :yerror)
+        if get(kw, esym, nothing) != nothing
+            # we make a copy of the KW and apply an errorbar recipe
+            errkw = copy(kw)
+            errkw[:seriestype] = esym
+            errkw[:label] = ""
+            errkw[:primary] = false
+            push!(kw_list, errkw)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+function _add_smooth_kw(kw_list::Vector{KW}, kw::KW)
+    # handle smoothing by adding a new series
+    if get(kw, :smooth, false)
+        x, y = kw[:x], kw[:y]
+        β, α = convert(Matrix{Float64}, [x ones(length(x))]) \ convert(Vector{Float64}, y)
+        sx = [minimum(x), maximum(x)]
+        sy = β * sx + α
+        push!(kw_list, merge(copy(kw), KW(
+            :seriestype => :path,
+            :x => sx,
+            :y => sy,
+            :fillrange => nothing,
+            :label => "",
+            :primary => false,
+        )))
+    end
+end
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------
+# plot recipes
+
+# Grab the first in line to be processed and pass it through apply_recipe
+# to generate a list of RecipeData objects (data + attributes).
+# If we applied a "plot recipe" without error, then add the returned datalist's KWs,
+# otherwise we just add the original KW.
+function _process_plotrecipe(plt::Plot, kw::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW}, still_to_process::Vector{KW})
+    if !isa(get(kw, :seriestype, nothing), Symbol)
+        # seriestype was never set, or it's not a Symbol, so it can't be a plot recipe
+        push!(kw_list, kw)
+        return
+    end
+    try
+        st = kw[:seriestype]
+        st = kw[:seriestype] = get(_typeAliases, st, st)
+        datalist = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(kw, Val{st}, plt)
+        for data in datalist
+            if data.d[:seriestype] == st
+                error("Plot recipe $st returned the same seriestype: $(data.d)")
+            end
+            push!(still_to_process, data.d)
+        end
+    catch err
+        if isa(err, MethodError)
+            push!(kw_list, kw)
+        else
+            rethrow()
+        end
+    end
+    return
+end
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------
+# setup plot and subplot
+
+function _plot_setup(plt::Plot, d::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW})
+    # merge in anything meant for the Plot
+    for kw in kw_list, (k,v) in kw
+        haskey(_plot_defaults, k) && (d[k] = pop!(kw, k))
+    end
+
+    # TODO: init subplots here
+    _update_plot_args(plt, d)
+    if !plt.init
+        plt.o = _create_backend_figure(plt)
+
+        # create the layout and subplots from the inputs
+        plt.layout, plt.subplots, plt.spmap = build_layout(plt.attr)
+        for (idx,sp) in enumerate(plt.subplots)
+            sp.plt = plt
+            sp.attr[:subplot_index] = idx
+        end
+
+        plt.init = true
+    end
+
+
+    # handle inset subplots
+    insets = plt[:inset_subplots]
+    if insets != nothing
+        if !(typeof(insets) <: AVec)
+            insets = [insets]
+        end
+        for inset in insets
+            parent, bb = is_2tuple(inset) ? inset : (nothing, inset)
+            P = typeof(parent)
+            if P <: Integer
+                parent = plt.subplots[parent]
+            elseif P == Symbol
+                parent = plt.spmap[parent]
+            else
+                parent = plt.layout
+            end
+            sp = Subplot(backend(), parent=parent)
+            sp.plt = plt
+            sp.attr[:relative_bbox] = bb
+            sp.attr[:subplot_index] = length(plt.subplots)
+            push!(plt.subplots, sp)
+            push!(plt.inset_subplots, sp)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+function _subplot_setup(plt::Plot, d::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW})
+    # we'll keep a map of subplot to an attribute override dict.
+    # Subplot/Axis attributes set by a user/series recipe apply only to the
+    # Subplot object which they belong to.
+    # TODO: allow matrices to still apply to all subplots
+    sp_attrs = Dict{Subplot,Any}()
+    for kw in kw_list
+        # get the Subplot object to which the series belongs.
+        sps = get(kw, :subplot, :auto)
+        sp = get_subplot(plt, cycle(sps == :auto ? plt.subplots : plt.subplots[sps], command_idx(kw_list,kw)))
+        kw[:subplot] = sp
+
+        # extract subplot/axis attributes from kw and add to sp_attr
+        attr = KW()
+        for (k,v) in kw
+            if haskey(_subplot_defaults, k) || haskey(_axis_defaults_byletter, k)
+                attr[k] = pop!(kw, k)
+            end
+            if haskey(_axis_defaults, k)
+                v = pop!(kw, k)
+                for letter in (:x,:y,:z)
+                    attr[Symbol(letter,k)] = v
+                end
+            end
+        end
+        sp_attrs[sp] = attr
+    end
+
+    # override subplot/axis args.  `sp_attrs` take precendence
+    for (idx,sp) in enumerate(plt.subplots)
+        attr = merge(d, get(sp_attrs, sp, KW()))
+        _update_subplot_args(plt, sp, attr, idx, false)
+    end
+
+    # do we need to link any axes together?
+    link_axes!(plt.layout, plt[:link])
+end
+
+# getting ready to add the series... last update to subplot from anything
+# that might have been added during series recipes
+function _prepare_subplot{T}(plt::Plot{T}, d::KW)
+    st::Symbol = d[:seriestype]
+    sp::Subplot{T} = d[:subplot]
+    sp_idx = get_subplot_index(plt, sp)
+    _update_subplot_args(plt, sp, d, sp_idx, true)
+
+    st = _override_seriestype_check(d, st)
+
+    # change to a 3d projection for this subplot?
+    if is3d(st)
+        sp.attr[:projection] = "3d"
+    end
+
+    # initialize now that we know the first series type
+    if !haskey(sp.attr, :init)
+        _initialize_subplot(plt, sp)
+        sp.attr[:init] = true
+    end
+    sp
+end
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------
+# series types
+
+function _override_seriestype_check(d::KW, st::Symbol)
+    # do we want to override the series type?
+    if !is3d(st)
+        z = d[:z]
+        if !isa(z, Void) && (size(d[:x]) == size(d[:y]) == size(z))
+            st = (st == :scatter ? :scatter3d : :path3d)
+            d[:seriestype] = st
+        end
+    end
+    st
+end
+
+function _prepare_annotations(sp::Subplot, d::KW)
+    # strip out series annotations (those which are based on series x/y coords)
+    # and add them to the subplot attr
+    sp_anns = annotations(sp[:annotations])
+    anns = annotations(pop!(d, :series_annotations, []))
+    if length(anns) > 0
+        x, y = d[:x], d[:y]
+        nx, ny, na = map(length, (x,y,anns))
+        n = max(nx, ny, na)
+        anns = [(x[mod1(i,nx)], y[mod1(i,ny)], text(anns[mod1(i,na)])) for i=1:n]
+    end
+    sp.attr[:annotations] = vcat(sp_anns, anns)
+end
+
+function _expand_subplot_extrema(sp::Subplot, d::KW, st::Symbol)
+    # adjust extrema and discrete info
+    if st == :image
+        w, h = size(d[:z])
+        expand_extrema!(sp[:xaxis], (0,w))
+        expand_extrema!(sp[:yaxis], (0,h))
+        sp[:yaxis].d[:flip] = true
+    elseif !(st in (:pie, :histogram, :histogram2d))
+        expand_extrema!(sp, d)
+    end
+end
+
+function _add_the_series(plt, d)
+    warnOnUnsupported_args(plt.backend, d)
+    warnOnUnsupported(plt.backend, d)
+    series = Series(d)
+    push!(plt.series_list, series)
+    _series_added(plt, series)
+end
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# this method recursively applies series recipes when the seriestype is not supported
+# natively by the backend
+function _process_seriesrecipe(plt::Plot, d::KW)
+    # replace seriestype aliases
+    st = Symbol(d[:seriestype])
+    st = d[:seriestype] = get(_typeAliases, st, st)
+
+    # shapes shouldn't have fillrange set
+    if d[:seriestype] == :shape
+        d[:fillrange] = nothing
+    end
+
+    # if it's natively supported, finalize processing and pass along to the backend, otherwise recurse
+    if st in supported_types()
+        sp = _prepare_subplot(plt, d)
+        _prepare_annotations(sp, d)
+        _expand_subplot_extrema(sp, d, st)
+        _add_the_series(plt, d)
+
+    else
+        # get a sub list of series for this seriestype
+        datalist = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(d, Val{st}, d[:x], d[:y], d[:z])
+
+        # assuming there was no error, recursively apply the series recipes
+        for data in datalist
+            if isa(data, RecipeData)
+                _process_seriesrecipe(plt, data.d)
+            else
+                warn("Unhandled recipe: $(data)")
+                break
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    nothing
+end
@@ -1,339 +1,262 @@

 type CurrentPlot
-  nullableplot::Nullable{PlottingObject}
+    nullableplot::Nullable{AbstractPlot}
 end
-const CURRENT_PLOT = CurrentPlot(Nullable{PlottingObject}())
+const CURRENT_PLOT = CurrentPlot(Nullable{AbstractPlot}())

 isplotnull() = isnull(CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot)

-function currentPlot()
-  if isplotnull()
-    error("No current plot/subplot")
-  end
-  get(CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot)
+function current()
+    if isplotnull()
+        error("No current plot/subplot")
+    end
+    get(CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot)
 end
-currentPlot!(plot::PlottingObject) = (CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot = Nullable(plot))
+current(plot::AbstractPlot) = (CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot = Nullable(plot))

 # ---------------------------------------------------------


-Base.string(plt::Plot) = "Plot{$(plt.plotter) n=$(plt.n)}"
+Base.string(plt::Plot) = "Plot{$(plt.backend) n=$(plt.n)}"
 Base.print(io::IO, plt::Plot) = print(io, string(plt))
 Base.show(io::IO, plt::Plot) = print(io, string(plt))

 getplot(plt::Plot) = plt
+getattr(plt::Plot, idx::Int = 1) = plt.attr
+convertSeriesIndex(plt::Plot, n::Int) = n

+# ---------------------------------------------------------

-doc"""
-The main plot command.  Call `plotter!(:module)` to set the current plotting backend.
-Commands are converted into the relevant plotting commands for that package:
-
-```
-  plotter!(:gadfly)
-  plot(1:10)    # this effectively calls `y = 1:10; Gadfly.plot(x=1:length(y), y=y)`
-  plotter!(:qwt)
-  plot(1:10)    # this effectively calls `Qwt.plot(1:10)`
-```
-
-Use `plot` to create a new plot object, and `plot!` to add to an existing one:
-
-```
-  plot(args...; kw...)                  # creates a new plot window, and sets it to be the currentPlot
-  plot!(args...; kw...)                 # adds to the `currentPlot`
-  plot!(plotobj, args...; kw...)        # adds to the plot `plotobj`
-```
-
-There are lots of ways to pass in data... just try it and it will likely work as expected.
-When you pass in matrices, it splits by columns.  See the documentation for more info.
-
-Some keyword arguments you can set:
-
-```
-  axis            # :left or :right
-  color           # can be a string ("red") or a symbol (:red) or a ColorsTypes.jl Colorant (RGB(1,0,0)) or :auto (which lets the package pick)
-  label           # string or symbol, applies to that line, may go in a legend
-  width           # width of a line
-  linetype        # :line, :step, :stepinverted, :sticks, :dots, :none, :heatmap
-  linestyle       # :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot
-  marker          # :none, :ellipse, :rect, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle, :cross, :xcross, :star1, :star2, :hexagon
-  markercolor     # same choices as `color`
-  markersize      # size of the marker
-  nbins           # number of bins for heatmap/hexbin and histograms
-  heatmap_c       # color cutoffs for Qwt heatmaps
-  fillto          # fillto value for area plots
-  title           # string or symbol, title of the plot
-  xlabel          # string or symbol, label on the bottom (x) axis
-  ylabel          # string or symbol, label on the left (y) axis
-  yrightlabel     # string or symbol, label on the right (y) axis
-  reg             # true or false, add a regression line for each line
-  size            # (Int,Int), resize the enclosing window
-  pos             # (Int,Int), move the enclosing window to this position
-  windowtitle     # string or symbol, set the title of the enclosing windowtitle
-  screen          # Integer, move enclosing window to this screen number (for multiscreen desktops)
-  show            # true or false, show the plot (in case you don't want the window to pop up right away)
-```
-
-When plotting multiple lines, you can give every line the same trait by using the singular, or add an "s" to pluralize.
-  (yes I know it's not gramatically correct, but it's easy to use and implement)
-
-```
-  plot(rand(100,2); colors = [:red, RGB(.5,.5,0)], axiss = [:left, :right], width = 5)  # note the width=5 is applied to both lines
-```

 """
+The main plot command.  Use `plot` to create a new plot object, and `plot!` to add to an existing one:

+```
+    plot(args...; kw...)                  # creates a new plot window, and sets it to be the current
+    plot!(args...; kw...)                 # adds to the `current`
+    plot!(plotobj, args...; kw...)        # adds to the plot `plotobj`
+```

-# -------------------------
+There are lots of ways to pass in data, and lots of keyword arguments... just try it and it will likely work as expected.
+When you pass in matrices, it splits by columns.  See the documentation for more info.
+"""

 # this creates a new plot with args/kw and sets it to be the current plot
 function plot(args...; kw...)
-  plt = plot(plotter(); getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, 1, 0)...)  # create a new, blank plot
-  plot!(plt, args...; kw...)  # add to it
+    d = KW(kw)
+    preprocessArgs!(d)
+
+    # create an empty Plot then process
+    plt = Plot()
+    # plt.user_attr = d
+    _plot!(plt, d, args)
 end

-# this adds to the current plot
+# build a new plot from existing plots
+# note: we split into plt1 and plts_tail so we can dispatch correctly
+function plot(plt1::Plot, plts_tail::Plot...; kw...)
+    d = KW(kw)
+    preprocessArgs!(d)
+
+    # build our plot vector from the args
+    n = length(plts_tail) + 1
+    plts = Array(Plot, n)
+    plts[1] = plt1
+    for (i,plt) in enumerate(plts_tail)
+        plts[i+1] = plt
+    end
+
+    # compute the layout
+    layout = layout_args(d, n)[1]
+    num_sp = sum([length(p.subplots) for p in plts])
+
+    # create a new plot object, with subplot list/map made of existing subplots.
+    # note: we create a new backend figure for this new plot object
+    # note: all subplots and series "belong" to this new plot...
+    plt = Plot()
+
+    # TODO: build the user_attr dict by creating "Any matrices" for the args of each subplot
+
+    # TODO: replace this with proper processing from a merged user_attr KW
+    # update plot args, first with existing plots, then override with d
+    for p in plts
+        _update_plot_args(plt, p.attr)
+        plt.n += p.n
+    end
+    _update_plot_args(plt, d)
+
+    # pass new plot to the backend
+    plt.o = _create_backend_figure(plt)
+    plt.init = true
+
+    # create the layout and initialize the subplots
+    plt.layout, plt.subplots, plt.spmap = build_layout(layout, num_sp, copy(plts))
+    for (idx, sp) in enumerate(plt.subplots)
+        _initialize_subplot(plt, sp)
+        serieslist = series_list(sp)
+        if sp in sp.plt.inset_subplots
+            push!(plt.inset_subplots, sp)
+        end
+        sp.plt = plt
+        sp.attr[:subplot_index] = idx
+        for series in serieslist
+            push!(plt.series_list, series)
+            _series_added(plt, series)
+        end
+    end
+
+    # first apply any args for the subplots
+    for (idx,sp) in enumerate(plt.subplots)
+        _update_subplot_args(plt, sp, d, idx, false)
+    end
+
+    # do we need to link any axes together?
+    link_axes!(plt.layout, plt[:link])
+
+    # finish up
+    current(plt)
+    if get(d, :show, default(:show))
+        gui()
+    end
+    plt
+end
+
+
+
+# this adds to the current plot, or creates a new plot if none are current
 function  plot!(args...; kw...)
-  plot!(currentPlot(), args...; kw...)
-end
-
-# not allowed:
-function plot!(subplt::Subplot, args...; kw...)
-  error("Can't call plot! on a Subplot!")
+    local plt
+    try
+        plt = current()
+    catch
+        return plot(args...; kw...)
+    end
+    plot!(current(), args...; kw...)
 end

 # this adds to a specific plot... most plot commands will flow through here
 function plot!(plt::Plot, args...; kw...)
-
-  kwList = createKWargsList(plt, args...; kw...)
-  for (i,d) in enumerate(kwList)
-    plt.n += 1
-    plot!(plt.plotter, plt; d...)
-  end
-
-  currentPlot!(plt)
-
-  # do we want to show it?
-  d = Dict(kw)
-  if haskey(d, :show) && d[:show]
-    display(plt)
-  end
-
-  plt
+    d = KW(kw)
+    preprocessArgs!(d)
+    # merge!(plt.user_attr, d)
+    _plot!(plt, d, args)
 end

-# show/update the plot
-function Base.display(plt::PlottingObject)
-  display(plt.plotter, plt)
-end
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-# -------------------------
+# this is the core plotting function.  recursively apply recipes to build
+# a list of series KW dicts.
+# note: at entry, we only have those preprocessed args which were passed in... no default values yet
+function _plot!(plt::Plot, d::KW, args::Tuple)
+    # d[:plot_object] = plt
+
+    # --------------------------------
+    # "USER RECIPES"
+    # --------------------------------
+
+    kw_list = _process_userrecipes(plt, d, args)


+    # --------------------------------
+    # "PLOT RECIPES"
+    # --------------------------------

-doc"Build a vector of dictionaries which hold the keyword arguments for a call to plot!"
+    # "plot recipe", which acts like a series type, and is processed before
+    # the plot layout is created, which allows for setting layouts and other plot-wide attributes.
+    # we get inputs which have been fully processed by "user recipes" and "type recipes",
+    # so we can expect standard vectors, surfaces, etc.  No defaults have been set yet.
+    still_to_process = kw_list
+    kw_list = KW[]
+    while !isempty(still_to_process)
+        next_kw = shift!(still_to_process)
+        _process_plotrecipe(plt, next_kw, kw_list, still_to_process)
+    end

-# no args... 1 series
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject; kw...)
-  d = Dict(kw)
-  @assert haskey(d, :y)
-  if !haskey(d, :x)
-    d[:x] = 1:length(d[:y])
-  end
-  [getPlotKeywordArgs(d, 1, plt.n + 1)]
+    # --------------------------------
+    # Plot/Subplot/Layout setup
+    # --------------------------------
+    _plot_setup(plt, d, kw_list)
+    _subplot_setup(plt, d, kw_list)
+
+    # !!! note: At this point, kw_list is fully decomposed into individual series... one KW per series.          !!!
+    # !!!       The next step is to recursively apply series recipes until the backend supports that series type !!!
+
+    # --------------------------------
+    # "SERIES RECIPES"
+    # --------------------------------
+    
+    for kw in kw_list
+        sp::Subplot = kw[:subplot]
+        # idx = get_subplot_index(plt, sp)
+
+        # # we update subplot args in case something like the color palatte is part of the recipe
+        # _update_subplot_args(plt, sp, kw, idx, true)
+
+        # set default values, select from attribute cycles, and generally set the final attributes
+        _add_defaults!(kw, plt, sp, command_idx(kw_list,kw))
+
+        # now we have a fully specified series, with colors chosen.   we must recursively handle
+        # series recipes, which dispatch on seriestype.  If a backend does not natively support a seriestype,
+        # we check for a recipe that will convert that series type into one made up of lower-level components.
+        # For example, a histogram is just a bar plot with binned data, a bar plot is really a filled step plot,
+        # and a step plot is really just a path.  So any backend that supports drawing a path will implicitly
+        # be able to support step, bar, and histogram plots (and any recipes that use those components).
+        _process_seriesrecipe(plt, kw)
+    end
+
+    # --------------------------------
+
+    current(plt)
+
+    # do we want to force display?
+    if plt[:show]
+        gui(plt)
+    end
+
+    plt
 end


-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Arrays of numbers
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# we're getting ready to display/output.  prep for layout calcs, then update
+# the plot object after
+function prepare_output(plt::Plot)
+    _before_layout_calcs(plt)

+    w, h = plt.attr[:size]
+    plt.layout.bbox = BoundingBox(0mm, 0mm, w*px, h*px)

-# create one series where y is vectors of numbers
-function createKWargsList{T<:Real}(plt::PlottingObject, y::AVec{T}; kw...)
-  d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, 1, plt.n + 1)
-  d[:x] = 1:length(y)
-  d[:y] = y
-  [d]
+    # One pass down and back up the tree to compute the minimum padding
+    # of the children on the perimeter.  This is an backend callback.
+    _update_min_padding!(plt.layout)
+    for sp in plt.inset_subplots
+        _update_min_padding!(sp)
+    end
+
+    # now another pass down, to update the bounding boxes
+    update_child_bboxes!(plt.layout)
+
+    # update those bounding boxes of inset subplots
+    update_inset_bboxes!(plt)
+
+    # the backend callback, to reposition subplots, etc
+    _update_plot_object(plt)
 end

-# create one series where x/y are vectors of numbers
-function createKWargsList{T<:Real,S<:Real}(plt::PlottingObject, x::AVec{T}, y::AVec{S}; kw...)
-  @assert length(x) == length(y)
-  d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, 1, plt.n + 1)
-  d[:x] = x
-  d[:y] = y
-  [d]
+function prepared_object(plt::Plot)
+    prepare_output(plt)
+    plt.o
 end

-# create m series, 1 for each column of y
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, y::AMat; kw...)
-  n,m = size(y)
-  ret = []
-  for i in 1:m
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = 1:n
-    d[:y] = y[:,i]
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# plot to a Subplot
+
+function plot(sp::Subplot, args...; kw...)
+    plt = sp.plt
+    plot(plt, args...; kw..., subplot = findfirst(plt.subplots, sp))
+end
+function plot!(sp::Subplot, args...; kw...)
+    plt = sp.plt
+    plot!(plt, args...; kw..., subplot = findfirst(plt.subplots, sp))
 end

-# create m series, 1 for each column of y
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, x::AVec, y::AMat; kw...)
-  n,m = size(y)
-  @assert length(x) == n
-  ret = []
-  for i in 1:m
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = x
-    d[:y] = y[:,i]
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
-end
-
-# create m series, 1 for each column of y
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, x::AMat, y::AMat; kw...)
-  @assert size(x) == size(y)
-  n,m = size(y)
-  ret = []
-  for i in 1:m
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = x[:,i]
-    d[:y] = y[:,i]
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
-end
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Functions
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-# create 1 series, y = f(x), x ∈ [xmin, xmax]
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, f::Function, xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)
-  d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, 1, plt.n + 1)
-  width = plt.initargs[:size][1]
-  d[:x] = collect(linspace(xmin, xmax, width))  # we don't need more than the width
-  d[:y] = map(f, d[:x])
-  [d]
-end
-
-# create m series, yᵢ = fᵢ(x), x ∈ [xmin, xmax]
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, fs::Vector{Function}, xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)
-  m = length(fs)
-  ret = []
-  width = plt.initargs[:size][1]
-  x = collect(linspace(xmin, xmax, width)) # we don't need more than the width
-  for i in 1:m
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = x
-    d[:y] = map(fs[i], x)
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
-end
-
-# create 1 series, x = fx(u), y = fy(u); u ∈ [umin, umax]
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, fx::Function, fy::Function, umin::Real, umax::Real; kw...)
-  d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, 1, plt.n + 1)
-  width = plt.initargs[:size][1]
-  u = collect(linspace(umin, umax, width))  # we don't need more than the width
-  d[:x] = map(fx, u)
-  d[:y] = map(fy, u)
-  [d]
-end
-
-# create 1 series, y = f(x)
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, x::AVec, f::Function; kw...)
-  d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, 1, plt.n + 1)
-  d[:x] = x
-  d[:y] = map(f, x)
-  [d]
-end
-createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, f::Function, x::AVec; kw...) = createKWargsList(plt, x, f; kw...)
-
-# create m series, y = f(x), 1 for each column of x
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, x::AMat, f::Function; kw...)
-  n,m = size(x)
-  ret = []
-  for i in 1:m
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = x[:,i]
-    d[:y] = map(f, d[:x])
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
-end
-createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, f::Function, x::AMat; kw...) = createKWargsList(plt, x, f; kw...)
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Other combinations... lists of vectors, etc
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-# create m series, 1 for each item in y (assumes vectors of something other than numbers... functions? vectors?)
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, y::AVec; kw...)
-  m = length(y)
-  ret = []
-  for i in 1:m
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = 1:length(y[i])
-    d[:y] = y[i]
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
-end
-
-function getyvec(x::AVec, y::AVec)
-  @assert length(x) == length(y)
-  y
-end
-getyvec(x::AVec, f::Function) = map(f, x)
-getyvec(x, y) = error("Couldn't create yvec from types: x ($(typeof(x))), y ($(typeof(y)))")
-
-# same, but given an x to use for all series
-function createKWargsList{T<:Real}(plt::PlottingObject, x::AVec{T}, y::AVec; kw...)
-  m = length(y)
-  ret = []
-  for i in 1:m
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = x
-    d[:y] = getyvec(x, y[i])
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
-end
-
-# same, but m series of (x[i],y[i])
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, x::AVec, y::AVec; kw...)
-  @assert length(x) == length(y)
-  m = length(y)
-  ret = []
-  for i in 1:m
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = x[i]
-    d[:y] = getyvec(x[i], y[i])
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
-end
-
-# n empty series
-function createKWargsList(plt::PlottingObject, n::Integer; kw...)
-  ret = []
-  for i in 1:n
-    d = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, i, plt.n + i)
-    d[:x] = zeros(0)
-    d[:y] = zeros(0)
-    push!(ret, d)
-  end
-  ret
-end
-
-# TODO: handle DataFrames (might have NAs!)
-
-# -------------------------
-
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-
-
-include("backends/qwt.jl")
-include("backends/gadfly.jl")
-include("backends/unicodeplots.jl")
-
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-plot(pkg::PlottingPackage; kw...) = error("plot($pkg; kw...) is not implemented")
-plot!(pkg::PlottingPackage, plt::Plot; kw...) = error("plot!($pkg, plt; kw...) is not implemented")
-Base.display(pkg::PlottingPackage, plt::Plot) = error("display($pkg, plt) is not implemented")
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-const AVAILABLE_PACKAGES = [:qwt, :gadfly, :unicodeplots]
-const INITIALIZED_PACKAGES = Set{Symbol}()
-backends() = AVAILABLE_PACKAGES
-
-
-type CurrentPackage
-  sym::Symbol
-  pkg::PlottingPackage
-end
-
-function pickDefaultBackend()
-  try
-    Pkg.installed("Qwt")
-    return CurrentPackage(:qwt, QwtPackage())
-  end
-  try
-    Pkg.installed("Gadfly")
-    return CurrentPackage(:gadfly, GadflyPackage())
-  end
-  try
-    Pkg.installed("UnicodePlots")
-    return CurrentPackage(:unicodeplots, UnicodePlotsPackage())
-  end
-  warn("You don't have any of the supported backends installed!  Chose from ", backends())
-  return CurrentPackage(:gadfly, GadflyPackage())
-end
-const CURRENT_PACKAGE = pickDefaultBackend()
-println("[Plots.jl] Default backend: ", CURRENT_PACKAGE.sym)
-# const CURRENT_PACKAGE = CurrentPackage(:gadfly, GadflyPackage())
-
-
-doc"""
-Returns the current plotting package name.  Initializes package on first call.
-"""
-function plotter()
-
-  currentPackageSymbol = CURRENT_PACKAGE.sym
-  if !(currentPackageSymbol in INITIALIZED_PACKAGES)
-
-    # initialize
-    println("[Plots.jl] Initializing package: ", CURRENT_PACKAGE.sym)
-    if currentPackageSymbol == :qwt
-      try
-        @eval import Qwt
-      catch
-        error("Couldn't import Qwt.  Install it with: Pkg.clone(\"https://github.com/tbreloff/Qwt.jl.git\")\n  (Note: also requires pyqt and pyqwt)")
-      end
-    elseif currentPackageSymbol == :gadfly
-      try
-        @eval import Gadfly
-      catch
-        error("Couldn't import Gadfly.  Install it with: Pkg.add(\"Gadfly\")")
-      end
-    elseif currentPackageSymbol == :unicodeplots
-      try
-        @eval import UnicodePlots
-      catch
-        error("Couldn't import UnicodePlots.  Install it with: Pkg.add(\"UnicodePlots\")")
-      end
-    else
-      error("Unknown plotter $currentPackageSymbol.  Choose from: $AVAILABLE_PACKAGES")
-    end
-    push!(INITIALIZED_PACKAGES, currentPackageSymbol)
-    println("[Plots.jl] done.")
-
-  end
-  CURRENT_PACKAGE.pkg
-end
-
-doc"""
-Set the plot backend.  Choose from:  :qwt, :gadfly, :unicodeplots
-"""
-function plotter!(modname)
-  
-  # set the PlottingPackage
-  if modname == :qwt
-    CURRENT_PACKAGE.pkg = QwtPackage()
-  elseif modname == :gadfly
-    CURRENT_PACKAGE.pkg = GadflyPackage()
-  elseif modname == :unicodeplots
-    CURRENT_PACKAGE.pkg = UnicodePlotsPackage()
-  else
-    error("Unknown plotter $modname.  Choose from: $AVAILABLE_PACKAGES")
-  end
-
-  # update the symbol
-  CURRENT_PACKAGE.sym = modname
-
-  # return the package
-  CURRENT_PACKAGE.pkg
-end
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+function _precompile_()
+    ccall(:jl_generating_output, Cint, ()) == 1 || return nothing
+    precompile(Plots.py_add_series, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Series,))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.StepRange{Int64, Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Function,))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Plots.OHLC, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, DataFrames.DataFrame,))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Union{UTF8String, ASCIIString}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Function, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{ASCIIString, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.FloatRange{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots._add_defaults!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots._before_layout_calcs, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots._apply_series_recipe, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots._add_defaults!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots._apply_series_recipe, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.setup_ijulia, ())
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}}, Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend, Int64, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Plots.Series, 1}, Void, Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Base.Dict{Any, Plots.Subplot}, Plots.EmptyLayout, Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.create_grid_vcat, (Expr,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.update_child_bboxes!, (Plots.GridLayout, Array{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.preprocessArgs!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}}, Plots.PyPlotBackend, Int64, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Plots.Series, 1}, Void, Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Base.Dict{Any, Plots.Subplot}, Plots.EmptyLayout, Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.fix_xy_lengths!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots._update_min_padding!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.warnOnUnsupported_args, (Plots.PyPlotBackend, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.build_layout, (Plots.GridLayout, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.build_layout, (Plots.GridLayout, Int64, Array{Plots.Plot, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.warnOnUnsupported, (Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.link_axes!, (Plots.GridLayout, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.warnOnUnsupported, (Plots.PyPlotBackend, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots._update_plot_args, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.font, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.recompute_lengths, (Array{Measures.Measure, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._update_plot_object, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.font, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.create_grid, (Expr,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Void, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.pickDefaultBackend, ())
+    precompile(Plots.default_should_widen, (Plots.Axis,))
+    precompile(Plots.setup_atom, ())
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Symbol, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.my_hist_2d, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, ASCIIString, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.create_grid_curly, (Expr,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Bool, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Int64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.my_hist, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.getpctrange, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorGradient}, Array{Symbol, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.default, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.process_axis_arg!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.pie_labels, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Series,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_path, (Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._update_min_padding!, (Plots.GridLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots.warnOnUnsupported_scales, (Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Plots.Font, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.process_axis_arg!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Tuple{Int64, Int64}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Array{Any, 1}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.default, (Symbol, Tuple{Int64, Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.warnOnUnsupported_scales, (Plots.PyPlotBackend, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.axis_limits, (Plots.Axis, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.default, (Symbol, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.getColorZ, (Plots.ColorGradient, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots._update_plot_args, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.Surface}, Function, Base.FloatRange{Float64}, Base.FloatRange{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.font, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.process_axis_arg!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.StepRange{Int64, Int64}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Array{Any, 1}, Type{Plots.Subplot}, Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots.extractGroupArgs, (Array{ASCIIString, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._update_subplot_args, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Array{Any, 1}, Type{Plots.Subplot}, Plots.PyPlotBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots._update_subplot_args, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.extractGroupArgs, (Array{Union{UTF8String, ASCIIString}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.bbox_to_pcts, (Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_marker, (Plots.Shape,))
+    precompile(Plots.getindex, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.getindex, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.discrete_value!, (Plots.Axis, Array{Union{UTF8String, ASCIIString}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.prepare_output, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.update_inset_bboxes!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.add_layout_pct!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Expr, Int64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.process_axis_arg!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, ASCIIString, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.Shape}, Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.LinSpace{Float64}, Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Array{Any, 1}, Type{Plots.EmptyLayout}, Plots.RootLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Function, Function,))
+    precompile(Plots.should_add_to_legend, (Plots.Series,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, DataFrames.DataFrame, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Plots.OHLC, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.convertToAnyVector, (Array{Float64, 2}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{ASCIIString, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.processLineArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.aliasesAndAutopick, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Symbol, 1}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.pie, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{ASCIIString, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.aliasesAndAutopick, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Any, 1}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.merge_with_base_supported, (Array{Symbol, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.histogram2d, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.StepRange{Int64, Int64}, Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.LinSpace{Float64}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.font, ())
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.FloatRange{Float64}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.FloatRange{Float64}, Base.FloatRange{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Function, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.scatter, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.LinSpace{Float64}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.get_zvalues, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Union{UTF8String, ASCIIString}, 1}, Array{Union{UTF8String, ASCIIString}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.histogram, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.hline!, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.layout_args, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.heatmap, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Union{UTF8String, ASCIIString}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots._replace_linewidth, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_markercolor, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.unzip, (Array{Tuple{Float64, Float64}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.link_axes!, (Array{Plots.AbstractLayout, 2}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.contour, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.FloatRange{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.scatter, (Array{Any, 1}, DataFrames.DataFrame,))
+    precompile(Plots.scatter!, (Array{Any, 1}, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.scatter!, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.getxy, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.get_xy, (Array{Plots.OHLC, 1}, Base.UnitRange{Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.convertToAnyVector, (Array{Function, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_add_annotations, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Int64, Float64, Plots.PlotText,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.get_color_palette, (Symbol, ColorTypes.RGB{Float64}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_add_annotations, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Float64, Float64, Plots.PlotText,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_colormap, (Plots.ColorGradient, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.processMarkerArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Plots.Stroke,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorVector}, Array{Symbol, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_colormap, (Plots.ColorGradient, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_fillcolor, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.processLineArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.processMarkerArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.Plot},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorGradient}, Array{ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.getExtension, (UTF8String,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Array{Any, 1}, Type{Plots.EmptyLayout},))
+    precompile(Plots.update!, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Axis,))
+    precompile(Plots.frame, (Plots.Animation, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.processMarkerArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.link_axes!, (Array{Plots.AbstractLayout, 1}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorGradient}, Array{ColorTypes.RGB{Float64}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.fakedata, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_compute_axis_minval, (Plots.Axis,))
+    precompile(Plots.processLineArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.command_idx, (Array{Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.getindex, (Plots.Axis, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.__init__, ())
+    precompile(Plots.isvertical, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.getExtension, (ASCIIString,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_marker, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_init_subplot, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.processMarkerArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.bucket_index, (Float64, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.default, (Array{Any, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.filter_data!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorGradient}, Array{Symbol, 1}, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Array{Symbol, 2}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.getindex, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Any, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.push!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.processMarkerArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Base.FloatRange{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.getindex, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.handle_dfs, (DataFrames.DataFrame, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, ASCIIString, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.filter_data, (Base.UnitRange{Int64}, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorWrapper}, ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.processMarkerArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Symbol, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.processLineArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Symbol, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.color_or_nothing!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.processMarkerArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Plots.Shape,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_fillcolormap, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.transpose_z, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Float64, 2}, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_linecolor, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.OHLC}, Float64, Float64, Float64, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.setxy!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Tuple{Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.push!, (Plots.Segments, Float64, Float64, Float64, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.handle_group, (DataFrames.DataFrame, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.lightness_from_background, (ColorTypes.RGB{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_bbox, (Array{Any, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_markerstrokecolor, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.arrow, ())
+    precompile(Plots.convert, (Type{Array{Float64, 1}}, Base.StepRange{Int64, Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.convertLegendValue, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Array{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, 2}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.calc_num_subplots, (Plots.GridLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots.processFillArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Array{Plots.ColorWrapper, 2}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Array{ASCIIString, 2}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.filter_data, (Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_linecolormap, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.discrete_value!, (Plots.Axis, ASCIIString,))
+    precompile(Plots.allShapes, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color_fix, (Tuple{Float64, Float64, Float64, Float64}, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.discrete_value!, (Plots.Axis, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.push!, (Plots.Segments, Float64, Int64, Int64, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Plots.Surface{Array{Float64, 2}},))
+    precompile(Plots.heatmap_edges, (Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Base.StepRange{Int64, Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.handleColors!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Plots.Shape, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (Plots.ColorWrapper, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.GridLayout}, Int64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.handleColors!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.handleColors!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Bool, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.hvline_limits, (Plots.Axis,))
+    precompile(Plots.current, ())
+    precompile(Plots.handleColors!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Float64, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_gridsize, (Int64, Int64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (ColorTypes.RGB{Float64}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.interpolate_rgb, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Base.UnitRange{Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.allShapes, (Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.warn_on_deprecated_backend, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color_fix, (Tuple{Float64, Float64, Float64, Float64}, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.setindex!, (Plots.GridLayout, Plots.EmptyLayout, Int64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Tuple{Int64, Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.allShapes, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_markercolormap, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.interpolate_rgb, (ColorTypes.RGB{Float64}, ColorTypes.RGB{Float64}, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.get_ticks, (Plots.Axis,))
+    precompile(Plots.backend, ())
+    precompile(Plots.get_xy, (Plots.OHLC{Float64}, Int64, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.allShapes, (Plots.Stroke,))
+    precompile(Plots.replaceAliases!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots._create_backend_figure, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.png, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, UTF8String,))
+    precompile(Plots.processFillArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.allShapes, (Plots.Shape,))
+    precompile(Plots.handleColors!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Plots.Stroke, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color_fix, (Tuple{Float64, Float64, Float64, Float64}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.rowsize, (Expr,))
+    precompile(Plots.get_axis, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.png, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, ASCIIString,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Tuple{Float64, Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots._markershape_supported, (Plots.PyPlotBackend, Plots.Shape,))
+    precompile(Plots.processFillArg, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.supported_types, (Plots.PyPlotBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots.get_axis, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.setindex!, (Plots.GridLayout, Plots.GridLayout, Int64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, ())
+    precompile(Plots.py_color_fix, (Tuple{Float64, Float64, Float64, Float64}, Base.FloatRange{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots._markershape_supported, (Plots.PyPlotBackend, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.ok, (Float64, Float64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.allShapes, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots._initialize_backend, (Plots.PyPlotBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.bar, (Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorGradient}, Array{ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, 1}, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.handleColors!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.nanappend!, (Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.autopick, (Array{ColorTypes.RGBA, 1}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Void, Array{Int64, 1}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots._add_markershape, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots._backend_instance, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.update_child_bboxes!, (Plots.GridLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots._replace_markershape, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.has_black_border_for_default, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots._filter_input_data!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Base.UnitRange{Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.text, (ASCIIString, Int64, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.allShapes, (Array{Symbol, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color_fix, (Tuple{Float64, Float64, Float64, Float64}, Base.UnitRange{Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.replaceAlias!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Array{ASCIIString, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.layout_args, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.text, (ASCIIString, Symbol, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Base.FloatRange{Float64}, Base.FloatRange{Float64}, Plots.Surface{Array{Float64, 2}},))
+    precompile(Plots.all3D, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.cycle, (Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Base.StepRange{Int64, Int64}, Array{Float64, 1}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.plotarea!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}},))
+    precompile(Plots.like_surface, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.build_layout, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Array{Union{UTF8String, ASCIIString}, 1}, Array{Union{UTF8String, ASCIIString}, 1}, Plots.Surface{Array{Float64, 2}},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_linestyle, (Symbol, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.plot!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Array{Float64, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorGradient}, Array{ColorTypes.RGB{Float64}, 1}, Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.yaxis!, (ASCIIString, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Base.LinSpace{Float64}, Array{Float64, 1}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.isijulia, ())
+    precompile(Plots.addExtension, (UTF8String, ASCIIString,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.ColorGradient}, Array{ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, 1}, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Float64, Float64, Float64, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.plotarea!, (Plots.GridLayout, Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}},))
+    precompile(Plots.layout_args, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Base.FloatRange{Float64}, Array{Float64, 1}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.addExtension, (ASCIIString, ASCIIString,))
+    precompile(Plots.handleColors!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Symbol, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots._initialize_backend, (Plots.PlotlyBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots.push!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Int64, Float64, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.bbox!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}},))
+    precompile(Plots.vline!, (Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.supported_markers, (Plots.PyPlotBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots.bbox!, (Plots.GridLayout, Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}},))
+    precompile(Plots.stroke, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Array{Float64, 1}, Array{Float64, 1}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.right, (Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}},))
+    precompile(Plots.extractGroupArgs, (Symbol, DataFrames.DataFrame, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.generate_colorgradient, (ColorTypes.RGB{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Extrema, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_colormap, (Plots.ColorWrapper, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Extrema, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.contour, (Base.FloatRange{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.bottom, (Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}},))
+    precompile(Plots.text, (ASCIIString, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.create_grid, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.handleColors!, (Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Symbol, 2}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.convertToAnyVector, (Void, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_dpi_scale, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.png, (ASCIIString,))
+    precompile(Plots.supported_scales, (Plots.PyPlotBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots.convertColor, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.extendSeriesData, (Array{Float64, 1}, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Void, Array{Float64, 1}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Extrema, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.supported_styles, (Plots.PyPlotBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots._initialize_backend, (Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots._initialize_backend, (Plots.GRBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots.is3d, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.supported_types, (Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend,))
+    precompile(Plots.compute_xyz, (Array{Float64, 1}, Function, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (Symbol, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.trueOrAllTrue, (Function, Array{Symbol, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.typemin, (Measures.Length{:mm, Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.get_subplot_index, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.leftpad, (Plots.GridLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots._update_subplot_args, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.centers, (Base.LinSpace{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.expand_extrema!, (Plots.Axis, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.text, (ASCIIString,))
+    precompile(Plots.convertColor, (ColorTypes.RGB{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (Plots.ColorWrapper, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (Plots.ColorWrapper,))
+    precompile(Plots.trueOrAllTrue, (Function, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.convertColor, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.extrema, (Plots.Axis,))
+    precompile(Plots.top, (Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}},))
+    precompile(Plots.convertColor, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.size, (Plots.Surface{Array{Float64, 2}},))
+    precompile(Plots.isdark, (ColorTypes.RGB{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.rowsize, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.series_list, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.convertToAnyVector, (Array{Float64, 1}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any},))
+    precompile(Plots.update!, (Plots.Axis,))
+    precompile(Plots.push!, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Float64, Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.Shape}, Array{Tuple{Float64, Float64}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Base.StepRange{Int64, Int64}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.sticks_fillfrom, (Void, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.left, (Measures.BoundingBox{Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}, Tuple{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}}},))
+    precompile(Plots.gr, ())
+    precompile(Plots.leftpad, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.supported_markers, ())
+    precompile(Plots.colorscheme, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.convertColor, (ColorTypes.RGB{Float64}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.isscalar, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.Plot}, Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend, Int64, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Plots.Series, 1}, Void, Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Base.Dict{Any, Plots.Subplot}, Plots.EmptyLayout, Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.supported_styles, ())
+    precompile(Plots.frame, (Plots.Animation,))
+    precompile(Plots.toppad, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.link_axes!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.convertLegendValue, (Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.convertColor, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}, Void,))
+    precompile(Plots.plotly, ())
+    precompile(Plots.ispositive, (Measures.Length{:mm, Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.rightpad, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.GroupBy}, Array{ASCIIString, 1}, Array{Array{Int64, 1}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.px2inch, (Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Tuple{Int64, Int64}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.trueOrAllTrue, (Function, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.bottompad, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.annotate!, (Array{Tuple{Int64, Float64, Plots.PlotText}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.get_subplot_index, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.Plot}, Plots.PyPlotBackend, Int64, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Array{Plots.Series, 1}, Void, Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Base.Dict{Any, Plots.Subplot}, Plots.EmptyLayout, Array{Plots.Subplot, 1}, Bool,))
+    precompile(Plots.title!, (ASCIIString,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Bool, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Float64,))
+    precompile(Plots.bottompad, (Plots.GridLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots.py_stepstyle, (Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.link_axes!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Symbol,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.GRBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.unicodeplots, ())
+    precompile(Plots.rightpad, (Plots.GridLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.PlotlyBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.toppad, (Plots.GridLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots.calc_edges, (Array{Float64, 1}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.colorscheme, (ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Int64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.pyplot, ())
+    precompile(Plots._update_subplot_args, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Base.Dict{Symbol, Any}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots._series_added, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Series,))
+    precompile(Plots.get_color_palette, (Array{ColorTypes.RGBA, 1}, ColorTypes.RGB{Float64}, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots._initialize_subplot, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Void, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.cycle, (Int64, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots._initialize_subplot, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.call, (Type{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.update_child_bboxes!, (Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Array{Measures.Length{:mm, Float64}, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.filter_data, (Void, Array{Int64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (Symbol, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.slice_arg, (ASCIIString, Int64,))
+    precompile(Plots.layout_args, (Plots.GridLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{},))
+    precompile(Plots.calc_num_subplots, (Plots.EmptyLayout,))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Symbol, Float64, Plots.Stroke},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{ASCIIString, Tuple{Int64, Int64}, Base.StepRange{Int64, Int64}, Symbol},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Int64, Symbol, Float64, Array{Symbol, 2}},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Int64, Array{Symbol, 2}},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{ASCIIString, Symbol},))
+    precompile(Plots._replace_markershape, (Array{Symbol, 2},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Symbol, Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Array{Symbol, 2}, Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Int64, Symbol, Symbol},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Int64, Float64, Symbol, Plots.Stroke},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Float64, Array{Symbol, 2}, Int64},))
+    precompile(Plots.py_color, (ColorTypes.RGB{Float64},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Int64, Float64, Symbol},))
+    precompile(Plots.tovec, (Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.get_subplot, (Plots.Plot{Plots.PyPlotBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.PyPlotBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.eltype, (Plots.Surface{Array{Float64, 2}},))
+    precompile(Plots.nobigs, (Array{Float64, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.get_subplot, (Plots.Plot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend}, Plots.Subplot{Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend},))
+    precompile(Plots.annotations, (Array{Any, 1},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Int64, Symbol},))
+    precompile(Plots.colorscheme, (Plots.ColorWrapper,))
+    precompile(Plots.colorscheme, (Plots.ColorGradient,))
+    precompile(Plots.text, (Plots.PlotText,))
+    precompile(Plots._replace_markershape, (Plots.Shape,))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Array{Symbol, 2}, Int64, Float64, Plots.Stroke},))
+    precompile(Plots.wraptuple, (Tuple{Plots.Shape, Int64, ColorTypes.RGBA{Float64}},))
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,952 @@
+
+
+
+"""
+You can easily define your own plotting recipes with convenience methods:
+
+```
+@userplot type GroupHist
+    args
+end
+
+@recipe function f(gh::GroupHist)
+    # set some attributes, add some series, using gh.args as input
+end
+
+# now you can plot like:
+grouphist(rand(1000,4))
+```
+"""
+macro userplot(expr)
+    _userplot(expr)
+end
+
+function _userplot(expr::Expr)
+    if expr.head != :type
+        errror("Must call userplot on a type/immutable expression.  Got: $expr")
+    end
+
+    typename = expr.args[2]
+    funcname = Symbol(lowercase(string(typename)))
+    funcname2 = Symbol(funcname, "!")
+
+    # return a code block with the type definition and convenience plotting methods
+    esc(quote
+        $expr
+        export $funcname, $funcname2
+        $funcname(args...; kw...) = plot($typename(args); kw...)
+        $funcname2(args...; kw...) = plot!($typename(args); kw...)
+    end)
+end
+
+function _userplot(sym::Symbol)
+    _userplot(:(type $sym
+            args
+    end))
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const _series_recipe_deps = Dict()
+
+function series_recipe_dependencies(st::Symbol, deps::Symbol...)
+    _series_recipe_deps[st] = deps
+end
+
+function seriestype_supported(st::Symbol)
+    seriestype_supported(backend(), st)
+end
+
+# returns :no, :native, or :recipe depending on how it's supported
+function seriestype_supported(pkg::AbstractBackend, st::Symbol)
+    # is it natively supported
+    if st in supported_types(pkg)
+        return :native
+    end
+    
+    haskey(_series_recipe_deps, st) || return :no
+
+    supported = true
+    for dep in _series_recipe_deps[st]
+        if seriestype_supported(pkg, dep) == :no
+            supported = false
+        end
+    end
+    supported ? :recipe : :no
+end
+
+macro deps(st, args...)
+    :(Plots.series_recipe_dependencies($(quot(st)), $(map(quot, args)...)))
+end
+
+# get a list of all seriestypes
+function all_seriestypes()
+    sts = Set{Symbol}(keys(_series_recipe_deps))
+    for bsym in backends()
+        btype = _backendType[bsym]
+        sts = union(sts, Set{Symbol}(supported_types(btype())))
+    end
+    sort(collect(sts))
+end
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+num_series(x::AMat) = size(x,2)
+num_series(x) = 1
+
+
+RecipesBase.apply_recipe{T}(d::KW, ::Type{T}, plt::Plot) = throw(MethodError("Unmatched plot recipe: $T"))
+
+
+# # TODO: remove when StatPlots is ready
+# if is_installed("DataFrames")
+#     @eval begin
+#         import DataFrames
+
+#         # if it's one symbol, set the guide and return the column
+#         function handle_dfs(df::DataFrames.AbstractDataFrame, d::KW, letter, sym::Symbol)
+#             get!(d, Symbol(letter * "guide"), string(sym))
+#             collect(df[sym])
+#         end
+
+#         # if it's an array of symbols, set the labels and return a Vector{Any} of columns
+#         function handle_dfs(df::DataFrames.AbstractDataFrame, d::KW, letter, syms::AbstractArray{Symbol})
+#             get!(d, :label, reshape(syms, 1, length(syms)))
+#             Any[collect(df[s]) for s in syms]
+#         end
+
+#         # for anything else, no-op
+#         function handle_dfs(df::DataFrames.AbstractDataFrame, d::KW, letter, anything)
+#             anything
+#         end
+
+#         # handle grouping by DataFrame column
+#         function extractGroupArgs(group::Symbol, df::DataFrames.AbstractDataFrame, args...)
+#             extractGroupArgs(collect(df[group]))
+#         end
+
+#         # if a DataFrame is the first arg, lets swap symbols out for columns
+#         @recipe function f(df::DataFrames.AbstractDataFrame, args...)
+#             # if any of these attributes are symbols, swap out for the df column
+#             for k in (:fillrange, :line_z, :marker_z, :markersize, :ribbon, :weights, :xerror, :yerror)
+#                 if haskey(d, k) && isa(d[k], Symbol)
+#                     d[k] = collect(df[d[k]])
+#                 end
+#             end
+
+#             # return a list of new arguments
+#             tuple(Any[handle_dfs(df, d, (i==1 ? "x" : i==2 ? "y" : "z"), arg) for (i,arg) in enumerate(args)]...)
+#         end
+#     end
+# end
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# for seriestype `line`, need to sort by x values
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:line}}, x, y, z)
+    indices = sortperm(x)
+    x := x[indices]
+    y := y[indices]
+    if typeof(z) <: AVec
+        z := z[indices]
+    end
+    seriestype := :path
+    ()
+end
+@deps line path
+
+
+function hvline_limits(axis::Axis)
+    vmin, vmax = axis_limits(axis)
+    if vmin >= vmax
+        if isfinite(vmin)
+            vmax = vmin + 1
+        else
+            vmin, vmax = 0.0, 1.1
+        end
+    end
+    vmin, vmax
+end
+
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:hline}}, x, y, z)
+    xmin, xmax = hvline_limits(d[:subplot][:xaxis])
+    n = length(y)
+    newx = repmat(Float64[xmin, xmax, NaN], n)
+    newy = vec(Float64[yi for i=1:3,yi=y])
+    x := newx
+    y := newy
+    seriestype := :path
+    ()
+end
+@deps hline path
+
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:vline}}, x, y, z)
+    ymin, ymax = hvline_limits(d[:subplot][:yaxis])
+    n = length(y)
+    newx = vec(Float64[yi for i=1:3,yi=y])
+    newy = repmat(Float64[ymin, ymax, NaN], n)
+    x := newx
+    y := newy
+    seriestype := :path
+    ()
+end
+@deps vline path
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# steps
+
+function make_steps(x, y, st)
+    n = length(x)
+    newx, newy = zeros(2n-1), zeros(2n-1)
+    for i=1:n
+        idx = 2i-1
+        newx[idx] = x[i]
+        newy[idx] = y[i]
+        if i > 1
+            newx[idx-1] = x[st == :steppre ? i-1 : i]
+            newy[idx-1] = y[st == :steppre ? i   : i-1]
+        end
+    end
+    newx, newy
+end
+
+# create a path from steps
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:steppre}}, x, y, z)
+    d[:x], d[:y] = make_steps(x, y, :steppre)
+    seriestype := :path
+
+    # create a secondary series for the markers
+    if d[:markershape] != :none
+        @series begin
+            seriestype := :scatter
+            x := x
+            y := y
+            label := ""
+            primary := false
+            ()
+        end
+        markershape := :none
+    end
+    ()
+end
+@deps steppre path scatter
+
+# create a path from steps
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:steppost}}, x, y, z)
+    d[:x], d[:y] = make_steps(x, y, :steppost)
+    seriestype := :path
+
+    # create a secondary series for the markers
+    if d[:markershape] != :none
+        @series begin
+            seriestype := :scatter
+            x := x
+            y := y
+            label := ""
+            primary := false
+            ()
+        end
+        markershape := :none
+    end
+    ()
+end
+@deps steppost path scatter
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# sticks
+
+sticks_fillfrom(fr::Void, i::Integer) = 0.0
+sticks_fillfrom(fr::Number, i::Integer) = fr
+sticks_fillfrom(fr::AVec, i::Integer) = fr[mod1(i, length(fr))]
+
+# create vertical line segments from fill
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:sticks}}, x, y, z)
+    n = length(x)
+    fr = d[:fillrange]
+    newx, newy = zeros(3n), zeros(3n)
+    for i=1:n
+        rng = 3i-2:3i
+        newx[rng] = [x[i], x[i], NaN]
+        newy[rng] = [sticks_fillfrom(fr,i), y[i], NaN]
+    end
+    x := newx
+    y := newy
+    fillrange := nothing
+    seriestype := :path
+
+    # create a secondary series for the markers
+    if d[:markershape] != :none
+        @series begin
+            seriestype := :scatter
+            x := x
+            y := y
+            label := ""
+            primary := false
+            ()
+        end
+        markershape := :none
+    end
+    ()
+end
+@deps sticks path scatter
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# bezier curves
+
+# get the value of the curve point at position t 
+function bezier_value(pts::AVec, t::Real)
+    val = 0.0
+    n = length(pts)-1
+    for (i,p) in enumerate(pts)
+        val += p * binomial(n, i-1) * (1-t)^(n-i+1) * t^(i-1)
+    end
+    val
+end
+
+# create segmented bezier curves in place of line segments
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:curves}}, x, y, z; npoints = 30)
+    args = z != nothing ? (x,y,z) : (x,y)
+    newx, newy = zeros(0), zeros(0)
+    fr = d[:fillrange]
+    newfr = fr != nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
+    newz = z != nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
+    # lz = d[:line_z]
+    # newlz = lz != nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
+
+    # for each line segment (point series with no NaNs), convert it into a bezier curve
+    # where the points are the control points of the curve
+    for rng in iter_segments(args...)
+        length(rng) < 2 && continue
+        ts = linspace(0, 1, npoints)
+        nanappend!(newx, map(t -> bezier_value(cycle(x,rng), t), ts))
+        nanappend!(newy, map(t -> bezier_value(cycle(y,rng), t), ts))
+        if z != nothing
+            nanappend!(newz, map(t -> bezier_value(cycle(z,rng), t), ts))
+        end
+        if fr != nothing
+            nanappend!(newfr, map(t -> bezier_value(cycle(fr,rng), t), ts))
+        end
+        # if lz != nothing
+        #     lzrng = cycle(lz, rng) # the line_z's for this segment
+        #     push!(newlz, 0.0)
+        #     append!(newlz, map(t -> lzrng[1+floor(Int, t * (length(rng)-1))], ts))
+        # end
+    end
+
+    x := newx
+    y := newy
+    if z == nothing
+        seriestype := :path
+    else
+        seriestype := :path3d
+        z := newz
+    end
+    if fr != nothing
+        fillrange := newfr
+    end
+    # if lz != nothing
+    #     # line_z := newlz
+    #     linecolor := (isa(d[:linecolor], ColorGradient) ? d[:linecolor] : cgrad())
+    # end
+    # Plots.DD(d)
+    ()
+end
+@deps curves path
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# create a bar plot as a filled step function
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:bar}}, x, y, z)
+    nx, ny = length(x), length(y)
+    axis = d[:subplot][isvertical(d) ? :xaxis : :yaxis]
+    cv = [discrete_value!(axis, xi)[1] for xi=x]
+    x = if nx == ny
+        cv
+    elseif nx == ny + 1
+        0.5diff(cv) + cv[1:end-1]
+    else
+        error("bar recipe: x must be same length as y (centers), or one more than y (edges).\n\t\tlength(x)=$(length(x)), length(y)=$(length(y))")
+    end
+
+    # compute half-width of bars
+    bw = d[:bar_width]
+    hw = if bw == nothing
+        0.5mean(diff(x))
+    else
+        Float64[0.5cycle(bw,i) for i=1:length(x)]
+    end
+
+    # make fillto a vector... default fills to 0
+    fillto = d[:fillrange]
+    if fillto == nothing
+        fillto = 0
+    end
+
+    # create the bar shapes by adding x/y segments
+    xseg, yseg = Segments(), Segments()
+    for i=1:ny
+        center = x[i]
+        hwi = cycle(hw,i)
+        yi = y[i]
+        fi = cycle(fillto,i)
+        push!(xseg, center-hwi, center-hwi, center+hwi, center+hwi, center-hwi)
+        push!(yseg, yi, fi, fi, yi, yi)
+    end
+
+    # switch back
+    if !isvertical(d)
+        xseg, yseg = yseg, xseg
+    end
+
+    x := xseg.pts
+    y := yseg.pts
+    seriestype := :shape
+    ()
+end
+@deps bar shape
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Histograms
+
+# edges from number of bins
+function calc_edges(v, bins::Integer)
+    vmin, vmax = extrema(v)
+    linspace(vmin, vmax, bins+1)
+end
+
+# just pass through arrays
+calc_edges(v, bins::AVec) = bins
+
+# find the bucket index of this value
+function bucket_index(vi, edges)
+    for (i,e) in enumerate(edges)
+        if vi <= e
+            return max(1,i-1)
+        end
+    end
+    return length(edges)-1
+end
+
+function my_hist(v, bins; normed = false, weights = nothing)
+    edges = calc_edges(v, bins)
+    counts = zeros(length(edges)-1)
+
+    # add a weighted count
+    for (i,vi) in enumerate(v)
+        idx = bucket_index(vi, edges)
+        counts[idx] += (weights == nothing ? 1.0 : weights[i])
+    end
+
+    # normalize by bar area?
+    norm_denom = normed ? sum(diff(edges) .* counts) : 1.0
+    if norm_denom == 0
+        norm_denom = 1.0
+    end
+
+    edges, counts ./ norm_denom
+end
+
+
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:histogram}}, x, y, z)
+    edges, counts = my_hist(y, d[:bins],
+                               normed = d[:normalize],
+                               weights = d[:weights])
+    x := edges
+    y := counts
+    seriestype := :bar
+    ()
+end
+@deps histogram bar
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Histogram 2D
+
+# if tuple, map out bins, otherwise use the same for both
+calc_edges_2d(x, y, bins) = calc_edges(x, bins), calc_edges(y, bins)
+calc_edges_2d{X,Y}(x, y, bins::Tuple{X,Y}) = calc_edges(x, bins[1]), calc_edges(y, bins[2])
+
+# the 2D version
+function my_hist_2d(x, y, bins; normed = false, weights = nothing)
+    xedges, yedges = calc_edges_2d(x, y, bins)
+    counts = zeros(length(yedges)-1, length(xedges)-1)
+
+    # add a weighted count
+    for i=1:length(x)
+        r = bucket_index(y[i], yedges)
+        c = bucket_index(x[i], xedges)
+        counts[r,c] += (weights == nothing ? 1.0 : weights[i])
+    end
+
+    # normalize to cubic area of the imaginary surface towers
+    norm_denom = normed ? sum((diff(yedges) * diff(xedges)') .* counts) : 1.0
+    if norm_denom == 0
+        norm_denom = 1.0
+    end
+
+    xedges, yedges, counts ./ norm_denom
+end
+
+centers(v::AVec) = 0.5 * (v[1:end-1] + v[2:end])
+
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:histogram2d}}, x, y, z)
+    xedges, yedges, counts = my_hist_2d(x, y, d[:bins],
+                                              normed = d[:normalize],
+                                              weights = d[:weights])
+    x := centers(xedges)
+    y := centers(yedges)
+    z := Surface(counts)
+    linewidth := 0
+    seriestype := :heatmap
+    ()
+end
+@deps histogram2d heatmap
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# scatter 3d
+
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:scatter3d}}, x, y, z)
+    seriestype := :path3d
+    if d[:markershape] == :none
+        markershape := :circle
+    end
+    linewidth := 0
+    linealpha := 0
+    ()
+end
+
+# note: don't add dependencies because this really isn't a drop-in replacement
+
+# # TODO: move boxplots and violin plots to StatPlots when it's ready
+
+# # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # Box Plot
+
+# const _box_halfwidth = 0.4
+
+# notch_width(q2, q4, N) = 1.58 * (q4-q2)/sqrt(N)
+
+
+# @recipe function f(::Type{Val{:boxplot}}, x, y, z; notch=false, range=1.5)
+#     xsegs, ysegs = Segments(), Segments()
+#     glabels = sort(collect(unique(x)))
+#     warning = false
+#     outliers_x, outliers_y = zeros(0), zeros(0)
+#     for (i,glabel) in enumerate(glabels)
+#         # filter y
+#         values = y[filter(i -> cycle(x,i) == glabel, 1:length(y))]
+
+#         # compute quantiles
+#         q1,q2,q3,q4,q5 = quantile(values, linspace(0,1,5))
+        
+#         # notch
+#         n = notch_width(q2, q4, length(values))
+
+#         # warn on inverted notches?
+#         if notch && !warning && ( (q2>(q3-n)) || (q4<(q3+n)) )
+#             warn("Boxplot's notch went outside hinges. Set notch to false.")
+#             warning = true # Show the warning only one time
+#         end
+
+#         # make the shape
+#         center = discrete_value!(d[:subplot][:xaxis], glabel)[1]
+#         hw = d[:bar_width] == nothing ? _box_halfwidth : 0.5cycle(d[:bar_width], i)
+#         l, m, r = center - hw, center, center + hw
+        
+#         # internal nodes for notches
+#         L, R = center - 0.5 * hw, center + 0.5 * hw
+        
+#         # outliers
+#         if Float64(range) != 0.0  # if the range is 0.0, the whiskers will extend to the data
+#             limit = range*(q4-q2)
+#             inside = Float64[]
+#             for value in values
+#                 if (value < (q2 - limit)) || (value > (q4 + limit))
+#                     push!(outliers_y, value)
+#                     push!(outliers_x, center)
+#                 else
+#                     push!(inside, value)
+#                 end
+#             end
+#             # change q1 and q5 to show outliers
+#             # using maximum and minimum values inside the limits
+#             q1, q5 = extrema(inside)
+#         end
+
+#         # Box
+#         if notch
+#             push!(xsegs, m, l, r, m, m)       # lower T
+#             push!(xsegs, l, l, L, R, r, r, l) # lower box
+#             push!(xsegs, l, l, L, R, r, r, l) # upper box
+#             push!(xsegs, m, l, r, m, m)       # upper T
+
+#             push!(ysegs, q1, q1, q1, q1, q2)             # lower T
+#             push!(ysegs, q2, q3-n, q3, q3, q3-n, q2, q2) # lower box
+#             push!(ysegs, q4, q3+n, q3, q3, q3+n, q4, q4) # upper box
+#             push!(ysegs, q5, q5, q5, q5, q4)             # upper T
+#         else
+#             push!(xsegs, m, l, r, m, m)         # lower T
+#             push!(xsegs, l, l, r, r, l)         # lower box
+#             push!(xsegs, l, l, r, r, l)         # upper box
+#             push!(xsegs, m, l, r, m, m)         # upper T
+
+#             push!(ysegs, q1, q1, q1, q1, q2)    # lower T
+#             push!(ysegs, q2, q3, q3, q2, q2)    # lower box
+#             push!(ysegs, q4, q3, q3, q4, q4)    # upper box
+#             push!(ysegs, q5, q5, q5, q5, q4)    # upper T
+#         end
+#     end
+
+#     # Outliers
+#     @series begin
+#         seriestype  := :scatter
+#         markershape := :circle
+#         markercolor := d[:fillcolor]
+#         markeralpha := d[:fillalpha]
+#         markerstrokecolor := d[:linecolor]
+#         markerstrokealpha := d[:linealpha]
+#         x           := outliers_x
+#         y           := outliers_y
+#         primary     := false
+#         ()
+#     end
+
+#     seriestype := :shape
+#     x := xsegs.pts
+#     y := ysegs.pts
+#     ()
+# end
+# @deps boxplot shape scatter
+
+# # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # Violin Plot
+
+# const _violin_warned = [false]
+
+# # if the user has KernelDensity installed, use this for violin plots.
+# # otherwise, just use a histogram
+# if is_installed("KernelDensity")
+#     @eval import KernelDensity
+#     @eval function violin_coords(y; trim::Bool=false)
+#         kd = KernelDensity.kde(y, npoints = 200)
+#         if trim
+#             xmin, xmax = extrema(y)
+#             inside = Bool[ xmin <= x <= xmax for x in kd.x]
+#             return(kd.density[inside], kd.x[inside])
+#         end
+#         kd.density, kd.x
+#     end
+# else
+#     @eval function violin_coords(y; trim::Bool=false)
+#         if !_violin_warned[1]
+#             warn("Install the KernelDensity package for best results.")
+#             _violin_warned[1] = true
+#         end
+#         edges, widths = my_hist(y, 10)
+#         centers = 0.5 * (edges[1:end-1] + edges[2:end])
+#         ymin, ymax = extrema(y)
+#         vcat(0.0, widths, 0.0), vcat(ymin, centers, ymax)
+#     end
+# end
+
+
+# @recipe function f(::Type{Val{:violin}}, x, y, z; trim=true)
+#     xsegs, ysegs = Segments(), Segments()
+#     glabels = sort(collect(unique(x)))
+#     for glabel in glabels
+#         widths, centers = violin_coords(y[filter(i -> cycle(x,i) == glabel, 1:length(y))], trim=trim)
+#         isempty(widths) && continue
+
+#         # normalize
+#         widths = _box_halfwidth * widths / maximum(widths)
+
+#         # make the violin
+#         xcenter = discrete_value!(d[:subplot][:xaxis], glabel)[1]
+#         xcoords = vcat(widths, -reverse(widths)) + xcenter
+#         ycoords = vcat(centers, reverse(centers))
+
+#         push!(xsegs, xcoords)
+#         push!(ysegs, ycoords)
+#     end
+
+#     seriestype := :shape
+#     x := xsegs.pts
+#     y := ysegs.pts
+#     ()
+# end
+# @deps violin shape
+
+# # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # density
+
+# @recipe function f(::Type{Val{:density}}, x, y, z; trim=false)
+#     newx, newy = violin_coords(y, trim=trim)
+#     if isvertical(d)
+#         newx, newy = newy, newx
+#     end
+#     x := newx
+#     y := newy
+#     seriestype := :path
+#     ()
+# end
+# @deps density path
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# contourf - filled contours
+
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:contourf}}, x, y, z)
+    fillrange := true
+    seriestype := :contour
+    ()
+end
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Error Bars
+
+function error_style!(d::KW)
+    d[:seriestype] = :path
+    d[:linecolor] = d[:markerstrokecolor]
+    d[:linewidth] = d[:markerstrokewidth]
+    d[:label] = ""
+end
+
+# if we're passed a tuple of vectors, convert to a vector of tuples
+function error_zipit(ebar)
+    if istuple(ebar)
+        collect(zip(ebar...))
+    else
+        ebar
+    end
+end
+
+function error_coords(xorig, yorig, ebar)
+    # init empty x/y, and zip errors if passed Tuple{Vector,Vector}
+    x, y = zeros(0), zeros(0)
+
+    # for each point, create a line segment from the bottom to the top of the errorbar
+    for i = 1:max(length(xorig), length(yorig))
+        xi = cycle(xorig, i)
+        yi = cycle(yorig, i)
+        ebi = cycle(ebar, i)
+        nanappend!(x, [xi, xi])
+        e1, e2 = if istuple(ebi)
+            first(ebi), last(ebi)
+        elseif isscalar(ebi)
+            ebi, ebi
+        else
+            error("unexpected ebi type $(typeof(ebi)) for errorbar: $ebi")
+        end
+        nanappend!(y, [yi - e1, yi + e2])
+    end
+    x, y
+end
+
+# we will create a series of path segments, where each point represents one
+# side of an errorbar
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:yerror}}, x, y, z)
+    error_style!(d)
+    markershape := :hline
+    d[:x], d[:y] = error_coords(d[:x], d[:y], error_zipit(d[:yerror]))
+    ()
+end
+@deps yerror path
+
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:xerror}}, x, y, z)
+    error_style!(d)
+    markershape := :vline
+    d[:y], d[:x] = error_coords(d[:y], d[:x], error_zipit(d[:xerror]))
+    ()
+end
+@deps xerror path
+
+
+# TODO: move quiver to PlotRecipes
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# quiver
+
+# function apply_series_recipe(d::KW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
+function quiver_using_arrows(d::KW)
+    d[:label] = ""
+    d[:seriestype] = :path
+    if !isa(d[:arrow], Arrow)
+        d[:arrow] = arrow()
+    end
+
+    velocity = error_zipit(d[:quiver])
+    xorig, yorig = d[:x], d[:y]
+
+    # for each point, we create an arrow of velocity vi, translated to the x/y coordinates
+    x, y = zeros(0), zeros(0)
+    for i = 1:max(length(xorig), length(yorig))
+        # get the starting position
+        xi = cycle(xorig, i)
+        yi = cycle(yorig, i)
+
+        # get the velocity
+        vi = cycle(velocity, i)
+        vx, vy = if istuple(vi)
+            first(vi), last(vi)
+        elseif isscalar(vi)
+            vi, vi
+        elseif isa(vi,Function)
+            vi(xi, yi)
+        else
+            error("unexpected vi type $(typeof(vi)) for quiver: $vi")
+        end
+
+        # add the points
+        nanappend!(x, [xi, xi+vx, NaN])
+        nanappend!(y, [yi, yi+vy, NaN])
+    end
+
+    d[:x], d[:y] = x, y
+    # KW[d]
+end
+
+# function apply_series_recipe(d::KW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
+function quiver_using_hack(d::KW)
+    d[:label] = ""
+    d[:seriestype] = :shape
+
+    velocity = error_zipit(d[:quiver])
+    xorig, yorig = d[:x], d[:y]
+
+    # for each point, we create an arrow of velocity vi, translated to the x/y coordinates
+    pts = P2[]
+    for i = 1:max(length(xorig), length(yorig))
+
+        # get the starting position
+        xi = cycle(xorig, i)
+        yi = cycle(yorig, i)
+        p = P2(xi, yi)
+
+        # get the velocity
+        vi = cycle(velocity, i)
+        vx, vy = if istuple(vi)
+            first(vi), last(vi)
+        elseif isscalar(vi)
+            vi, vi
+        elseif isa(vi,Function)
+            vi(xi, yi)
+        else
+            error("unexpected vi type $(typeof(vi)) for quiver: $vi")
+        end
+        v = P2(vx, vy)
+
+        dist = norm(v)
+        arrow_h = 0.1dist          # height of arrowhead
+        arrow_w = 0.5arrow_h       # halfwidth of arrowhead
+        U1 = v ./ dist             # vector of arrowhead height
+        U2 = P2(-U1[2], U1[1])     # vector of arrowhead halfwidth
+        U1 *= arrow_h
+        U2 *= arrow_w
+
+        ppv = p+v
+        nanappend!(pts, P2[p, ppv-U1, ppv-U1+U2, ppv, ppv-U1-U2, ppv-U1])
+    end
+
+    d[:x], d[:y] = Plots.unzip(pts[2:end])
+    # KW[d]
+end
+
+# function apply_series_recipe(d::KW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:quiver}}, x, y, z)
+    if :arrow in supported_args()
+        quiver_using_arrows(d)
+    else
+        quiver_using_hack(d)
+    end
+    ()
+end
+@deps quiver shape path
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------
+
+# TODO: move OHLC to PlotRecipes finance.jl
+
+type OHLC{T<:Real}
+  open::T
+  high::T
+  low::T
+  close::T
+end
+Base.convert(::Type{OHLC}, tup::Tuple) = OHLC(tup...)
+# Base.tuple(ohlc::OHLC) = (ohlc.open, ohlc.high, ohlc.low, ohlc.close)
+
+# get one OHLC path
+function get_xy(o::OHLC, x, xdiff)
+    xl, xm, xr = x-xdiff, x, x+xdiff
+    ox = [xl, xm, NaN,
+          xm, xm, NaN,
+          xm, xr]
+    oy = [o.open, o.open, NaN,
+          o.low, o.high, NaN,
+          o.close, o.close]
+    ox, oy
+end
+
+# get the joined vector
+function get_xy(v::AVec{OHLC}, x = 1:length(v))
+    xdiff = 0.3mean(abs(diff(x)))
+    x_out, y_out = zeros(0), zeros(0)
+    for (i,ohlc) in enumerate(v)
+        ox,oy = get_xy(ohlc, x[i], xdiff)
+        nanappend!(x_out, ox)
+        nanappend!(y_out, oy)
+    end
+    x_out, y_out
+end
+
+# these are for passing in a vector of OHLC objects
+# TODO: when I allow `@recipe f(::Type{T}, v::T) = ...` definitions to replace convertToAnyVector,
+#       then I should replace these with one definition to convert to a vector of 4-tuples
+
+# to squash ambiguity warnings...
+@recipe f(x::AVec{Function}, v::AVec{OHLC}) = error()
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}(x::AVec{Function}, v::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) = error()
+
+# this must be OHLC?
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}(x::AVec, ohlc::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) = x, OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in ohlc]
+
+@recipe function f(x::AVec, v::AVec{OHLC})
+    seriestype := :path
+    get_xy(v, x)
+end
+
+@recipe function f(v::AVec{OHLC})
+    seriestype := :path
+    get_xy(v)
+end
+
+# the series recipe, when passed vectors of 4-tuples
+
+# -------------------------------------------------
+
+# TODO: everything below here should be either changed to a
+#       series recipe or moved to PlotRecipes
+
+
+"Sparsity plot... heatmap of non-zero values of a matrix"
+function spy{T<:Real}(z::AMat{T}; kw...)
+    mat = map(zi->float(zi!=0), z)'
+    xn, yn = size(mat)
+    heatmap(mat; leg=false, yflip=true, aspect_ratio=:equal,
+        xlim=(0.5, xn+0.5), ylim=(0.5, yn+0.5),
+        kw...)
+end
+
+"Adds a+bx... straight line over the current plot"
+function abline!(plt::Plot, a, b; kw...)
+    plot!(plt, [extrema(plt)...], x -> b + a*x; kw...)
+end
+
+abline!(args...; kw...) = abline!(current(), args...; kw...)
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+
+
+# create a new "build_series_args" which converts all inputs into xs = Any[xitems], ys = Any[yitems].
+# Special handling for: no args, xmin/xmax, parametric, dataframes
+# Then once inputs have been converted, build the series args, map functions, etc.
+# This should cut down on boilerplate code and allow more focused dispatch on type
+# note: returns meta information... mainly for use with automatic labeling from DataFrames for now
+
+typealias FuncOrFuncs @compat(Union{Function, AVec{Function}})
+
+all3D(d::KW) = trueOrAllTrue(st -> st in (:contour, :contourf, :heatmap, :surface, :wireframe, :contour3d, :image), get(d, :seriestype, :none))
+
+# missing
+convertToAnyVector(v::@compat(Void), d::KW) = Any[nothing], nothing
+
+# fixed number of blank series
+convertToAnyVector(n::Integer, d::KW) = Any[zeros(0) for i in 1:n], nothing
+
+# numeric vector
+convertToAnyVector{T<:Number}(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing
+
+# string vector
+convertToAnyVector{T<:@compat(AbstractString)}(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing
+
+function convertToAnyVector(v::AMat, d::KW)
+    if all3D(d)
+        Any[Surface(v)]
+    else
+        Any[v[:,i] for i in 1:size(v,2)]
+    end, nothing
+end
+
+# function
+convertToAnyVector(f::Function, d::KW) = Any[f], nothing
+
+# surface
+convertToAnyVector(s::Surface, d::KW) = Any[s], nothing
+
+# # vector of OHLC
+# convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{OHLC}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing
+
+# dates
+convertToAnyVector{D<:Union{Date,DateTime}}(dts::AVec{D}, d::KW) = Any[dts], nothing
+
+# list of things (maybe other vectors, functions, or something else)
+function convertToAnyVector(v::AVec, d::KW)
+    if all(x -> typeof(x) <: Number, v)
+        # all real numbers wrap the whole vector as one item
+        Any[convert(Vector{Float64}, v)], nothing
+    else
+        # something else... treat each element as an item
+        vcat(Any[convertToAnyVector(vi, d)[1] for vi in v]...), nothing
+        # Any[vi for vi in v], nothing
+    end
+end
+
+convertToAnyVector(t::Tuple, d::KW) = Any[t], nothing
+
+
+function convertToAnyVector(args...)
+    error("In convertToAnyVector, could not handle the argument types: $(map(typeof, args[1:end-1]))")
+end
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# TODO: can we avoid the copy here?  one error that crops up is that mapping functions over the same array
+#       result in that array being shared.  push!, etc will add too many items to that array
+
+compute_x(x::Void, y::Void, z)      = 1:size(z,1)
+compute_x(x::Void, y, z)            = 1:size(y,1)
+compute_x(x::Function, y, z)        = map(x, y)
+compute_x(x, y, z)                  = copy(x)
+
+# compute_y(x::Void, y::Function, z)  = error()
+compute_y(x::Void, y::Void, z)      = 1:size(z,2)
+compute_y(x, y::Function, z)        = map(y, x)
+compute_y(x, y, z)                  = copy(y)
+
+compute_z(x, y, z::Function)        = map(z, x, y)
+compute_z(x, y, z::AbstractMatrix)  = Surface(z)
+compute_z(x, y, z::Void)            = nothing
+compute_z(x, y, z)                  = copy(z)
+
+nobigs(v::AVec{BigFloat}) = map(Float64, v)
+nobigs(v::AVec{BigInt}) = map(Int64, v)
+nobigs(v) = v
+
+@noinline function compute_xyz(x, y, z)
+    x = compute_x(x,y,z)
+    y = compute_y(x,y,z)
+    z = compute_z(x,y,z)
+    nobigs(x), nobigs(y), nobigs(z)
+end
+
+# not allowed
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::FuncOrFuncs, z)       = error("If you want to plot the function `$y`, you need to define the x values!")
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::Void, z::FuncOrFuncs) = error("If you want to plot the function `$z`, you need to define x and y values!")
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::Void, z::Void)        = error("x/y/z are all nothing!")
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+# we are going to build recipes to do the processing and splitting of the args
+
+# ensure we dispatch to the slicer
+immutable SliceIt end
+
+# the catch-all recipes
+@recipe function f(::Type{SliceIt}, x, y, z)
+    # @show "HERE", typeof((x,y,z))
+    xs, _ = convertToAnyVector(x, d)
+    ys, _ = convertToAnyVector(y, d)
+    zs, _ = convertToAnyVector(z, d)
+
+    fr = pop!(d, :fillrange, nothing)
+    fillranges, _ = if typeof(fr) <: Number
+        ([fr],nothing)
+    else
+        convertToAnyVector(fr, d)
+    end
+    mf = length(fillranges)
+
+    # @show zs
+
+    mx = length(xs)
+    my = length(ys)
+    mz = length(zs)
+    # ret = Any[]
+    for i in 1:max(mx, my, mz)
+        # add a new series
+        di = copy(d)
+        xi, yi, zi = xs[mod1(i,mx)], ys[mod1(i,my)], zs[mod1(i,mz)]
+        # @show i, typeof((xi, yi, zi))
+        di[:x], di[:y], di[:z] = compute_xyz(xi, yi, zi)
+        # @show i, typeof((di[:x], di[:y], di[:z]))
+
+        # handle fillrange
+        fr = fillranges[mod1(i,mf)]
+        di[:fillrange] = isa(fr, Function) ? map(fr, di[:x]) : fr
+
+        # @show i, di[:x], di[:y], di[:z]
+        push!(series_list, RecipeData(di, ()))
+    end
+    nothing  # don't add a series for the main block
+end
+
+# this is the default "type recipe"... just pass the object through
+@recipe f{T<:Any}(::Type{T}, v::T) = v
+
+# this should catch unhandled "series recipes" and error with a nice message
+@recipe f{V<:Val}(::Type{V}, x, y, z) = error("The backend must not support the series type $V, and there isn't a series recipe defined.")
+
+_apply_type_recipe(d, v) = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(d, typeof(v), v)[1].args[1]
+
+# handle "type recipes" by converting inputs, and then either re-calling or slicing
+@recipe function f(x, y, z)
+    did_replace = false
+    newx = _apply_type_recipe(d, x)
+    x === newx || (did_replace = true)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(d, y)
+    y === newy || (did_replace = true)
+    newz = _apply_type_recipe(d, z)
+    z === newz || (did_replace = true)
+    if did_replace
+        newx, newy, newz
+    else
+        SliceIt, x, y, z
+    end
+end
+@recipe function f(x, y)
+    did_replace = false
+    newx = _apply_type_recipe(d, x)
+    x === newx || (did_replace = true)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(d, y)
+    y === newy || (did_replace = true)
+    if did_replace
+        newx, newy
+    else
+        SliceIt, x, y, nothing
+    end
+end
+@recipe function f(y)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(d, y)
+    if y !== newy
+        newy
+    else
+        SliceIt, nothing, y, nothing
+    end
+end
+
+# if there's more than 3 inputs, it can't be passed directly to SliceIt
+# so we'll apply_type_recipe to all of them
+@recipe function f(v1, v2, v3, v4, vrest...)
+    did_replace = false
+    newargs = map(v -> begin
+        newv = _apply_type_recipe(d, v)
+        if newv !== v
+            did_replace = true
+        end
+        newv
+    end, (v1, v2, v3, v4, vrest...))
+    if !did_replace
+        error("Couldn't process recipe args: $(map(typeof, (v1, v2, v3, v4, vrest...)))")
+    end
+    newargs
+end
+
+
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # 1 argument
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@recipe f(n::Integer) = n, n, n
+
+# return a surface if this is a 3d plot, otherwise let it be sliced up
+@recipe function f{T<:Number}(mat::AMat{T})
+    if all3D(d)
+        n,m = size(mat)
+        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
+    else
+        SliceIt, nothing, mat, nothing
+    end
+end
+
+
+# # images - grays
+
+@recipe function f{T<:Gray}(mat::AMat{T})
+    if nativeImagesSupported()
+        seriestype := :image
+        n, m = size(mat)
+        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
+    else
+        seriestype := :heatmap
+        yflip --> true
+        fillcolor --> ColorGradient([:black, :white])
+        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(convert(Matrix{Float64}, mat))
+    end
+end
+
+# # images - colors
+
+@recipe function f{T<:Colorant}(mat::AMat{T})
+    if nativeImagesSupported()
+        seriestype := :image
+        n, m = size(mat)
+        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
+    else
+        seriestype := :heatmap
+        yflip --> true
+        z, d[:fillcolor] = replace_image_with_heatmap(mat)
+        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(z)
+    end
+end
+
+#
+# # plotting arbitrary shapes/polygons
+
+@recipe function f(shape::Shape)
+    seriestype --> :shape
+    shape_coords(shape)
+end
+
+@recipe function f(shapes::AVec{Shape})
+    seriestype --> :shape
+    shape_coords(shapes)
+end
+
+@recipe function f(shapes::AMat{Shape})
+    seriestype --> :shape
+    for j in 1:size(shapes,2)
+        @series shape_coords(vec(shapes[:,j]))
+    end
+end
+
+#
+#
+# # function without range... use the current range of the x-axis
+
+# @recipe function f(f::FuncOrFuncs)
+#     plt = d[:plot_object]
+#     f, xmin(plt), xmax(plt)
+# end
+
+#
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # 2 arguments
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#
+# # if functions come first, just swap the order (not to be confused with parametric functions...
+# # as there would be more than one function passed in)
+
+@recipe function f(f::FuncOrFuncs, x)
+    @assert !(typeof(x) <: FuncOrFuncs)  # otherwise we'd hit infinite recursion here
+    x, f
+end
+
+#
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # 3 arguments
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#
+# # 3d line or scatter
+
+@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, z::AVec)
+    # st = get(d, :seriestype, :none)
+    # if st == :scatter
+    #     d[:seriestype] = :scatter3d
+    # elseif !is3d(st)
+    #     d[:seriestype] = :path3d
+    # end
+    SliceIt, x, y, z
+end
+
+@recipe function f(x::AMat, y::AMat, z::AMat)
+    # st = get(d, :seriestype, :none)
+    # if size(x) == size(y) == size(z)
+    #     if !is3d(st)
+    #         seriestype := :path3d
+    #     end
+    # end
+    SliceIt, x, y, z
+end
+
+#
+# # surface-like... function
+
+@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, zf::Function)
+    # x = X <: Number ? sort(x) : x
+    # y = Y <: Number ? sort(y) : y
+    SliceIt, x, y, Surface(zf, x, y)  # TODO: replace with SurfaceFunction when supported
+end
+
+#
+# # surface-like... matrix grid
+
+@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, z::AMat)
+    if !like_surface(get(d, :seriestype, :none))
+        d[:seriestype] = :contour
+    end
+    SliceIt, x, y, Surface(z)
+end
+
+#
+#
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # Parametric functions
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#
+# # special handling... xmin/xmax with parametric function(s)
+@recipe f(f::FuncOrFuncs, xmin::Number, xmax::Number) = linspace(xmin, xmax, 100), f
+@recipe f(fx::FuncOrFuncs, fy::FuncOrFuncs, u::AVec)  = mapFuncOrFuncs(fx, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fy, u)
+@recipe f(fx::FuncOrFuncs, fy::FuncOrFuncs, umin::Number, umax::Number, n = 200) = fx, fy, linspace(umin, umax, n)
+
+#
+# # special handling... 3D parametric function(s)
+@recipe function f(fx::FuncOrFuncs, fy::FuncOrFuncs, fz::FuncOrFuncs, u::AVec)
+    mapFuncOrFuncs(fx, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fy, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fz, u)
+end
+@recipe function f(fx::FuncOrFuncs, fy::FuncOrFuncs, fz::FuncOrFuncs, umin::Number, umax::Number, numPoints = 200)
+    fx, fy, fz, linspace(umin, umax, numPoints)
+end
+
+#
+#
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # Lists of tuples and FixedSizeArrays
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# # if we get an unhandled tuple, just splat it in
+@recipe f(tup::Tuple) = tup
+
+#
+# # (x,y) tuples
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number}(xy::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2}}) = unzip(xy)
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number}(xy::Tuple{R1,R2})       = [xy[1]], [xy[2]]
+
+#
+# # (x,y,z) tuples
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number}(xyz::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3}}) = unzip(xyz)
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number}(xyz::Tuple{R1,R2,R3})       = [xyz[1]], [xyz[2]], [xyz[3]]
+
+# these might be points+velocity, or OHLC or something else
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}(xyuv::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) = get(d,:seriestype,:path)==:ohlc ? OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in xyuv] : unzip(xyuv)
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}(xyuv::Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4})       = [xyuv[1]], [xyuv[2]], [xyuv[3]], [xyuv[4]]
+
+
+#
+# # 2D FixedSizeArrays
+@recipe f{T<:Number}(xy::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T}}) = unzip(xy)
+@recipe f{T<:Number}(xy::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T})       = [xy[1]], [xy[2]]
+
+#
+# # 3D FixedSizeArrays
+@recipe f{T<:Number}(xyz::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T}}) = unzip(xyz)
+@recipe f{T<:Number}(xyz::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T})       = [xyz[1]], [xyz[2]], [xyz[3]]
+
+#
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # handle grouping
+# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# @recipe function f(groupby::GroupBy, args...)
+#     for (i,glab) in enumerate(groupby.groupLabels)
+#         # create a new series, with the label of the group, and an idxfilter (to be applied in slice_and_dice)
+#         # TODO: use @series instead
+#         @show i, glab, groupby.groupIds[i]
+#         di = copy(d)
+#         get!(di, :label, string(glab))
+#         get!(di, :idxfilter, groupby.groupIds[i])
+#         push!(series_list, RecipeData(di, args))
+#     end
+#     nothing
+# end
+
+# split the group into 1 series per group, and set the label and idxfilter for each
+@recipe function f(groupby::GroupBy, args...)
+    for (i,glab) in enumerate(groupby.groupLabels)
+        @series begin
+            label     --> string(glab)
+            idxfilter --> groupby.groupIds[i]
+            args
+        end
+    end
+end
+
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-
-
-# create a layout directly
-SubplotLayout(rowcounts::AbstractVector{Int}) = SubplotLayout(sum(rowcounts), rowcounts)
-
-# create a layout given counts... nr/nc == -1 implies we figure out a good number automatically
-function SubplotLayout(numplts::Int, nr::Int, nc::Int)
-
-  # figure out how many rows/columns we need
-  if nr == -1
-    if nc == -1
-      nr = round(Int, sqrt(numplts))
-      nc = ceil(Int, numplts / nr)
-    else
-      nr = ceil(Int, numplts / nc)
-    end
-  else
-    nc = ceil(Int, numplts / nr)
-  end
-
-  # create the rowcounts vector
-  i = 0
-  rowcounts = Int[]
-  for r in 1:nr
-    cnt = min(nc, numplts - i)
-    push!(rowcounts, cnt)
-    i += cnt
-  end
-
-  SubplotLayout(numplts, rowcounts)
-end
-
-
-Base.length(layout::SubplotLayout) = layout.numplts
-
-
-# ------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-Base.string(subplt::Subplot) = "Subplot{$(subplt.plotter) p=$(subplt.p) n=$(subplt.n)}"
-Base.print(io::IO, subplt::Subplot) = print(io, string(subplt))
-Base.show(io::IO, subplt::Subplot) = print(io, string(subplt))
-
-getplot(subplt::Subplot) = subplt.plts[mod1(subplt.n, subplt.p)]
-
-# ------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-doc"""
-Create a series of plots:
-```
-  y = rand(100,3)
-  subplot(y; n = 3)             # create an automatic grid, and let it figure out the nr/nc... will put plots 1 and 2 on the first row, and plot 3 by itself on the 2nd row
-  subplot(y; n = 3, nr = 1)     # create an automatic grid, but fix the number of rows to 1 (so there are n columns)
-  subplot(y; n = 3, nc = 1)     # create an automatic grid, but fix the number of columns to 1 (so there are n rows)
-  subplot(y; layout = [1, 2])   # explicit layout by row... plot #1 goes by itself in the first row, plots 2 and 3 split the 2nd row (note the n kw is unnecessary)
-```
-"""
-function subplot(args...; kw...)
-  d = Dict(kw)
-
-  # figure out the layout
-  if haskey(d, :layout)
-    layout = SubplotLayout(d[:layout])
-  else
-    if !haskey(d, :n)
-      error("You must specify either layout or n when creating a subplot: ", d)
-    end
-    layout = SubplotLayout(d[:n], get(d, :nr, -1), get(d, :nc, -1))
-  end
-
-  # initialize the individual plots
-  pkg = plotter()
-  kw0 = getPlotKeywordArgs(kw, 1, 0)
-  plts = Plot[plot(pkg; kw0..., show=false) for i in 1:length(layout)]
-
-  # create the object and do the plotting
-  subplt = Subplot(nothing, plts, pkg, length(layout), 0, layout)
-  subplot!(subplt, args...; kw...)
-
-  subplt
-end
-
-doc"""
-Adds to a subplot.
-"""
-
-# current subplot
-function subplot!(args...; kw...)
-  subplot!(currentPlot(), args...; kw...)
-end
-
-
-# not allowed:
-function subplot!(plt::Plot, args...; kw...)
-  error("Can't call subplot! on a Plot!")
-end
-
-
-# # this adds to a specific subplot... most plot commands will flow through here
-function subplot!(subplt::Subplot, args...; kw...)
-  kwList = createKWargsList(subplt, args...; kw...)
-  for (i,d) in enumerate(kwList)
-    subplt.n += 1
-    plt = getplot(subplt)  # get the Plot object where this series will be drawn
-    plot!(plt; d...)
-  end
-
-  # create the underlying object (each backend will do this differently)
-  buildSubplotObject!(subplt.plotter, subplt)
-
-  # set this to be current
-  currentPlot!(subplt)
-
-  # do we want to show it?
-  d = Dict(kw)
-  if haskey(d, :show) && d[:show]
-    draw(subplt)
-  end
-
-  subplt
-end
-
-
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+
+
+function Subplot{T<:AbstractBackend}(::T; parent = RootLayout())
+    Subplot{T}(
+        parent,
+        (20mm, 5mm, 2mm, 10mm),
+        defaultbox,
+        defaultbox,
+        KW(),
+        nothing,
+        nothing
+    )
+end
+
+plotarea(sp::Subplot) = sp.plotarea
+plotarea!(sp::Subplot, bbox::BoundingBox) = (sp.plotarea = bbox)
+
+
+Base.size(sp::Subplot) = (1,1)
+Base.length(sp::Subplot) = 1
+Base.getindex(sp::Subplot, r::Int, c::Int) = sp
+
+leftpad(sp::Subplot)   = sp.minpad[1]
+toppad(sp::Subplot)    = sp.minpad[2]
+rightpad(sp::Subplot)  = sp.minpad[3]
+bottompad(sp::Subplot) = sp.minpad[4]
+
+get_subplot(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot) = sp
+get_subplot(plt::Plot, i::Integer) = plt.subplots[i]
+get_subplot(plt::Plot, k) = plt.spmap[k]
+get_subplot(series::Series) = series.d[:subplot]
+
+get_subplot_index(plt::Plot, idx::Integer) = Int(idx)
+get_subplot_index(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot) = findfirst(_ -> _ === sp, plt.subplots)
+
+series_list(sp::Subplot) = filter(series -> series.d[:subplot] === sp, sp.plt.series_list)
+
+function should_add_to_legend(series::Series)
+    series.d[:primary] && series.d[:label] != "" &&
+        !(series.d[:seriestype] in (
+            :hexbin,:histogram2d,:hline,:vline,
+            :contour,:contourf,:contour3d,:surface,:wireframe,
+            :heatmap, :pie, :image
+        ))
+end
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+
+const _invisible = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
+
+const _themes = KW(
+    :default => KW(
+        :bg         => :white,
+        :bglegend   => :match,
+        :bginside   => :match,
+        :bgoutside  => :match,
+        :fg         => :auto,
+        :fglegend   => :match,
+        :fggrid     => :match,
+        :fgaxis     => :match,
+        :fgtext     => :match,
+        :fgborder   => :match,
+        :fgguide    => :match,
+    )
+)
+
+function add_theme(sym::Symbol, theme::KW)
+    _themes[sym] = theme
+end
+
+# add a new theme, using an existing theme as the base
+function add_theme(sym::Symbol;
+                   base      = :default,  # start with this theme
+                   bg        = _themes[base][:bg],
+                   bglegend  = _themes[base][:bglegend],
+                   bginside  = _themes[base][:bginside],
+                   bgoutside = _themes[base][:bgoutside],
+                   fg        = _themes[base][:fg],
+                   fglegend  = _themes[base][:fglegend],
+                   fggrid    = _themes[base][:fggrid],
+                   fgaxis    = _themes[base][:fgaxis],
+                   fgtext    = _themes[base][:fgtext],
+                   fgborder  = _themes[base][:fgborder],
+                   fgguide   = _themes[base][:fgguide],
+                   kw...)
+    _themes[sym] = merge(KW(
+        :bg => bg,
+        :bglegend  => bglegend,
+        :bginside  => bginside,
+        :bgoutside => bgoutside,
+        :fg        => fg,
+        :fglegend  => fglegend,
+        :fggrid    => fggrid,
+        :fgaxis    => fgaxis,
+        :fgtext    => fgtext,
+        :fgborder  => fgborder,
+        :fgguide   => fgguide,
+    ), KW(kw))
+end
+
+add_theme(:ggplot2,
+    bglegend = _invisible,
+    bginside = :lightgray,
+    fg       = :white,
+    fglegend = _invisible,
+    fgtext   = :gray,
+    fgguide  = :black
+)
+
+function set_theme(sym::Symbol)
+    default(; _themes[sym]...)
+end
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More