Merge pull request #2543 from daschw/typesurface

allow type recipes for numbers in surfaces
fix ambiguity
2020-04-06 18:06:56 +02:00 · 2020-04-06 17:40:31 +02:00 · 2020-04-06 17:25:18 +02:00 · 2020-04-06 17:10:27 +02:00 · 2020-04-06 17:09:00 +02:00 · 2020-04-06 16:32:44 +02:00
48 changed files with 6995 additions and 2445 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+name: CompatHelper
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '00 * * * *'
+
+jobs:
+  CompatHelper:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        julia-version: [1.2.0]
+        julia-arch: [x86]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+    steps:
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@latest
+        with:
+          version: ${{ matrix.julia-version }}
+      - name: Pkg.add("CompatHelper")
+        run: julia -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.add("CompatHelper")'
+      - name: CompatHelper.main()
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: julia -e 'using CompatHelper; CompatHelper.main()'
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+name: TagBot
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: 0 * * * *
+jobs:
+  TagBot:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: JuliaRegistries/TagBot@v1
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
@@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ deps/plotly-latest.min.js
 deps/build.log
 deps/deps.jl
 Manifest.toml
+dev/
+test/tmpplotsave.hdf5
@@ -4,12 +4,28 @@ os:
  - linux
  # - osx
 julia:
-  - 1.1
+  - 1.0
+  - 1
  - nightly
-  
+
 matrix:
  allow_failures:
-    - julia: nightly
+  - julia: nightly
+
+addons:
+  apt:
+    packages:
+      - at-spi2-core
+      - libgtk-3-dev
+      - xauth
+      - xvfb
+
+env:
+  - GKS_ENCODING="utf8"
+
+cache:
+  directories:
+  - $HOME/.julia/artifacts

 sudo: required
 before_install:
@@ -18,3 +34,11 @@ before_install:

 notifications:
  email: true
+
+after_success:
+  - julia -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.add("Coverage"); using Coverage; Codecov.submit(process_folder())'
+
+script:
+  - if [[ -a .git/shallow ]]; then git fetch --unshallow; fi
+  - if [[ `uname` = "Linux" ]]; then TESTCMD="xvfb-run julia"; else TESTCMD="julia"; fi
+  - $TESTCMD -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.build(); Pkg.test(coverage=true)'
@@ -3,14 +3,61 @@

 #### notes on release changes, ongoing development, and future planned work

- Minor version 0.17 is the last one to support Julia 0.6!!
- Minor version 0.11 is the last one to support Julia 0.5!!
-	- Critical bugfixes only
-    - `backports` branch is for Julia 0.5
-
---
 ## (current master)

+## 0.28.3
+- support generalized array interface
+- save to pdf, svg and eps in plotlyjs
+- fix for clims in line_z
+- optimize heatmap logic in gr
+
+## 0.26.3
+- fix `vline` with dates
+- fix PyPlot logscale bug
+- avoid annotation clipping for PyPlot
+- allow plotting of Any vectors and 3D plotting again in convertToAnyVector
+- specify legend title font in GR and PyPlot
+- delete `pushtomaster.sh`
+- use `=== nothing`
+
+## 0.26.2
+- improve empty animation build error
+- fix GR axis flip for heatmaps and images
+- fix ribbons specified as tuples
+- add Char recipe
+- fix Plotly plots with single-element series
+- rewrite PlotlyJS backend
+
+## 0.26.1
+- handle `Char`s as input data
+- fix html saving for Plotly
+- expand ~ in paths on UNIX systems
+- convertToAnyVector clean-up
+- fix color_palette grouping issue
+
+## 0.26.0
+- use FFMPEG.jl
+- add missing method for convertToAnyVector
+
+## 0.25.3
+- add areaplot
+- allow missing in z_color arguments
+- more general tuple recipe
+- stephist logscale improvements
+
+## 0.25.2
+- improvements to handle missings
+- pyplot: allow setting the color gradient for z values
+- document :colorbar_entry
+- limit number of automatic bins
+- fix ENV['PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND']
+- don't let aspect_ratio impact subplot size
+- implement arrowstyle for GR
+- fix bug in plotly_convert_to_datetime
+- improve missing support
+- gr: polar heatmaps
+- make sure show returns nothing
+
 ## 0.25.1
 - fix gr_display

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 name = "Plots"
 uuid = "91a5bcdd-55d7-5caf-9e0b-520d859cae80"
 author = ["Tom Breloff (@tbreloff)"]
-version = "0.25.1"
+version = "1.0.3"

 [deps]
 Base64 = "2a0f44e3-6c83-55bd-87e4-b1978d98bd5f"
 Contour = "d38c429a-6771-53c6-b99e-75d170b6e991"
 Dates = "ade2ca70-3891-5945-98fb-dc099432e06a"
+FFMPEG = "c87230d0-a227-11e9-1b43-d7ebe4e7570a"
 FixedPointNumbers = "53c48c17-4a7d-5ca2-90c5-79b7896eea93"
 GR = "28b8d3ca-fb5f-59d9-8090-bfdbd6d07a71"
 GeometryTypes = "4d00f742-c7ba-57c2-abde-4428a4b178cb"
@@ -30,27 +31,41 @@ StatsBase = "2913bbd2-ae8a-5f71-8c99-4fb6c76f3a91"
 UUIDs = "cf7118a7-6976-5b1a-9a39-7adc72f591a4"

 [compat]
-FixedPointNumbers = "≥ 0.3.0"
-GR = "≥ 0.31.0"
-PlotThemes = "≥ 0.1.3"
-PlotUtils = "≥ 0.4.1"
-RecipesBase = "≥ 0.6.0"
-StatsBase = "≥ 0.14.0"
-julia = "≥ 1.0.0"
+Contour = "0.5"
+FFMPEG = "0.2, 0.3"
+FixedPointNumbers = "0.6, 0.7, 0.8"
+GR = "0.46, 0.47, 0.48"
+GeometryTypes = "0.7, 0.8"
+JSON = "0.21"
+Measures = "0.3"
+NaNMath = "0.3"
+PGFPlotsX = "1.2.0"
+PlotThemes = "1"
+PlotUtils = "0.6.5"
+RecipesBase = "1"
+Reexport = "0.2"
+Requires = "0.5, 1.0"
+Showoff = "0.3.1"
+StatsBase = "0.32"
+julia = "1"

 [extras]
 FileIO = "5789e2e9-d7fb-5bc7-8068-2c6fae9b9549"
+GeometryTypes = "4d00f742-c7ba-57c2-abde-4428a4b178cb"
+Gtk = "4c0ca9eb-093a-5379-98c5-f87ac0bbbf44"
+HDF5 = "f67ccb44-e63f-5c2f-98bd-6dc0ccc4ba2f"
 ImageMagick = "6218d12a-5da1-5696-b52f-db25d2ecc6d1"
 Images = "916415d5-f1e6-5110-898d-aaa5f9f070e0"
-LaTeXStrings = "b964fa9f-0449-5b57-a5c2-d3ea65f4040f"
-Pkg = "44cfe95a-1eb2-52ea-b672-e2afdf69b78f"
+LibGit2 = "76f85450-5226-5b5a-8eaa-529ad045b433"
+OffsetArrays = "6fe1bfb0-de20-5000-8ca7-80f57d26f881"
+PGFPlotsX = "8314cec4-20b6-5062-9cdb-752b83310925"
 RDatasets = "ce6b1742-4840-55fa-b093-852dadbb1d8b"
 Random = "9a3f8284-a2c9-5f02-9a11-845980a1fd5c"
+StaticArrays = "90137ffa-7385-5640-81b9-e52037218182"
 StatsPlots = "f3b207a7-027a-5e70-b257-86293d7955fd"
 Test = "8dfed614-e22c-5e08-85e1-65c5234f0b40"
 UnicodePlots = "b8865327-cd53-5732-bb35-84acbb429228"
 VisualRegressionTests = "34922c18-7c2a-561c-bac1-01e79b2c4c92"
-BinaryProvider = "b99e7846-7c00-51b0-8f62-c81ae34c0232"

 [targets]
-test = ["BinaryProvider", "Pkg", "Test", "Random", "StatsPlots", "VisualRegressionTests", "LaTeXStrings", "Images", "ImageMagick", "RDatasets", "FileIO", "UnicodePlots"]
+test = ["FileIO", "GeometryTypes", "Gtk", "ImageMagick", "Images", "LibGit2", "OffsetArrays", "PGFPlotsX", "HDF5", "Random", "RDatasets", "StaticArrays", "StatsPlots", "Test", "UnicodePlots", "VisualRegressionTests"]
@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
 # Plots

-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl)
-[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/juliaplots/plots.jl?branch=master&svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/mkborregaard/plots-jl)
-[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl](https://badges.gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl.svg)](https://gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
-<a href="http://docs.juliaplots.org/latest/" target="_blank"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-latest-blue.svg" alt="Latest documentation"></a>
-<!-- [![Plots](http://pkg.julialang.org/badges/Plots_0.3.svg)](http://pkg.julialang.org/?pkg=Plots&ver=0.3) -->
-<!-- [![Plots](http://pkg.julialang.org/badges/Plots_0.4.svg)](http://pkg.julialang.org/?pkg=Plots&ver=0.4) -->
-<!-- [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/tbreloff/Plots.jl/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/tbreloff/Plots.jl?branch=master) -->
-<!-- [![codecov.io](http://codecov.io/github/tbreloff/Plots.jl/coverage.svg?branch=master)](http://codecov.io/github/tbreloff/Plots.jl?branch=master) -->
+[travis-img]: https://img.shields.io/travis/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl?logo=travis
+[travis-url]: https://travis-ci.org/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl
+
+[appveyor-img]: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/juliaplots/plots.jl?branch=master&svg=true
+[appveyor-url]: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/mkborregaard/plots-jl
+
+[pkgeval-img]: https://juliaci.github.io/NanosoldierReports/pkgeval_badges/P/Plots.svg
+[pkgeval-url]: https://juliaci.github.io/NanosoldierReports/pkgeval_badges/report.html
+
+[gitter-img]: https://badges.gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl.svg
+[gitter-url]: https://gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge
+
+[docs-img]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-stable-blue.svg
+[docs-url]: http://docs.juliaplots.org/latest/
+
+[![][travis-img]][travis-url]
+[![][appveyor-img]][appveyor-url]
+[![][pkgeval-img]][pkgeval-url]
+[![][gitter-img]][gitter-url]
+[![][docs-img]][docs-url]
+[![Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl)

 #### Created by Tom Breloff (@tbreloff)

-#### Maintained by the [JuliaPlot members](https://github.com/orgs/JuliaPlots/people)
+#### Maintained by the [JuliaPlots members](https://github.com/orgs/JuliaPlots/people)

 Plots is a plotting API and toolset.  My goals with the package are:

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 environment:
  matrix:
-  # - julia_version: 0.7
+  - julia_version: 1.0
  - julia_version: 1
  - julia_version: nightly

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ branches:
    - master
    - /release-.*/

+cache:
+  - '%USERPROFILE%\.julia\artifacts'
+
 notifications:
  - provider: Email
    on_build_success: false
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ install:
  - ps: iex ((new-object net.webclient).DownloadString("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/JuliaCI/Appveyor.jl/version-1/bin/install.ps1"))

 build_script:
-  - echo "%JL_BUILD_SCRIPT%"
+  - echo "%JL_TEST_SCRIPT%"
  - C:\julia\bin\julia -e "%JL_BUILD_SCRIPT%"

 test_script:
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+ignore:
+  - "src/backends/inspectdr.jl"
+  - "src/backends/orca.jl"
+  - "src/backends/pgfplots.jl"
+  - "src/backends/plotly.jl"
+  - "src/backends/plotlyjs.jl"
+  - "src/backends/pyplot.jl"
+  - "src/backends/web.jl"
+  - "src/fileio.jl"
+  - "src/ijulia.jl"
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# To figure out what should be precompiled, run this script, then move
+# precompile_Plots.jl in precompiles_path (see below) to src/precompile.jl
+
+# This script works by using SnoopCompile to log compilations that take place
+# while running the examples on the GR backend. So SnoopCompile must be
+# installed, and StatsPlots, RDatasets, and FileIO are also required for
+# certain examples.
+
+# If precompilation fails with an UndefVarError for a module, probably what is
+# happening is that the module appears in the precompile statements, but is
+# only visible to one of Plots' dependencies, and not Plots itself. Adding the
+# module to the blacklist below will remove these precompile statements.
+
+# Anonymous functions may appear in precompile statements as functions with
+# hashes in their name. Those of the form "#something##kw" have to do with
+# compiling functions with keyword arguments, and are named reproducibly, so
+# can be kept. Others generally will not work. Currently, SnoopCompile includes
+# some anonymous functions that not reproducible, but SnoopCompile PR #30
+# (which looks about to be merged) will ensure that anonymous functions are
+# actually defined before attempting to precompile them. Alternatively, we can
+# keep only the keyword argument related anonymous functions by changing the
+# regex that SnoopCompile uses to detect anonymous functions to
+# r"#{1,2}[^\"#]+#{1,2}\d+" (see anonrex in SnoopCompile.jl). To exclude all
+# precompile statements involving anonymous functions, "#" can also be added to
+# the blacklist below.
+
+using SnoopCompile
+
+project_flag = string("--project=", joinpath(homedir(), ".julia", "dev", "Plots"))
+log_path = joinpath(tempdir(), "compiles.log")
+precompiles_path = joinpath(tempdir(), "precompile")
+
+# run examples with GR backend, logging what needs to be compiled
+SnoopCompile.@snoopc project_flag log_path begin
+    using Plots
+    Plots.test_examples(:gr)
+    Plots.test_examples(:plotly, skip = Plots._backend_skips[:plotly])
+end
+
+# precompile calls containing the following strings are dropped
+blacklist = [
+    # functions defined in examples
+    "PlotExampleModule",
+    # the following are not visible to Plots, only its dependencies
+    "CategoricalArrays",
+    "FixedPointNumbers",
+    "SparseArrays",
+    r"#{1,2}[^\"#]+#{1,2}\d+",
+]
+
+data = SnoopCompile.read(log_path)
+pc = SnoopCompile.parcel(reverse!(data[2]), blacklist=blacklist)
+SnoopCompile.write(precompiles_path, pc)
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-git checkout master
-git merge --ff-only dev
-git push origin master
-git checkout dev
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module Plots

-_current_plots_version = v"0.25.0"
+const _current_plots_version = VersionNumber(split(first(filter(line -> occursin("version", line), readlines(normpath(@__DIR__, "..", "Project.toml")))), "\"")[2])

 using Reexport

@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ import GeometryTypes
 using Dates, Printf, Statistics, Base64, LinearAlgebra, Random
 import SparseArrays: findnz

+using FFMPEG
+
@reexport using RecipesBase
-import RecipesBase: plot, plot!, animate
+import RecipesBase: plot, plot!, animate, is_explicit
 using Base.Meta
@reexport using PlotUtils
@reexport using PlotThemes
@@ -220,4 +222,7 @@ end

 const CURRENT_BACKEND = CurrentBackend(:none)

+include("precompile.jl")
+_precompile_()
+
 end # module
@@ -60,31 +60,43 @@ end

 file_extension(fn) = Base.Filesystem.splitext(fn)[2][2:end]

-gif(anim::Animation, fn = giffn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim.dir, fn; kw...)
-mov(anim::Animation, fn = movfn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim.dir, fn, false; kw...)
-mp4(anim::Animation, fn = mp4fn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim.dir, fn, false; kw...)
+gif(anim::Animation, fn = giffn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim, fn; kw...)
+mov(anim::Animation, fn = movfn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim, fn, false; kw...)
+mp4(anim::Animation, fn = mp4fn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim, fn, false; kw...)

+ffmpeg_framerate(fps) = "$fps"
+ffmpeg_framerate(fps::Rational) = "$(fps.num)/$(fps.den)"

-function buildanimation(animdir::AbstractString, fn::AbstractString,
+function buildanimation(anim::Animation, fn::AbstractString,
                        is_animated_gif::Bool=true;
-                        fps::Integer = 20, loop::Integer = 0,
+                        fps::Real = 20, loop::Integer = 0,
                        variable_palette::Bool=false,
+                        verbose=false,
                        show_msg::Bool=true)
-    fn = abspath(fn)
+    if length(anim.frames) == 0
+        throw(ArgumentError("Cannot build empty animations"))
+    end
+
+    fn = abspath(expanduser(fn))
+    animdir = anim.dir
+    framerate = ffmpeg_framerate(fps)
+    verbose_level = (verbose isa Int ? verbose :
+                        verbose ? 32  # "info"
+                                : 16) # "error"

    if is_animated_gif
        if variable_palette
            # generate a colorpalette for each frame for highest quality, but larger filesize
            palette="palettegen=stats_mode=single[pal],[0:v][pal]paletteuse=new=1"
-            run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -framerate $fps -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -lavfi "$palette" -y $fn`)
+            ffmpeg_exe(`-v $verbose_level -framerate $framerate -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -lavfi "$palette" -y $fn`)
        else
            # generate a colorpalette first so ffmpeg does not have to guess it
-            run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -vf "palettegen=stats_mode=diff" -y "$(animdir)/palette.bmp"`)
+            ffmpeg_exe(`-v $verbose_level -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -vf "palettegen=stats_mode=diff" -y "$(animdir)/palette.bmp"`)
            # then apply the palette to get better results
-            run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -framerate $fps -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -i "$(animdir)/palette.bmp" -lavfi "paletteuse=dither=sierra2_4a" -y $fn`)
+            ffmpeg_exe(`-v $verbose_level -framerate $framerate -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -i "$(animdir)/palette.bmp" -lavfi "paletteuse=dither=sierra2_4a" -y $fn`)
        end
    else
-        run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -framerate $fps -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -pix_fmt yuv420p -y $fn`)
+        ffmpeg_exe(`-v $verbose_level -framerate $framerate -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -pix_fmt yuv420p -y $fn`)
    end

    show_msg && @info("Saved animation to ", fn)
@@ -96,13 +108,19 @@ end
 # write out html to view the gif
 function Base.show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", agif::AnimatedGif)
    ext = file_extension(agif.filename)
-    write(io, if ext == "gif"
-        "<img src=\"$(relpath(agif.filename))\" />"
+    if ext == "gif"
+        html = "<img src=\"data:image/gif;base64," * base64encode(read(agif.filename)) * "\" />"
    elseif ext in ("mov", "mp4")
-        "<video controls><source src=\"$(relpath(agif.filename)) type=\"video/$ext\"></video>"
+        mimetype = ext == "mov" ? "video/quicktime" : "video/mp4"
+        html = "<video controls><source src=\"data:$mimetype;base64," *
+               base64encode(read(agif.filename)) *
+               "\" type = \"$mimetype\"></video>"
    else
        error("Cannot show animation with extension $ext: $agif")
-    end)
+    end
+
+    write(io, html)
+    return nothing
 end


@@ -149,16 +167,16 @@ function _animate(forloop::Expr, args...; callgif = false)
    error("Unsupported animate filter: $args")
  end

-  push!(block.args, :(if $filterexpr; frame($animsym); end))
+  push!(block.args, :(if $filterexpr; Plots.frame($animsym); end))
  push!(block.args, :(global $countersym += 1))

  # add a final call to `gif(anim)`?
-  retval = callgif ? :(gif($animsym)) : animsym
+  retval = callgif ? :(Plots.gif($animsym)) : animsym

  # full expression:
  esc(quote
    $freqassert             # if filtering, check frequency is an Integer > 0
-    $animsym = Animation()  # init animation object
+    $animsym = Plots.Animation()  # init animation object
    global $countersym = 1         # init iteration counter
    $forloop                # for loop, saving a frame after each iteration
    $retval                 # return the animation object, or the gif
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ const _arg_desc = KW(
 :arrow             	=> "nothing (no arrows), Bool (if true, default arrows), Arrow object, or arg(s) that could be style or head length/widths.  Defines arrowheads that should be displayed at the end of path line segments (just before a NaN and the last non-NaN point).  Used in quiverplot, streamplot, or similar.",
 :normalize         	=> "Bool or Symbol. Histogram normalization mode. Possible values are: false/:none (no normalization, default), true/:pdf (normalize to a discrete Probability Density Function, where the total area of the bins is 1), :probability (bin heights sum to 1) and :density (the area of each bin, rather than the height, is equal to the counts - useful for uneven bin sizes).",
 :weights           	=> "AbstractVector. Used in histogram types for weighted counts.",
+:show_empty_bins    => "Bool. Whether empty bins in a 2D histogram are colored as 0 (true), or transparent (the default).",
 :contours          	=> "Bool. Add contours to the side-grids of 3D plots?  Used in surface/wireframe.",
 :contour_labels         => "Bool. Show labels at the contour lines?",
 :match_dimensions  	=> "Bool. For heatmap types... should the first dimension of a matrix (rows) correspond to the first dimension of the plot (x-axis)?  The default is false, which matches the behavior of Matplotlib, Plotly, and others.  Note: when passing a function for z, the function should still map `(x,y) -> z`.",
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ const _arg_desc = KW(
 :series_annotations     => "AbstractVector of String or PlotText.  These are annotations which are mapped to data points/positions.",
 :primary                => "Bool.  Does this count as a 'real series'?  For example, you could have a path (primary), and a scatter (secondary) as 2 separate series, maybe with different data (see sticks recipe for an example).  The secondary series will get the same color, etc as the primary.",
 :hover 	        	=> "nothing or vector of strings. Text to display when hovering over each data point.",
+:colorbar_entry   => "Bool.  Include this series in the color bar?  Set to `false` to exclude.",

 # plot args
 :plot_title               => "String. Title for the whole plot (not the subplots) (Note: Not currently implemented)",
@@ -87,16 +89,23 @@ const _arg_desc = KW(
 :foreground_color_legend  => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`).  Foreground color of the legend.",
 :foreground_color_title   => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of subplot title.",
 :color_palette            => "Vector of colors (cycle through) or color gradient (generate list from gradient) or `:auto` (generate a color list using `Colors.distiguishable_colors` and custom seed colors chosen to contrast with the background).  The color palette is a color list from which series colors are automatically chosen.",
-:legend                   => "Bool (show the legend?) or Symbol (legend position).  Symbol values: `:none`, `:best`, `:right`, `:left`, `:top`, `:bottom`, `:inside`, `:legend`, `:topright`, `:topleft`, `:bottomleft`, `:bottomright` (note: only some may be supported in each backend)",
+:legend                   => "Bool (show the legend?) or Symbol (legend position).  Symbol values: `:none`, `:best`, `:right`, `:left`, `:top`, `:bottom`, `:inside`, `:legend`, `:topright`, `:topleft`, `:bottomleft`, `:bottomright` , `:inline` (note: only some may be supported in each backend)",
 :legendfontfamily         => "String or Symbol. Font family of legend entries.",
 :legendfontsize           => "Integer. Font pointsize of legend entries.",
 :legendfonthalign         => "Symbol. Font horizontal alignment of legend entries: :hcenter, :left, :right or :center",
 :legendfontvalign         => "Symbol. Font vertical alignment of legend entries: :vcenter, :top, :bottom or :center",
 :legendfontrotation       => "Real. Font rotation of legend entries",
 :legendfontcolor          => "Color Type. Font color of legend entries",
+:legendtitlefontfamily    => "String or Symbol. Font family of the legend title.",
+:legendtitlefontsize           => "Integer. Font pointsize the legend title.",
+:legendtitlefonthalign         => "Symbol. Font horizontal alignment of the legend title: :hcenter, :left, :right or :center",
+:legendtitlefontvalign         => "Symbol. Font vertical alignment of the legend title: :vcenter, :top, :bottom or :center",
+:legendtitlefontrotation       => "Real. Font rotation of the legend title",
+:legendtitlefontcolor          => "Color Type. Font color of the legend title",
 :colorbar                 => "Bool (show the colorbar?) or Symbol (colorbar position).  Symbol values: `:none`, `:best`, `:right`, `:left`, `:top`, `:bottom`, `:legend` (matches legend value) (note: only some may be supported in each backend)",
 :clims 					  => "`:auto` or NTuple{2,Number}.  Fixes the limits of the colorbar.",
 :legendfont               => "Font. Font of legend items.",
+:legendtitlefont          => "Font. Font of the legend title.",
 :annotations              => "(x,y,text) tuple(s).  Can be a single tuple or a list of them.  Text can be String or PlotText (created with `text(args...)`)  Add one-off text annotations at the x,y coordinates.",
 :projection               => "Symbol or String.  '3d' or 'polar'",
 :aspect_ratio             => "Symbol (:equal) or Number. Plot area is resized so that 1 y-unit is the same size as `aspect_ratio` x-units.",
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ like_surface(seriestype::Symbol)   = seriestype in _surface_like

 is3d(seriestype::Symbol) = seriestype in _3dTypes
 is3d(series::Series) = is3d(series.plotattributes)
-is3d(plotattributes::KW) = trueOrAllTrue(is3d, Symbol(plotattributes[:seriestype]))
+is3d(plotattributes::AKW) = trueOrAllTrue(is3d, Symbol(plotattributes[:seriestype]))

 is3d(sp::Subplot) = string(sp.attr[:projection]) == "3d"
 ispolar(sp::Subplot) = string(sp.attr[:projection]) == "polar"
@@ -272,6 +272,7 @@ const _series_defaults = KW(
    :arrow             => nothing,   # allows for adding arrows to line/path... call `arrow(args...)`
    :normalize         => false,     # do we want a normalized histogram?
    :weights           => nothing,   # optional weights for histograms (1D and 2D)
+    :show_empty_bins   => false,     # should empty bins in 2D histogram be colored as zero (otherwise they are transparent)
    :contours          => false,     # add contours to 3d surface and wireframe plots
    :contour_labels    => false,
    :match_dimensions  => false,     # do rows match x (true) or y (false) for heatmap/image/spy? see issue 196
@@ -336,9 +337,15 @@ const _subplot_defaults = KW(
    :legendfontvalign         => :vcenter,
    :legendfontrotation       => 0.0,
    :legendfontcolor          => :match,
+    :legendtitlefontfamily    => :match,
+    :legendtitlefontsize      => 11,
+    :legendtitlefonthalign    => :hcenter,
+    :legendtitlefontvalign    => :vcenter,
+    :legendtitlefontrotation  => 0.0,
+    :legendtitlefontcolor     => :match,
    :annotations              => [],                # annotation tuples... list of (x,y,annotation)
    :projection               => :none,             # can also be :polar or :3d
-    :aspect_ratio             => :none,             # choose from :none or :equal
+    :aspect_ratio             => :auto,             # choose from :none or :equal
    :margin                   => 1mm,
    :left_margin              => :match,
    :top_margin               => :match,
@@ -411,37 +418,26 @@ const _suppress_warnings = Set{Symbol}([

 # add defaults for the letter versions
 const _axis_defaults_byletter = KW()
-for letter in (:x,:y,:z)
-    for k in keys(_axis_defaults)
-    # for k in (
-    #             :guide,
-    #             :lims,
-    #             :ticks,
-    #             :scale,
-    #             :rotation,
-    #             :flip,
-    #             :link,
-    #             :tickfont,
-    #             :guidefont,
-    #             :foreground_color_axis,
-    #             :foreground_color_border,
-    #             :foreground_color_text,
-    #             :foreground_color_guide,
-    #             :discrete_values,
-    #             :formatter,
-    #         )
-        _axis_defaults_byletter[Symbol(letter,k)] = :match

-        # allow the underscore version too: xguide or x_guide
-        add_aliases(Symbol(letter, k), Symbol(letter, "_", k))
+function reset_axis_defaults_byletter!()
+    for letter in (:x,:y,:z)
+        _axis_defaults_byletter[letter] = KW()
+        for (k,v) in _axis_defaults
+            _axis_defaults_byletter[letter][k] = v
+        end
    end
 end
+reset_axis_defaults_byletter!()
+
+for letter in (:x,:y,:z), k in keys(_axis_defaults)
+    # allow the underscore version too: xguide or x_guide
+    add_aliases(Symbol(letter, k), Symbol(letter, "_", k))
+end

 const _all_defaults = KW[
    _series_defaults,
    _plot_defaults,
-    _subplot_defaults,
-    _axis_defaults_byletter
+    _subplot_defaults
 ]

 const _initial_defaults = deepcopy(_all_defaults)
@@ -450,12 +446,37 @@ const _initial_axis_defaults = deepcopy(_axis_defaults)
 # to be able to reset font sizes to initial values
 const _initial_fontsizes = Dict(:titlefontsize  => _subplot_defaults[:titlefontsize],
                                :legendfontsize => _subplot_defaults[:legendfontsize],
+                                :legendtitlefontsize => _subplot_defaults[:legendtitlefontsize],
                                :tickfontsize   => _axis_defaults[:tickfontsize],
                                :guidefontsize  => _axis_defaults[:guidefontsize])

-const _all_args = sort(collect(union(map(keys, _all_defaults)...)))
+const _internal_args =
+    [:plot_object, :series_plotindex, :markershape_to_add, :letter, :idxfilter]
+
+const _axis_args = sort(union(collect(keys(_axis_defaults))))
+const _series_args = sort(union(collect(keys(_series_defaults))))
+const _subplot_args = sort(union(collect(keys(_subplot_defaults))))
+const _plot_args = sort(union(collect(keys(_plot_defaults))))
+
+const _magic_axis_args = [:axis, :tickfont, :guidefont, :grid, :minorgrid]
+const _magic_subplot_args = [:titlefont, :legendfont, :legendtitlefont, ]
+const _magic_series_args = [:line, :marker, :fill]
+
+const _all_axis_args = sort(union([_axis_args; _magic_axis_args]))
+const _all_subplot_args = sort(union([_subplot_args; _magic_subplot_args]))
+const _all_series_args = sort(union([_series_args; _magic_series_args]))
+const _all_plot_args = _plot_args
+
+const _all_args =
+    sort([_all_axis_args; _all_subplot_args; _all_series_args; _all_plot_args])
+
+is_subplot_attr(k) = k in _all_subplot_args
+is_series_attr(k) = k in _all_series_args
+is_axis_attr(k) = Symbol(chop(string(k); head=1, tail=0)) in _all_axis_args
+is_axis_attr_noletter(k) = k in _all_axis_args

 RecipesBase.is_key_supported(k::Symbol) = is_attr_supported(k)
+is_default_attribute(k) = k in _internal_args || k in _all_args || is_axis_attr_noletter(k)

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -467,7 +488,7 @@ autopick(notarr, idx::Integer) = notarr
 autopick_ignore_none_auto(arr::AVec, idx::Integer) = autopick(setdiff(arr, [:none, :auto]), idx)
 autopick_ignore_none_auto(notarr, idx::Integer) = notarr

-function aliasesAndAutopick(plotattributes::KW, sym::Symbol, aliases::Dict{Symbol,Symbol}, options::AVec, plotIndex::Int)
+function aliasesAndAutopick(plotattributes::AKW, sym::Symbol, aliases::Dict{Symbol,Symbol}, options::AVec, plotIndex::Int)
    if plotattributes[sym] == :auto
        plotattributes[sym] = autopick_ignore_none_auto(options, plotIndex)
    elseif haskey(aliases, plotattributes[sym])
@@ -574,6 +595,7 @@ add_aliases(:xerror, :xerr, :xerrorbar)
 add_aliases(:yerror, :yerr, :yerrorbar, :err, :errorbar)
 add_aliases(:quiver, :velocity, :quiver2d, :gradient, :vectorfield)
 add_aliases(:normalize, :norm, :normed, :normalized)
+add_aliases(:show_empty_bins, :showemptybins, :showempty, :show_empty)
 add_aliases(:aspect_ratio, :aspectratio, :axis_ratio, :axisratio, :ratio)
 add_aliases(:match_dimensions, :transpose, :transpose_z)
 add_aliases(:subplot, :sp, :subplt, :splt)
@@ -602,6 +624,16 @@ end

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

+function parse_axis_kw(s::Symbol)
+    s = string(s)
+    for letter in ('x', 'y', 'z')
+        if startswith(s, letter)
+            return (Symbol(letter), Symbol(chop(s, head=1, tail=0)))
+        end
+    end
+    return nothing
+end
+
 # update the defaults globally

 """
@@ -620,6 +652,11 @@ function default(k::Symbol)
    if haskey(_axis_defaults, k)
        return _axis_defaults[k]
    end
+    if (axis_k = parse_axis_kw(k)) !== nothing
+        letter, key = axis_k
+        return _axis_defaults_byletter[letter][key]
+    end
+    k == :letter && return k # for type recipe processing
    k in _suppress_warnings || error("Unknown key: ", k)
 end

@@ -635,6 +672,11 @@ function default(k::Symbol, v)
        _axis_defaults[k] = v
        return v
    end
+    if (axis_k = parse_axis_kw(k)) !== nothing
+        letter, key = axis_k
+        _axis_defaults_byletter[letter][key] = v
+        return v
+    end
    k in _suppress_warnings || error("Unknown key: ", k)
 end

@@ -646,19 +688,20 @@ function default(; kw...)
    end
 end

-function default(plotattributes::KW, k::Symbol)
+function default(plotattributes::AKW, k::Symbol)
    get(plotattributes, k, default(k))
 end

 function reset_defaults()
    foreach(merge!, _all_defaults, _initial_defaults)
    merge!(_axis_defaults, _initial_axis_defaults)
+    reset_axis_defaults_byletter!()
 end

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 # if arg is a valid color value, then set plotattributes[csym] and return true
-function handleColors!(plotattributes::KW, arg, csym::Symbol)
+function handleColors!(plotattributes::AKW, arg, csym::Symbol)
    try
        if arg == :auto
            plotattributes[csym] = :auto
@@ -675,7 +718,7 @@ end



-function processLineArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
+function processLineArg(plotattributes::AKW, arg)
    # seriestype
    if allLineTypes(arg)
        plotattributes[:seriestype] = arg
@@ -685,15 +728,15 @@ function processLineArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
        plotattributes[:linestyle] = arg

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Stroke
-        arg.width == nothing || (plotattributes[:linewidth] = arg.width)
-        arg.color == nothing || (plotattributes[:linecolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
-        arg.alpha == nothing || (plotattributes[:linealpha] = arg.alpha)
-        arg.style == nothing || (plotattributes[:linestyle] = arg.style)
+        arg.width === nothing || (plotattributes[:linewidth] = arg.width)
+        arg.color === nothing || (plotattributes[:linecolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
+        arg.alpha === nothing || (plotattributes[:linealpha] = arg.alpha)
+        arg.style === nothing || (plotattributes[:linestyle] = arg.style)

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Brush
-        arg.size  == nothing || (plotattributes[:fillrange] = arg.size)
-        arg.color == nothing || (plotattributes[:fillcolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
-        arg.alpha == nothing || (plotattributes[:fillalpha] = arg.alpha)
+        arg.size  === nothing || (plotattributes[:fillrange] = arg.size)
+        arg.color === nothing || (plotattributes[:fillcolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
+        arg.alpha === nothing || (plotattributes[:fillalpha] = arg.alpha)

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Arrow || arg in (:arrow, :arrows)
        plotattributes[:arrow] = arg
@@ -714,7 +757,7 @@ function processLineArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
 end


-function processMarkerArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
+function processMarkerArg(plotattributes::AKW, arg)
    # markershape
    if allShapes(arg)
        plotattributes[:markershape] = arg
@@ -724,15 +767,15 @@ function processMarkerArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
        plotattributes[:markerstrokestyle] = arg

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Stroke
-        arg.width == nothing || (plotattributes[:markerstrokewidth] = arg.width)
-        arg.color == nothing || (plotattributes[:markerstrokecolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
-        arg.alpha == nothing || (plotattributes[:markerstrokealpha] = arg.alpha)
-        arg.style == nothing || (plotattributes[:markerstrokestyle] = arg.style)
+        arg.width === nothing || (plotattributes[:markerstrokewidth] = arg.width)
+        arg.color === nothing || (plotattributes[:markerstrokecolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
+        arg.alpha === nothing || (plotattributes[:markerstrokealpha] = arg.alpha)
+        arg.style === nothing || (plotattributes[:markerstrokestyle] = arg.style)

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Brush
-        arg.size  == nothing || (plotattributes[:markersize]  = arg.size)
-        arg.color == nothing || (plotattributes[:markercolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
-        arg.alpha == nothing || (plotattributes[:markeralpha] = arg.alpha)
+        arg.size  === nothing || (plotattributes[:markersize]  = arg.size)
+        arg.color === nothing || (plotattributes[:markercolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
+        arg.alpha === nothing || (plotattributes[:markeralpha] = arg.alpha)

    # linealpha
    elseif allAlphas(arg)
@@ -754,12 +797,12 @@ function processMarkerArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
 end


-function processFillArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
+function processFillArg(plotattributes::AKW, arg)
    # fr = get(plotattributes, :fillrange, 0)
    if typeof(arg) <: Brush
-        arg.size  == nothing || (plotattributes[:fillrange] = arg.size)
-        arg.color == nothing || (plotattributes[:fillcolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
-        arg.alpha == nothing || (plotattributes[:fillalpha] = arg.alpha)
+        arg.size  === nothing || (plotattributes[:fillrange] = arg.size)
+        arg.color === nothing || (plotattributes[:fillcolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
+        arg.alpha === nothing || (plotattributes[:fillalpha] = arg.alpha)

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Bool
        plotattributes[:fillrange] = arg ? 0 : nothing
@@ -777,7 +820,6 @@ function processFillArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
        plotattributes[:fillrange] = arg

    elseif !handleColors!(plotattributes, arg, :fillcolor)
-
        plotattributes[:fillrange] = arg
    end
    # plotattributes[:fillrange] = fr
@@ -785,7 +827,7 @@ function processFillArg(plotattributes::KW, arg)
 end


-function processGridArg!(plotattributes::KW, arg, letter)
+function processGridArg!(plotattributes::AKW, arg, letter)
    if arg in _allGridArgs || isa(arg, Bool)
        plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :grid)] = hasgrid(arg, letter)

@@ -793,10 +835,10 @@ function processGridArg!(plotattributes::KW, arg, letter)
        plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :gridstyle)] = arg

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Stroke
-        arg.width == nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :gridlinewidth)] = arg.width)
-        arg.color == nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :foreground_color_grid)] = arg.color in (:auto, :match) ? :match : plot_color(arg.color))
-        arg.alpha == nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :gridalpha)] = arg.alpha)
-        arg.style == nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :gridstyle)] = arg.style)
+        arg.width === nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :gridlinewidth)] = arg.width)
+        arg.color === nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :foreground_color_grid)] = arg.color in (:auto, :match) ? :match : plot_color(arg.color))
+        arg.alpha === nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :gridalpha)] = arg.alpha)
+        arg.style === nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :gridstyle)] = arg.style)

    # linealpha
    elseif allAlphas(arg)
@@ -813,7 +855,7 @@ function processGridArg!(plotattributes::KW, arg, letter)
    end
 end

-function processMinorGridArg!(plotattributes::KW, arg, letter)
+function processMinorGridArg!(plotattributes::AKW, arg, letter)
    if arg in _allGridArgs || isa(arg, Bool)
        plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgrid)] = hasgrid(arg, letter)

@@ -822,10 +864,10 @@ function processMinorGridArg!(plotattributes::KW, arg, letter)
        plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgrid)] = true

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Stroke
-        arg.width == nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgridlinewidth)] = arg.width)
-        arg.color == nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :foreground_color_minor_grid)] = arg.color in (:auto, :match) ? :match : plot_color(arg.color))
-        arg.alpha == nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgridalpha)] = arg.alpha)
-        arg.style == nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgridstyle)] = arg.style)
+        arg.width === nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgridlinewidth)] = arg.width)
+        arg.color === nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :foreground_color_minor_grid)] = arg.color in (:auto, :match) ? :match : plot_color(arg.color))
+        arg.alpha === nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgridalpha)] = arg.alpha)
+        arg.style === nothing || (plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgridstyle)] = arg.style)
        plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :minorgrid)] = true

    # linealpha
@@ -846,7 +888,7 @@ function processMinorGridArg!(plotattributes::KW, arg, letter)
    end
 end

-function processFontArg!(plotattributes::KW, fontname::Symbol, arg)
+function processFontArg!(plotattributes::AKW, fontname::Symbol, arg)
    T = typeof(arg)
    if T <: Font
        plotattributes[Symbol(fontname, :family)] = arg.family
@@ -883,7 +925,7 @@ _replace_markershape(shape::Symbol) = get(_markerAliases, shape, shape)
 _replace_markershape(shapes::AVec) = map(_replace_markershape, shapes)
 _replace_markershape(shape) = shape

-function _add_markershape(plotattributes::KW)
+function _add_markershape(plotattributes::AKW)
    # add the markershape if it needs to be added... hack to allow "m=10" to add a shape,
    # and still allow overriding in _apply_recipe
    ms = pop!(plotattributes, :markershape_to_add, :none)
@@ -893,27 +935,11 @@ function _add_markershape(plotattributes::KW)
 end

 "Handle all preprocessing of args... break out colors/sizes/etc and replace aliases."
-function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
+function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::AKW)
    replaceAliases!(plotattributes, _keyAliases)

-    # clear all axis stuff
-    # if haskey(plotattributes, :axis) && plotattributes[:axis] in (:none, nothing, false)
-    #     plotattributes[:ticks] = nothing
-    #     plotattributes[:foreground_color_border] = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
-    #     plotattributes[:foreground_color_axis] = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
-    #     plotattributes[:grid] = false
-    #     delete!(plotattributes, :axis)
-    # end
-    # for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
-    #     asym = Symbol(letter, :axis)
-    #     if haskey(plotattributes, asym) || plotattributes[asym] in (:none, nothing, false)
-    #         plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :ticks)] = nothing
-    #         plotattributes[Symbol(letter, :foreground_color_border)] = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
-    #     end
-    # end
-
    # handle axis args common to all axis
-    args = pop!(plotattributes, :axis, ())
+    args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, :axis, ())
    for arg in wraptuple(args)
        for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
            process_axis_arg!(plotattributes, arg, letter)
@@ -922,7 +948,7 @@ function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
    # handle axis args
    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
        asym = Symbol(letter, :axis)
-        args = pop!(plotattributes, asym, ())
+        args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, asym, ())
        if !(typeof(args) <: Axis)
            for arg in wraptuple(args)
                process_axis_arg!(plotattributes, arg, letter)
@@ -930,8 +956,17 @@ function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
        end
    end

+    # vline accesses the y argument but actually maps it to the x axis.
+    # Hence, we have to swap formatters
+    if get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :path) == :vline
+        xformatter = get(plotattributes, :xformatter, :auto)
+        yformatter = get(plotattributes, :yformatter, :auto)
+        plotattributes[:xformatter] = yformatter
+        plotattributes[:yformatter] = xformatter
+    end
+
    # handle grid args common to all axes
-    args = pop!(plotattributes, :grid, ())
+    args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, :grid, ())
    for arg in wraptuple(args)
        for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
            processGridArg!(plotattributes, arg, letter)
@@ -940,13 +975,13 @@ function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
    # handle individual axes grid args
    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
        gridsym = Symbol(letter, :grid)
-        args = pop!(plotattributes, gridsym, ())
+        args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, gridsym, ())
        for arg in wraptuple(args)
            processGridArg!(plotattributes, arg, letter)
        end
    end
    # handle minor grid args common to all axes
-    args = pop!(plotattributes, :minorgrid, ())
+    args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, :minorgrid, ())
    for arg in wraptuple(args)
        for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
            processMinorGridArg!(plotattributes, arg, letter)
@@ -955,21 +990,14 @@ function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
    # handle individual axes grid args
    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
        gridsym = Symbol(letter, :minorgrid)
-        args = pop!(plotattributes, gridsym, ())
+        args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, gridsym, ())
        for arg in wraptuple(args)
            processMinorGridArg!(plotattributes, arg, letter)
        end
    end
-    # fonts
-    for fontname in (:titlefont, :legendfont)
-        args = pop!(plotattributes, fontname, ())
-        for arg in wraptuple(args)
-            processFontArg!(plotattributes, fontname, arg)
-        end
-    end
    # handle font args common to all axes
    for fontname in (:tickfont, :guidefont)
-        args = pop!(plotattributes, fontname, ())
+        args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, fontname, ())
        for arg in wraptuple(args)
            for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
                processFontArg!(plotattributes, Symbol(letter, fontname), arg)
@@ -979,15 +1007,35 @@ function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
    # handle individual axes font args
    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
        for fontname in (:tickfont, :guidefont)
-            args = pop!(plotattributes, Symbol(letter, fontname), ())
+            args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, Symbol(letter, fontname), ())
            for arg in wraptuple(args)
                processFontArg!(plotattributes, Symbol(letter, fontname), arg)
            end
        end
    end
+    # handle axes args
+    for k in _axis_args
+        if haskey(plotattributes, k) && k !== :link
+            v = plotattributes[k]
+            for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
+                lk = Symbol(letter, k)
+                if !is_explicit(plotattributes, lk)
+                    plotattributes[lk] = v
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+    # fonts
+    for fontname in (:titlefont, :legendfont, :legendtitlefont)
+        args = pop_kw!(plotattributes, fontname, ())
+        for arg in wraptuple(args)
+            processFontArg!(plotattributes, fontname, arg)
+        end
+    end

    # handle line args
-    for arg in wraptuple(pop!(plotattributes, :line, ()))
+    for arg in wraptuple(pop_kw!(plotattributes, :line, ()))
        processLineArg(plotattributes, arg)
    end

@@ -1001,7 +1049,7 @@ function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
        processMarkerArg(plotattributes, arg)
        anymarker = true
    end
-    delete!(plotattributes, :marker)
+    reset_kw!(plotattributes, :marker)
    if haskey(plotattributes, :markershape)
        plotattributes[:markershape] = _replace_markershape(plotattributes[:markershape])
        if plotattributes[:markershape] == :none && plotattributes[:seriestype] in (:scatter, :scatterbins, :scatterhist, :scatter3d) #the default should be :auto, not :none, so that :none can be set explicitly and would be respected
@@ -1015,7 +1063,7 @@ function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
    for arg in wraptuple(get(plotattributes, :fill, ()))
        processFillArg(plotattributes, arg)
    end
-    delete!(plotattributes, :fill)
+    reset_kw!(plotattributes, :fill)

    # handle series annotations
    if haskey(plotattributes, :series_annotations)
@@ -1030,7 +1078,7 @@ function preprocessArgs!(plotattributes::KW)
            arrow()
        elseif a in (false, nothing, :none)
            nothing
-        elseif !(typeof(a) <: Arrow)
+        elseif !(typeof(a) <: Arrow || typeof(a) <: AbstractArray{Arrow})
            arrow(wraptuple(a)...)
        else
            a
@@ -1080,7 +1128,7 @@ function extractGroupArgs(v::AVec, args...; legendEntry = string)
    if n > 100
        @warn("You created n=$n groups... Is that intended?")
    end
-    groupIds = Vector{Int}[filter(i -> v[i] == glab, 1:length(v)) for glab in groupLabels]
+    groupIds = Vector{Int}[filter(i -> v[i] == glab, eachindex(v)) for glab in groupLabels]
    GroupBy(map(legendEntry, groupLabels), groupIds)
 end

@@ -1088,7 +1136,7 @@ legendEntryFromTuple(ns::Tuple) = join(ns, ' ')

 # this is when given a tuple of vectors of values to group by
 function extractGroupArgs(vs::Tuple, args...)
-    isempty(vs) && return GroupBy([""], [1:size(args[1],1)])
+    isempty(vs) && return GroupBy([""], [axes(args[1],1)])
    v = map(tuple, vs...)
    extractGroupArgs(v, args...; legendEntry = legendEntryFromTuple)
 end
@@ -1098,7 +1146,7 @@ legendEntryFromTuple(ns::NamedTuple) =
    join(["$k = $v" for (k, v) in pairs(ns)], ", ")

 function extractGroupArgs(vs::NamedTuple, args...)
-    isempty(vs) && return GroupBy([""], [1:size(args[1],1)])
+    isempty(vs) && return GroupBy([""], [axes(args[1],1)])
    v = map(NamedTuple{keys(vs)}∘tuple, values(vs)...)
    extractGroupArgs(v, args...; legendEntry = legendEntryFromTuple)
 end
@@ -1113,15 +1161,15 @@ end
 filter_data(v::AVec, idxfilter::AVec{Int}) = v[idxfilter]
 filter_data(v, idxfilter) = v

-function filter_data!(plotattributes::KW, idxfilter)
+function filter_data!(plotattributes::AKW, idxfilter)
    for s in (:x, :y, :z)
        plotattributes[s] = filter_data(get(plotattributes, s, nothing), idxfilter)
    end
 end

-function _filter_input_data!(plotattributes::KW)
+function _filter_input_data!(plotattributes::AKW)
    idxfilter = pop!(plotattributes, :idxfilter, nothing)
-    if idxfilter != nothing
+    if idxfilter !== nothing
        filter_data!(plotattributes, idxfilter)
    end
 end
@@ -1132,7 +1180,7 @@ end
 const _already_warned = Dict{Symbol,Set{Symbol}}()
 const _to_warn = Set{Symbol}()

-function warnOnUnsupported_args(pkg::AbstractBackend, plotattributes::KW)
+function warnOnUnsupported_args(pkg::AbstractBackend, plotattributes)
    empty!(_to_warn)
    bend = backend_name(pkg)
    already_warned = get!(_already_warned, bend, Set{Symbol}())
@@ -1156,7 +1204,7 @@ end
 # _markershape_supported(pkg::AbstractBackend, shape::Shape) = Shape in supported_markers(pkg)
 # _markershape_supported(pkg::AbstractBackend, shapes::AVec) = all([_markershape_supported(pkg, shape) for shape in shapes])

-function warnOnUnsupported(pkg::AbstractBackend, plotattributes::KW)
+function warnOnUnsupported(pkg::AbstractBackend, plotattributes)
    if !is_seriestype_supported(pkg, plotattributes[:seriestype])
        @warn("seriestype $(plotattributes[:seriestype]) is unsupported with $pkg.  Choose from: $(supported_seriestypes(pkg))")
    end
@@ -1168,7 +1216,7 @@ function warnOnUnsupported(pkg::AbstractBackend, plotattributes::KW)
    end
 end

-function warnOnUnsupported_scales(pkg::AbstractBackend, plotattributes::KW)
+function warnOnUnsupported_scales(pkg::AbstractBackend, plotattributes::AKW)
    for k in (:xscale, :yscale, :zscale, :scale)
        if haskey(plotattributes, k)
            v = plotattributes[k]
@@ -1187,7 +1235,7 @@ function convertLegendValue(val::Symbol)
        :best
    elseif val in (:no, :none)
        :none
-    elseif val in (:right, :left, :top, :bottom, :inside, :best, :legend, :topright, :topleft, :bottomleft, :bottomright, :outertopright, :outertopleft, :outertop, :outerright, :outerleft, :outerbottomright, :outerbottomleft, :outerbottom)
+    elseif val in (:right, :left, :top, :bottom, :inside, :best, :legend, :topright, :topleft, :bottomleft, :bottomright, :outertopright, :outertopleft, :outertop, :outerright, :outerleft, :outerbottomright, :outerbottomleft, :outerbottom, :inline)
        val
    else
        error("Invalid symbol for legend: $val")
@@ -1207,24 +1255,26 @@ convertLegendValue(v::AbstractArray) = map(convertLegendValue, v)
 # anything else is returned as-is
 function slice_arg(v::AMat, idx::Int)
    c = mod1(idx, size(v,2))
-    size(v,1) == 1 ? v[1,c] : v[:,c]
+    m,n = axes(v)
+    size(v,1) == 1 ? v[first(m),n[c]] : v[:,n[c]]
 end
 slice_arg(wrapper::InputWrapper, idx) = wrapper.obj
 slice_arg(v, idx) = v


-# given an argument key (k), we want to extract the argument value for this index.
-# matrices are sliced by column, otherwise we
-# if nothing is set (or container is empty), return the default or the existing value.
-function slice_arg!(plotattributes_in::KW,plotattributes_out::KW, k::Symbol, default_value, idx::Int, remove_pair::Bool)
-    v = get(plotattributes_in, k, get(plotattributes_out, k, default_value))
-   plotattributes_out[k] = if haskey(plotattributes_in, k) && typeof(v) <: AMat && !isempty(v)
+# given an argument key (k), extract the argument value for this index,
+# and set into plotattributes[k]. Matrices are sliced by column.
+# if nothing is set (or container is empty), return the existing value.
+function slice_arg!(plotattributes_in, plotattributes_out,
+                    k::Symbol, idx::Int, remove_pair::Bool)
+    v = get(plotattributes_in, k, plotattributes_out[k])
+    plotattributes_out[k] = if haskey(plotattributes_in, k) && typeof(v) <: AMat && !isempty(v)
        slice_arg(v, idx)
    else
        v
    end
    if remove_pair
-        delete!(plotattributes_in, k)
+        reset_kw!(plotattributes_in, k)
    end
    return
 end
@@ -1233,26 +1283,20 @@ end

 # # if the value is `:match` then we take whatever match_color is.
 # # this is mainly used for cascading defaults for foreground and background colors
-# function color_or_match!(plotattributes::KW, k::Symbol, match_color)
+# function color_or_match!(plotattributes::AKW, k::Symbol, match_color)
 #     v = plotattributes[k]
 #     plotattributes[k] = if v == :match
 #         match_color
-#     elseif v == nothing
+#     elseif v === nothing
 #         plot_color(RGBA(0,0,0,0))
 #     else
 #         v
 #     end
 # end

-function color_or_nothing!(plotattributes::KW, k::Symbol)
+function color_or_nothing!(plotattributes, k::Symbol)
    v = plotattributes[k]
-    plotattributes[k] = if v == nothing || v == false
-        RGBA{Float64}(0,0,0,0)
-    elseif v != :match
-        plot_color(v)
-    else
-        v
-    end
+    plotattributes[k] = v == :match ? v : plot_color(v)
    return
 end

@@ -1271,8 +1315,10 @@ const _match_map = KW(
    :bottom_margin => :margin,
    :titlefontfamily          => :fontfamily_subplot,
    :legendfontfamily         => :fontfamily_subplot,
+    :legendtitlefontfamily    => :fontfamily_subplot,
    :titlefontcolor           => :foreground_color_subplot,
    :legendfontcolor          => :foreground_color_subplot,
+    :legendtitlefontcolor     => :foreground_color_subplot,
    :tickfontcolor            => :foreground_color_text,
    :guidefontcolor           => :foreground_color_guide,
 )
@@ -1349,18 +1395,18 @@ Base.get(series::Series, k::Symbol, v) = get(series.plotattributes, k, v)

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

-function fg_color(plotattributes::KW)
-    fg = default(plotattributes, :foreground_color)
+function fg_color(plotattributes::AKW)
+    fg = get(plotattributes, :foreground_color, :auto)
    if fg == :auto
-        bg = plot_color(default(plotattributes, :background_color))
+        bg = plot_color(get(plotattributes, :background_color, :white))
        fg = isdark(bg) ? colorant"white" : colorant"black"
    else
        plot_color(fg)
    end
 end

-function fg_color_sp(plotattributes::KW)
-    fgsp = default(plotattributes, :foreground_color_subplot)
+function fg_color_sp(plotattributes::AKW)
+    fgsp = get(plotattributes, :foreground_color_subplot, :match)
    if fg == :match
        fg_color(plotattributes)
    else
@@ -1371,13 +1417,13 @@ end


 # update attr from an input dictionary
-function _update_plot_args(plt::Plot, plotattributes_in::KW)
+function _update_plot_args(plt::Plot, plotattributes_in::AKW)
    for (k,v) in _plot_defaults
-        slice_arg!(plotattributes_in, plt.attr, k, v, 1, true)
+        slice_arg!(plotattributes_in, plt.attr, k, 1, true)
    end

    # handle colors
-   plotattributes= plt.attr
+    plotattributes= plt.attr
    plt[:background_color] = plot_color(plotattributes[:background_color])
    plt[:foreground_color] = fg_color(plotattributes)
    # bg = plot_color(plt.attr[:background_color])
@@ -1424,7 +1470,7 @@ function _update_subplot_colors(sp::Subplot)
    return
 end

-function _update_axis(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, plotattributes_in::KW, letter::Symbol, subplot_index::Int)
+function _update_axis(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, plotattributes_in::AKW, letter::Symbol, subplot_index::Int)
    # get (maybe initialize) the axis
    axis = get_axis(sp, letter)

@@ -1440,13 +1486,10 @@ function _update_axis(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, plotattributes_in::KW, letter::Sym
    return
 end

-function _update_axis(axis::Axis, plotattributes_in::KW, letter::Symbol, subplot_index::Int)
-    # grab magic args (for example `xaxis = (:flip, :log)`)
-    args = wraptuple(get(plotattributes_in, Symbol(letter, :axis), ()))
-
+function _update_axis(axis::Axis, plotattributes_in::AKW, letter::Symbol, subplot_index::Int)
    # build the KW of arguments from the letter version (i.e. xticks --> ticks)
    kw = KW()
-    for (k,v) in _axis_defaults
+    for k in _all_axis_args
        # first get the args without the letter: `tickfont = font(10)`
        # note: we don't pop because we want this to apply to all axes! (delete after all have finished)
        if haskey(plotattributes_in, k)
@@ -1461,7 +1504,7 @@ function _update_axis(axis::Axis, plotattributes_in::KW, letter::Symbol, subplot
    end

    # update the axis
-    attr!(axis, args...; kw...)
+    attr!(axis; kw...)
    return
 end

@@ -1491,12 +1534,12 @@ function _update_axis_links(plt::Plot, axis::Axis, letter::Symbol)
 end

 # update a subplots args and axes
-function _update_subplot_args(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, plotattributes_in::KW, subplot_index::Int, remove_pair::Bool)
-    anns = pop!(sp.attr, :annotations, [])
+function _update_subplot_args(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, plotattributes_in, subplot_index::Int, remove_pair::Bool)
+    anns = pop_kw!(sp.attr, :annotations)

-    # grab those args which apply to this subplot
-    for (k,v) in _subplot_defaults
-        slice_arg!(plotattributes_in, sp.attr, k, v, subplot_index, remove_pair)
+    # # grab those args which apply to this subplot
+    for k in keys(_subplot_defaults)
+        slice_arg!(plotattributes_in, sp.attr, k, subplot_index, remove_pair)
    end

    _update_subplot_periphery(sp, anns)
@@ -1530,30 +1573,27 @@ function get_series_color(c::AbstractArray, sp::Subplot, n::Int, seriestype)
    map(x->get_series_color(x, sp, n, seriestype), c)
 end

-function ensure_gradient!(plotattributes::KW, csym::Symbol, asym::Symbol)
+function ensure_gradient!(plotattributes::AKW, csym::Symbol, asym::Symbol)
    if !isa(plotattributes[csym], ColorGradient)
        plotattributes[csym] = typeof(plotattributes[asym]) <: AbstractVector ? cgrad() : cgrad(alpha = plotattributes[asym])
    end
 end

-function _replace_linewidth(plotattributes::KW)
+function _replace_linewidth(plotattributes::AKW)
    # get a good default linewidth... 0 for surface and heatmaps
-    if get(plotattributes, :linewidth, :auto) == :auto
+    if plotattributes[:linewidth] == :auto
        plotattributes[:linewidth] = (get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :path) in (:surface,:heatmap,:image) ? 0 : 1)
    end
 end

-function _add_defaults!(plotattributes::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, commandIndex::Int)
-    # add default values to our dictionary, being careful not to delete what we just added!
-    for (k,v) in _series_defaults
-        slice_arg!(plotattributes, plotattributes, k, v, commandIndex, false)
+function _slice_series_args!(plotattributes::AKW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, commandIndex::Int)
+    for k in keys(_series_defaults)
+        haskey(plotattributes, k) && slice_arg!(plotattributes, plotattributes, k, commandIndex, false)
    end
-
    return plotattributes
 end

-
-function _update_series_attributes!(plotattributes::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)
+function _update_series_attributes!(plotattributes::AKW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)
    pkg = plt.backend
    globalIndex = plotattributes[:series_plotindex]
    plotIndex = _series_index(plotattributes, sp)
@@ -1563,11 +1603,11 @@ function _update_series_attributes!(plotattributes::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)

    # update alphas
    for asym in (:linealpha, :markeralpha, :fillalpha)
-        if plotattributes[asym] == nothing
+        if plotattributes[asym] === nothing
            plotattributes[asym] = plotattributes[:seriesalpha]
        end
    end
-    if plotattributes[:markerstrokealpha] == nothing
+    if plotattributes[:markerstrokealpha] === nothing
        plotattributes[:markerstrokealpha] = plotattributes[:markeralpha]
    end

@@ -1602,13 +1642,13 @@ function _update_series_attributes!(plotattributes::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)
    end

    # if marker_z, fill_z or line_z are set, ensure we have a gradient
-    if plotattributes[:marker_z] != nothing
+    if plotattributes[:marker_z] !== nothing
        ensure_gradient!(plotattributes, :markercolor, :markeralpha)
    end
-    if plotattributes[:line_z] != nothing
+    if plotattributes[:line_z] !== nothing
        ensure_gradient!(plotattributes, :linecolor, :linealpha)
    end
-    if plotattributes[:fill_z] != nothing
+    if plotattributes[:fill_z] !== nothing
        ensure_gradient!(plotattributes, :fillcolor, :fillalpha)
    end

@@ -1623,6 +1663,7 @@ function _update_series_attributes!(plotattributes::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)
    # set label
    label = plotattributes[:label]
    label = (label == "AUTO" ? "y$globalIndex" : label)
+    label = label in (:none, nothing, false) ? "" : label
    plotattributes[:label] = label

    _replace_linewidth(plotattributes)
@@ -7,29 +7,20 @@
 # -------------------------------------------------------------------------

 function Axis(sp::Subplot, letter::Symbol, args...; kw...)
-    # init with values from _plot_defaults
-    plotattributes = KW(
+    explicit = KW(
        :letter => letter,
-        # :extrema => (Inf, -Inf),
        :extrema => Extrema(),
        :discrete_map => Dict(),   # map discrete values to discrete indices
        :continuous_values => zeros(0),
+        :discrete_values => [],
        :use_minor => false,
        :show => true,  # show or hide the axis? (useful for linked subplots)
    )

-    # get defaults from letter version, unless match
-    for (k,v) in _axis_defaults
-        lk = Symbol(letter, k)
-        lv = _axis_defaults_byletter[lk]
-        plotattributes[k] = (lv == :match ? v : lv)
-    end
-
-    # merge!(plotattributes, _axis_defaults)
-    plotattributes[:discrete_values] = []
+    attr = Attr(explicit, _axis_defaults_byletter[letter])

    # update the defaults
-    attr!(Axis([sp], plotattributes), args...; kw...)
+    attr!(Axis([sp], attr), args...; kw...)
 end

 function get_axis(sp::Subplot, letter::Symbol)
@@ -41,7 +32,7 @@ function get_axis(sp::Subplot, letter::Symbol)
    end::Axis
 end

-function process_axis_arg!(plotattributes::KW, arg, letter = "")
+function process_axis_arg!(plotattributes::AKW, arg, letter = "")
    T = typeof(arg)
    arg = get(_scaleAliases, arg, arg)

@@ -67,7 +58,7 @@ function process_axis_arg!(plotattributes::KW, arg, letter = "")
    elseif T <: AVec
        plotattributes[Symbol(letter,:ticks)] = arg

-    elseif arg == nothing
+    elseif arg === nothing
        plotattributes[Symbol(letter,:ticks)] = []

    elseif T <: Bool || arg in _allShowaxisArgs
@@ -93,6 +84,9 @@ function attr!(axis::Axis, args...; kw...)
        process_axis_arg!(plotattributes, arg)
    end

+    # then preprocess keyword arguments
+    preprocessArgs!(KW(kw))
+
    # then override for any keywords... only those keywords that already exists in plotattributes
    for (k,v) in kw
        if haskey(plotattributes, k)
@@ -152,8 +146,8 @@ scalefunc(scale::Symbol) = x -> get(_scale_funcs, scale, identity)(Float64(x))
 invscalefunc(scale::Symbol) = x -> get(_inv_scale_funcs, scale, identity)(Float64(x))
 labelfunc(scale::Symbol, backend::AbstractBackend) = get(_label_func, scale, string)

-function optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis::Axis, ticks = nothing)
-    amin,amax = axis_limits(axis)
+function optimal_ticks_and_labels(sp::Subplot, axis::Axis, ticks = nothing)
+    amin, amax = axis_limits(sp, axis[:letter])

    # scale the limits
    scale = axis[:scale]
@@ -166,7 +160,7 @@ function optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis::Axis, ticks = nothing)
    # or DateTime) is chosen based on the time span between amin and amax
    # rather than on the input format
    # TODO: maybe: non-trivial scale (:ln, :log2, :log10) for date/datetime
-    if ticks == nothing && scale == :identity
+    if ticks === nothing && scale == :identity
        if axis[:formatter] == dateformatter
            # optimize_datetime_ticks returns ticks and labels(!) based on
            # integers/floats corresponding to the DateTime type. Thus, the axes
@@ -184,7 +178,7 @@ function optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis::Axis, ticks = nothing)
    end

    # get a list of well-laid-out ticks
-    if ticks == nothing
+    if ticks === nothing
        scaled_ticks = optimize_ticks(
            sf(amin),
            sf(amax);
@@ -218,6 +212,8 @@ function optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis::Axis, ticks = nothing)
            map(labelfunc(scale, backend()), Showoff.showoff(scaled_ticks, :plain))
        elseif formatter == :scientific
            Showoff.showoff(unscaled_ticks, :scientific)
+	elseif formatter == :latex
+	    map(x -> string("\$", replace(convert_sci_unicode(x), '×' => "\\times"), "\$"), Showoff.showoff(unscaled_ticks, :auto))
        else
            # there was an override for the formatter... use that on the unscaled ticks
            map(formatter, unscaled_ticks)
@@ -238,7 +234,7 @@ function optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis::Axis, ticks = nothing)
 end

 # return (continuous_values, discrete_values) for the ticks on this axis
-function get_ticks(axis::Axis)
+function get_ticks(sp::Subplot, axis::Axis)
    ticks = _transform_ticks(axis[:ticks])
    ticks in (:none, nothing, false) && return nothing

@@ -261,7 +257,7 @@ function get_ticks(axis::Axis)
            (collect(0:pi/4:7pi/4), string.(0:45:315))
        else
            # compute optimal ticks and labels
-            optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis)
+            optimal_ticks_and_labels(sp, axis)
        end
    elseif typeof(ticks) <: Union{AVec, Int}
        if !isempty(dvals) && typeof(ticks) <: Int
@@ -269,7 +265,7 @@ function get_ticks(axis::Axis)
            axis[:continuous_values][rng], dvals[rng]
        else
            # override ticks, but get the labels
-            optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis, ticks)
+            optimal_ticks_and_labels(sp, axis, ticks)
        end
    elseif typeof(ticks) <: NTuple{2, Any}
        # assuming we're passed (ticks, labels)
@@ -286,16 +282,16 @@ _transform_ticks(ticks) = ticks
 _transform_ticks(ticks::AbstractArray{T}) where T <: Dates.TimeType = Dates.value.(ticks)
 _transform_ticks(ticks::NTuple{2, Any}) = (_transform_ticks(ticks[1]), ticks[2])

-function get_minor_ticks(axis,ticks)
+function get_minor_ticks(sp, axis, ticks)
    axis[:minorticks] in (:none, nothing, false) && !axis[:minorgrid] && return nothing
    ticks = ticks[1]
    length(ticks) < 2 && return nothing

-    amin, amax = axis_limits(axis)
+    amin, amax = axis_limits(sp, axis[:letter])
    #Add one phantom tick either side of the ticks to ensure minor ticks extend to the axis limits
    if length(ticks) > 2
        ratio = (ticks[3] - ticks[2])/(ticks[2] - ticks[1])
-    elseif axis[:scale] == :none
+    elseif axis[:scale] in (:none, :identity)
        ratio = 1
    else
        return nothing
@@ -309,7 +305,9 @@ function get_minor_ticks(axis,ticks)
    minorticks = typeof(ticks[1])[]
    for (i,hi) in enumerate(ticks[2:end])
        lo = ticks[i]
-        append!(minorticks,collect(lo + (hi-lo)/n :(hi-lo)/n: hi - (hi-lo)/2n))
+        if isfinite(lo) && hi > lo
+            append!(minorticks,collect(lo + (hi-lo)/n :(hi-lo)/n: hi - (hi-lo)/2n))
+        end
    end
    minorticks[amin .<= minorticks .<= amax]
 end
@@ -357,7 +355,7 @@ function expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, v::AVec{N}) where N<:Number
 end


-function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::KW)
+function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::AKW)
    vert = isvertical(plotattributes)

    # first expand for the data
@@ -382,7 +380,7 @@ function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::KW)
                data = plotattributes[letter] = Surface(Matrix{Float64}(data.surf))
            end
            expand_extrema!(axis, data)
-        elseif data != nothing
+        elseif data !== nothing
            # TODO: need more here... gotta track the discrete reference value
            #       as well as any coord offset (think of boxplot shape coords... they all
            #       correspond to the same x-value)
@@ -399,10 +397,10 @@ function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::KW)

    # expand for fillrange
    fr = plotattributes[:fillrange]
-    if fr == nothing && plotattributes[:seriestype] == :bar
+    if fr === nothing && plotattributes[:seriestype] == :bar
        fr = 0.0
    end
-    if fr != nothing && !all3D(plotattributes)
+    if fr !== nothing && !all3D(plotattributes)
        axis = sp.attr[vert ? :yaxis : :xaxis]
        if typeof(fr) <: Tuple
            for fri in fr
@@ -419,7 +417,7 @@ function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::KW)
        data = plotattributes[dsym]

        bw = plotattributes[:bar_width]
-        if bw == nothing
+        if bw === nothing
            bw = plotattributes[:bar_width] = _bar_width * ignorenan_minimum(filter(x->x>0,diff(sort(data))))
        end
        axis = sp.attr[Symbol(dsym, :axis)]
@@ -479,11 +477,13 @@ function round_limits(amin,amax)
 end

 # using the axis extrema and limit overrides, return the min/max value for this axis
-function axis_limits(axis::Axis, should_widen::Bool = default_should_widen(axis))
+function axis_limits(sp, letter, should_widen = default_should_widen(sp[Symbol(letter, :axis)]), consider_aspect = true)
+    axis = sp[Symbol(letter, :axis)]
    ex = axis[:extrema]
    amin, amax = ex.emin, ex.emax
    lims = axis[:lims]
-    if (isa(lims, Tuple) || isa(lims, AVec)) && length(lims) == 2
+    has_user_lims = (isa(lims, Tuple) || isa(lims, AVec)) && length(lims) == 2
+    if has_user_lims
        if isfinite(lims[1])
            amin = lims[1]
        end
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ function axis_limits(axis::Axis, should_widen::Bool = default_should_widen(axis)
    if !isfinite(amin) && !isfinite(amax)
        amin, amax = 0.0, 1.0
    end
-    if ispolar(axis.sps[1])
+    amin, amax = if ispolar(axis.sps[1])
        if axis[:letter] == :x
            amin, amax = 0, 2pi
        elseif lims == :auto
@@ -513,6 +513,32 @@ function axis_limits(axis::Axis, should_widen::Bool = default_should_widen(axis)
    else
        amin, amax
    end
+
+    if !has_user_lims && consider_aspect && letter in (:x, :y) && !(sp[:aspect_ratio] in (:none, :auto) || is3d(:sp))
+        aspect_ratio = isa(sp[:aspect_ratio], Number) ? sp[:aspect_ratio] : 1
+        plot_ratio = height(plotarea(sp)) / width(plotarea(sp))
+        dist = amax - amin
+
+        if letter == :x
+            yamin, yamax = axis_limits(sp, :y, default_should_widen(sp[:yaxis]), false)
+            ydist = yamax - yamin
+            axis_ratio = aspect_ratio * ydist / dist
+            factor = axis_ratio / plot_ratio
+        else
+            xamin, xamax = axis_limits(sp, :x, default_should_widen(sp[:xaxis]), false)
+            xdist = xamax - xamin
+            axis_ratio = aspect_ratio * dist / xdist
+            factor = plot_ratio / axis_ratio
+        end
+
+        if factor > 1
+            center = (amin + amax) / 2
+            amin = center + factor * (amin - center)
+            amax = center + factor * (amax - center)
+        end
+    end
+
+    return amin, amax
 end

 # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -545,10 +571,10 @@ end

 # add the discrete value for each item.  return the continuous values and the indices
 function discrete_value!(axis::Axis, v::AVec)
-    n = length(v)
-    cvec = zeros(n)
-    discrete_indices = zeros(Int, n)
-    for i=1:n
+    n = eachindex(v)
+    cvec = zeros(axes(v))
+    discrete_indices = similar(Array{Int}, axes(v))
+    for i in n
        cvec[i], discrete_indices[i] = discrete_value!(axis, v[i])
    end
    cvec, discrete_indices
@@ -556,10 +582,10 @@ end

 # add the discrete value for each item.  return the continuous values and the indices
 function discrete_value!(axis::Axis, v::AMat)
-    n,m = size(v)
-    cmat = zeros(n,m)
-    discrete_indices = zeros(Int, n, m)
-    for i=1:n, j=1:m
+    n,m = axes(v)
+    cmat = zeros(axes(v))
+    discrete_indices = similar(Array{Int}, axes(v))
+    for i in n, j in m
        cmat[i,j], discrete_indices[i,j] = discrete_value!(axis, v[i,j])
    end
    cmat, discrete_indices
@@ -586,12 +612,12 @@ end
 # compute the line segments which should be drawn for this axis
 function axis_drawing_info(sp::Subplot)
    xaxis, yaxis = sp[:xaxis], sp[:yaxis]
-    xmin, xmax = axis_limits(xaxis)
-    ymin, ymax = axis_limits(yaxis)
-    xticks = get_ticks(xaxis)
-    yticks = get_ticks(yaxis)
-    xminorticks = get_minor_ticks(xaxis,xticks)
-    yminorticks = get_minor_ticks(yaxis,yticks)
+    xmin, xmax = axis_limits(sp, :x)
+    ymin, ymax = axis_limits(sp, :y)
+    xticks = get_ticks(sp, xaxis)
+    yticks = get_ticks(sp, yaxis)
+    xminorticks = get_minor_ticks(sp, xaxis, xticks)
+    yminorticks = get_minor_ticks(sp, yaxis, yticks)
    xaxis_segs = Segments(2)
    yaxis_segs = Segments(2)
    xtick_segs = Segments(2)
@@ -605,13 +631,13 @@ function axis_drawing_info(sp::Subplot)

    if sp[:framestyle] != :none
        # xaxis
+        y1, y2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+            0.0, 0.0
+        else
+            xor(xaxis[:mirror], yaxis[:flip]) ? (ymax, ymin) : (ymin, ymax)
+        end
        if xaxis[:showaxis]
            if sp[:framestyle] != :grid
-                y1, y2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
-                    0.0, 0.0
-                else
-                    xor(xaxis[:mirror], yaxis[:flip]) ? (ymax, ymin) : (ymin, ymax)
-                end
                push!(xaxis_segs, (xmin, y1), (xmax, y1))
                # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
                if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && !(xticks in (:none, nothing, false)) && length(xticks) > 1
@@ -624,55 +650,48 @@ function axis_drawing_info(sp::Subplot)
        if !(xaxis[:ticks] in (:none, nothing, false))
            f = scalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
            invf = invscalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
-            ticks_in = xaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
-            t1 = invf(f(ymin) + 0.015 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)
-            t2 = invf(f(ymax) - 0.015 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)
-            t3 = invf(f(0) + 0.015 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)
+            tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                t = invf(f(0) + 0.012 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)))
+                (-t, t)
+            else
+                ticks_in = xaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
+                t = invf(f(y1) + 0.012 * (f(y2) - f(y1)) * ticks_in)
+                (y1, t)
+            end

            for xtick in xticks[1]
                if xaxis[:showaxis]
-                    tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
-                        (0, t3)
-                    else
-                        xor(xaxis[:mirror], yaxis[:flip]) ? (ymax, t2) : (ymin, t1)
-                    end
                    push!(xtick_segs, (xtick, tick_start), (xtick, tick_stop)) # bottom tick
                end
-                # sp[:draw_axes_border] && push!(xaxis_segs, (xtick, ymax), (xtick, t2)) # top tick
                xaxis[:grid] && push!(xgrid_segs, (xtick, ymin), (xtick, ymax)) # vertical grid
            end
-        end
-        if !(xaxis[:minorticks] in (:none, nothing, false)) || xaxis[:minorgrid]
-            f = scalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
-            invf = invscalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
-            ticks_in = xaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
-            t1 = invf(f(ymin) + 0.01 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)
-            t2 = invf(f(ymax) - 0.01 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)
-            t3 = invf(f(0) + 0.01 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)

-            for xminortick in xminorticks
-                if xaxis[:showaxis]
-                    tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
-                        (0, t3)
-                    else
-                        xor(xaxis[:mirror], yaxis[:flip]) ? (ymax, t2) : (ymin, t1)
-                    end
-                    push!(xtick_segs, (xminortick, tick_start), (xminortick, tick_stop)) # bottom tick
+            if !(xaxis[:minorticks] in (:none, nothing, false)) || xaxis[:minorgrid]
+                tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                    t = invf(f(0) + 0.006 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)))
+                    (-t, t)
+                else
+                    t = invf(f(y1) + 0.006 * (f(y2) - f(y1)) * ticks_in)
+                    (y1, t)
+                end
+                for xtick in xminorticks
+                    if xaxis[:showaxis]
+                        push!(xtick_segs, (xtick, tick_start), (xtick, tick_stop)) # bottom tick
+                    end
+                    xaxis[:minorgrid] && push!(xminorgrid_segs, (xtick, ymin), (xtick, ymax)) # vertical grid
                end
-                # sp[:draw_axes_border] && push!(xaxis_segs, (xtick, ymax), (xtick, t2)) # top tick
-                xaxis[:minorgrid] && push!(xminorgrid_segs, (xminortick, ymin), (xminortick, ymax)) # vertical grid
            end
        end


        # yaxis
+        x1, x2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+            0.0, 0.0
+        else
+            xor(yaxis[:mirror], xaxis[:flip]) ? (xmax, xmin) : (xmin, xmax)
+        end
        if yaxis[:showaxis]
            if sp[:framestyle] != :grid
-                x1, x2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
-                    0.0, 0.0
-                else
-                    xor(yaxis[:mirror], xaxis[:flip]) ? (xmax, xmin) : (xmin, xmax)
-                end
                push!(yaxis_segs, (x1, ymin), (x1, ymax))
                # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
                if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && !(yticks in (:none, nothing,false)) && length(yticks) > 1
@@ -685,46 +704,297 @@ function axis_drawing_info(sp::Subplot)
        if !(yaxis[:ticks] in (:none, nothing, false))
            f = scalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
            invf = invscalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
-            ticks_in = yaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
-            t1 = invf(f(xmin) + 0.015 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)
-            t2 = invf(f(xmax) - 0.015 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)
-            t3 = invf(f(0) + 0.015 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)
+            tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                t = invf(f(0) + 0.012 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)))
+                (-t, t)
+            else
+                ticks_in = yaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
+                t = invf(f(x1) + 0.012 * (f(x2) - f(x1)) * ticks_in)
+                (x1, t)
+            end

            for ytick in yticks[1]
                if yaxis[:showaxis]
-                    tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
-                        (0, t3)
-                    else
-                        xor(yaxis[:mirror], xaxis[:flip]) ? (xmax, t2) : (xmin, t1)
-                    end
                    push!(ytick_segs, (tick_start, ytick), (tick_stop, ytick)) # left tick
                end
-                # sp[:draw_axes_border] && push!(yaxis_segs, (xmax, ytick), (t2, ytick)) # right tick
                yaxis[:grid] && push!(ygrid_segs, (xmin, ytick), (xmax, ytick)) # horizontal grid
            end
-        end
-        if !(yaxis[:minorticks] in (:none, nothing, false)) || yaxis[:minorgrid]
-            f = scalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
-            invf = invscalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
-            ticks_in = yaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
-            t1 = invf(f(xmin) + 0.01 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)
-            t2 = invf(f(xmax) - 0.01 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)
-            t3 = invf(f(0) + 0.01 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)

-            for ytick in yminorticks
-                if yaxis[:showaxis]
-                    tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
-                        (0, t3)
-                    else
-                        xor(yaxis[:mirror], xaxis[:flip]) ? (xmax, t2) : (xmin, t1)
-                    end
-                    push!(ytick_segs, (tick_start, ytick), (tick_stop, ytick)) # left tick
+            if !(yaxis[:minorticks] in (:none, nothing, false)) || yaxis[:minorgrid]
+                tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                    t = invf(f(0) + 0.006 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)))
+                    (-t, t)
+                else
+                    t = invf(f(x1) + 0.006 * (f(x2) - f(x1)) * ticks_in)
+                    (x1, t)
+                end
+                for ytick in yminorticks
+                    if yaxis[:showaxis]
+                        push!(ytick_segs, (tick_start, ytick), (tick_stop, ytick)) # left tick
+                    end
+                    yaxis[:minorgrid] && push!(yminorgrid_segs, (xmin, ytick), (xmax, ytick)) # horizontal grid
                end
-                # sp[:draw_axes_border] && push!(yaxis_segs, (xmax, ytick), (t2, ytick)) # right tick
-                yaxis[:minorgrid] && push!(yminorgrid_segs, (xmin, ytick), (xmax, ytick)) # horizontal grid
            end
        end
    end

    xticks, yticks, xaxis_segs, yaxis_segs, xtick_segs, ytick_segs, xgrid_segs, ygrid_segs, xminorgrid_segs, yminorgrid_segs, xborder_segs, yborder_segs
 end
+
+
+function axis_drawing_info_3d(sp::Subplot)
+    xaxis, yaxis, zaxis = sp[:xaxis], sp[:yaxis], sp[:zaxis]
+    xmin, xmax = axis_limits(sp, :x)
+    ymin, ymax = axis_limits(sp, :y)
+    zmin, zmax = axis_limits(sp, :z)
+    xticks = get_ticks(sp, xaxis)
+    yticks = get_ticks(sp, yaxis)
+    zticks = get_ticks(sp, zaxis)
+    xminorticks = get_minor_ticks(sp, xaxis, xticks)
+    yminorticks = get_minor_ticks(sp, yaxis, yticks)
+    zminorticks = get_minor_ticks(sp, zaxis, zticks)
+    xaxis_segs = Segments(3)
+    yaxis_segs = Segments(3)
+    zaxis_segs = Segments(3)
+    xtick_segs = Segments(3)
+    ytick_segs = Segments(3)
+    ztick_segs = Segments(3)
+    xgrid_segs = Segments(3)
+    ygrid_segs = Segments(3)
+    zgrid_segs = Segments(3)
+    xminorgrid_segs = Segments(3)
+    yminorgrid_segs = Segments(3)
+    zminorgrid_segs = Segments(3)
+    xborder_segs = Segments(3)
+    yborder_segs = Segments(3)
+    zborder_segs = Segments(3)
+
+    if sp[:framestyle] != :none
+
+        # xaxis
+        y1, y2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+            0.0, 0.0
+        else
+            xor(xaxis[:mirror], yaxis[:flip]) ? (ymax, ymin) : (ymin, ymax)
+        end
+        z1, z2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+            0.0, 0.0
+        else
+            xor(xaxis[:mirror], zaxis[:flip]) ? (zmax, zmin) : (zmin, zmax)
+        end
+        if xaxis[:showaxis]
+            if sp[:framestyle] != :grid
+                push!(xaxis_segs, (xmin, y1, z1), (xmax, y1, z1))
+                # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
+                if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && !(xticks in (:none, nothing, false)) && length(xticks) > 1
+                    showticks = xticks[1] .!= 0
+                    xticks = (xticks[1][showticks], xticks[2][showticks])
+                end
+            end
+            sp[:framestyle] in (:semi, :box) && push!(xborder_segs, (xmin, y2, z2), (xmax, y2, z2)) # top spine
+        end
+        if !(xaxis[:ticks] in (:none, nothing, false))
+            f = scalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
+            invf = invscalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
+            tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                t = invf(f(0) + 0.012 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)))
+                (-t, t)
+            else
+                ticks_in = xaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
+                t = invf(f(y1) + 0.012 * (f(y2) - f(y1)) * ticks_in)
+                (y1, t)
+            end
+
+            for xtick in xticks[1]
+                if xaxis[:showaxis]
+                    push!(xtick_segs, (xtick, tick_start, z1), (xtick, tick_stop, z1)) # bottom tick
+                end
+                if xaxis[:grid]
+                    if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+                        push!(xgrid_segs, (xtick, ymin, 0.0), (xtick, ymax, 0.0))
+                        push!(xgrid_segs, (xtick, 0.0, zmin), (xtick, 0.0, zmax))
+                    else
+                        push!(xgrid_segs, (xtick, y1, z1), (xtick, y2, z1))
+                        push!(xgrid_segs, (xtick, y2, z1), (xtick, y2, z2))
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+
+            if !(xaxis[:minorticks] in (:none, nothing, false)) || xaxis[:minorgrid]
+                tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                    t = invf(f(0) + 0.006 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)))
+                    (-t, t)
+                else
+                    t = invf(f(y1) + 0.006 * (f(y2) - f(y1)) * ticks_in)
+                    (y1, t)
+                end
+                for xtick in xminorticks
+                    if xaxis[:showaxis]
+                        push!(xtick_segs, (xtick, tick_start, z1), (xtick, tick_stop, z1)) # bottom tick
+                    end
+                    if xaxis[:minorgrid]
+                        if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+                            push!(xminorgrid_segs, (xtick, ymin, 0.0), (xtick, ymax, 0.0))
+                            push!(xminorgrid_segs, (xtick, 0.0, zmin), (xtick, 0.0, zmax))
+                        else
+                            push!(xminorgrid_segs, (xtick, y1, z1), (xtick, y2, z1))
+                            push!(xminorgrid_segs, (xtick, y2, z1), (xtick, y2, z2))
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+
+        # yaxis
+        x1, x2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+            0.0, 0.0
+        else
+            xor(yaxis[:mirror], xaxis[:flip]) ? (xmin, xmax) : (xmax, xmin)
+        end
+        z1, z2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+            0.0, 0.0
+        else
+            xor(yaxis[:mirror], zaxis[:flip]) ? (zmax, zmin) : (zmin, zmax)
+        end
+        if yaxis[:showaxis]
+            if sp[:framestyle] != :grid
+                push!(yaxis_segs, (x1, ymin, z1), (x1, ymax, z1))
+                # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
+                if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && !(yticks in (:none, nothing,false)) && length(yticks) > 1
+                    showticks = yticks[1] .!= 0
+                    yticks = (yticks[1][showticks], yticks[2][showticks])
+                end
+            end
+            sp[:framestyle] in (:semi, :box) && push!(yborder_segs, (x2, ymin, z2), (x2, ymax, z2)) # right spine
+        end
+        if !(yaxis[:ticks] in (:none, nothing, false))
+            f = scalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
+            invf = invscalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
+            tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                t = invf(f(0) + 0.012 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)))
+                (-t, t)
+            else
+                ticks_in = yaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
+                t = invf(f(x1) + 0.012 * (f(x2) - f(x1)) * ticks_in)
+                (x1, t)
+            end
+
+            for ytick in yticks[1]
+                if yaxis[:showaxis]
+                    push!(ytick_segs, (tick_start, ytick, z1), (tick_stop, ytick, z1)) # left tick
+                end
+                if yaxis[:grid]
+                    if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+                        push!(ygrid_segs, (xmin, ytick, 0.0), (xmax, ytick, 0.0))
+                        push!(ygrid_segs, (0.0, ytick, zmin), (0.0, ytick, zmax))
+                    else
+                        push!(ygrid_segs, (x1, ytick, z1), (x2, ytick, z1))
+                        push!(ygrid_segs, (x2, ytick, z1), (x2, ytick, z2))
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+
+            if !(yaxis[:minorticks] in (:none, nothing, false)) || yaxis[:minorgrid]
+                tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                    t = invf(f(0) + 0.006 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)))
+                    (-t, t)
+                else
+                    t = invf(f(x1) + 0.006 * (f(x2) - f(x1)) * ticks_in)
+                    (x1, t)
+                end
+                for ytick in yminorticks
+                    if yaxis[:showaxis]
+                        push!(ytick_segs, (tick_start, ytick, z1), (tick_stop, ytick, z1)) # left tick
+                    end
+                    if yaxis[:minorgrid]
+                        if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+                            push!(yminorgrid_segs, (xmin, ytick, 0.0), (xmax, ytick, 0.0))
+                            push!(yminorgrid_segs, (0.0, ytick, zmin), (0.0, ytick, zmax))
+                        else
+                            push!(yminorgrid_segs, (x1, ytick, z1), (x2, ytick, z1))
+                            push!(yminorgrid_segs, (x2, ytick, z1), (x2, ytick, z2))
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+
+        # zaxis
+        x1, x2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+            0.0, 0.0
+        else
+            xor(zaxis[:mirror], xaxis[:flip]) ? (xmax, xmin) : (xmin, xmax)
+        end
+        y1, y2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+            0.0, 0.0
+        else
+            xor(zaxis[:mirror], yaxis[:flip]) ? (ymax, ymin) : (ymin, ymax)
+        end
+        if zaxis[:showaxis]
+            if sp[:framestyle] != :grid
+                push!(zaxis_segs, (x1, y1, zmin), (x1, y1, zmax))
+                # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
+                if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && !(zticks in (:none, nothing,false)) && length(zticks) > 1
+                    showticks = zticks[1] .!= 0
+                    zticks = (zticks[1][showticks], zticks[2][showticks])
+                end
+            end
+            sp[:framestyle] in (:semi, :box) && push!(zborder_segs, (x2, y2, zmin), (x2, y2, zmax))
+        end
+        if !(zaxis[:ticks] in (:none, nothing, false))
+            f = scalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
+            invf = invscalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
+            tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                t = invf(f(0) + 0.012 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)))
+                (-t, t)
+            else
+                ticks_in = zaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
+                t = invf(f(y1) + 0.012 * (f(y2) - f(y1)) * ticks_in)
+                (y1, t)
+            end
+
+            for ztick in zticks[1]
+                if zaxis[:showaxis]
+                    push!(ztick_segs, (x1, tick_start, ztick), (x1, tick_stop, ztick)) # left tick
+                end
+                if zaxis[:grid]
+                    if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+                        push!(zgrid_segs, (xmin, 0.0, ztick), (xmax, 0.0, ztick))
+                        push!(ygrid_segs, (0.0, ymin, ztick), (0.0, ymax, ztick))
+                    else
+                        push!(ygrid_segs, (x1, y1, ztick), (x1, y2, ztick))
+                        push!(ygrid_segs, (x1, y2, ztick), (x2, y2, ztick))
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+
+            if !(zaxis[:minorticks] in (:none, nothing, false)) || zaxis[:minorgrid]
+                tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
+                    t = invf(f(0) + 0.006 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)))
+                    (-t, t)
+                else
+                    t = invf(f(y1) + 0.006 * (f(y2) - f(y1)) * ticks_in)
+                    (y1, t)
+                end
+                for ztick in zminorticks
+                    if zaxis[:showaxis]
+                        push!(ztick_segs, (x1, tick_start, ztick), (x1, tick_stop, ztick)) # left tick
+                    end
+                    if zaxis[:minorgrid]
+                        if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
+                            push!(zminorgrid_segs, (xmin, 0.0, ztick), (xmax, 0.0, ztick))
+                            push!(zminorgrid_segs, (0.0, ymin, ztick), (0.0, ymax, ztick))
+                        else
+                            push!(zminorgrid_segs, (x1, y1, ztick), (x1, y2, ztick))
+                            push!(zminorgrid_segs, (x1, y2, ztick), (x2, y2, ztick))
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+    xticks, yticks, zticks, xaxis_segs, yaxis_segs, zaxis_segs, xtick_segs, ytick_segs, ztick_segs, xgrid_segs, ygrid_segs, zgrid_segs, xminorgrid_segs, yminorgrid_segs, zminorgrid_segs, xborder_segs, yborder_segs, zborder_segs
+end
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ macro init_backend(s)
        _backendType[Symbol($str)] = $T
        _backendSymbol[$T] = Symbol($str)
        _backend_packages[Symbol($str)] = Symbol($package_str)
-        # include("backends/" * $str * ".jl")
    end)
 end

@@ -75,9 +74,9 @@ end
 text_size(lab::AbstractString, sz::Number, rot::Number = 0) = text_size(length(lab), sz, rot)

 # account for the size/length/rotation of tick labels
-function tick_padding(axis::Axis)
-    ticks = get_ticks(axis)
-    if ticks == nothing
+function tick_padding(sp::Subplot, axis::Axis)
+    ticks = get_ticks(sp, axis)
+    if ticks === nothing
        0mm
    else
        vals, labs = ticks
@@ -106,10 +105,10 @@ end
 # to fit ticks, tick labels, guides, colorbars, etc.
 function _update_min_padding!(sp::Subplot)
    # TODO: something different when `is3d(sp) == true`
-    leftpad   = tick_padding(sp[:yaxis]) + sp[:left_margin]   + guide_padding(sp[:yaxis])
+    leftpad   = tick_padding(sp, sp[:yaxis]) + sp[:left_margin]   + guide_padding(sp[:yaxis])
    toppad    = sp[:top_margin]    + title_padding(sp)
    rightpad  = sp[:right_margin]
-    bottompad = tick_padding(sp[:xaxis]) + sp[:bottom_margin] + guide_padding(sp[:xaxis])
+    bottompad = tick_padding(sp, sp[:xaxis]) + sp[:bottom_margin] + guide_padding(sp[:xaxis])

    # switch them?
    if sp[:xaxis][:mirror]
@@ -143,12 +142,7 @@ function _pick_default_backend()
    if env_default != ""
        sym = Symbol(lowercase(env_default))
        if sym in _backends
-            if sym in _initialized_backends
-                backend(sym)
-            else
-                @warn("You have set `PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND=$env_default` but `$(backend_package_name(sym))` is not loaded.")
-                _fallback_default_backend()
-            end
+            backend(sym)
        else
            @warn("You have set PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND=$env_default but it is not a valid backend package.  Choose from:\n\t" *
                 join(sort(_backends), "\n\t"))
@@ -234,7 +228,7 @@ const _base_supported_args = [
    :subplot_index,
    :discrete_values,
    :projection,
-
+    :show_empty_bins
 ]

 function merge_with_base_supported(v::AVec)
@@ -257,6 +251,7 @@ end
@init_backend PlotlyJS
@init_backend GR
@init_backend PGFPlots
+@init_backend PGFPlotsX
@init_backend InspectDR
@init_backend HDF5

@@ -301,9 +296,6 @@ end

 _initialize_backend(pkg::GRBackend) = nothing

-_initialize_backend(pkg::PlotlyBackend) = nothing
-
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # gr

@@ -362,6 +354,16 @@ is_marker_supported(::GRBackend, shape::Shape) = true
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # plotly

+function _initialize_backend(pkg::PlotlyBackend)
+    try
+        @eval Main begin
+            import ORCA
+        end
+    catch
+        @info "For saving to png with the Plotly backend ORCA has to be installed."
+    end
+end
+
 const _plotly_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :annotations,
    :background_color_legend, :background_color_inside, :background_color_outside,
@@ -666,3 +668,135 @@ const _inspectdr_marker = Symbol[
 ]

 const _inspectdr_scale = [:identity, :ln, :log2, :log10]
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# pgfplotsx
+
+const _pgfplotsx_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
+    :annotations,
+    :background_color_legend,
+    :background_color_inside,
+    :background_color_outside,
+    :foreground_color_legend,
+    :foreground_color_grid,
+    :foreground_color_axis,
+    :foreground_color_text,
+    :foreground_color_border,
+    :label,
+    :seriescolor,
+    :seriesalpha,
+    :linecolor,
+    :linestyle,
+    :linewidth,
+    :linealpha,
+    :markershape,
+    :markercolor,
+    :markersize,
+    :markeralpha,
+    :markerstrokewidth,
+    :markerstrokecolor,
+    :markerstrokealpha,
+    :fillrange,
+    :fillcolor,
+    :fillalpha,
+    :bins,
+    :layout,
+    :title,
+    :window_title,
+    :guide,
+    :lims,
+    :ticks,
+    :scale,
+    :flip,
+    :match_dimensions,
+    :titlefontfamily,
+    :titlefontsize,
+    :titlefonthalign,
+    :titlefontvalign,
+    :titlefontrotation,
+    :titlefontcolor,
+    :legendfontfamily,
+    :legendfontsize,
+    :legendfonthalign,
+    :legendfontvalign,
+    :legendfontrotation,
+    :legendfontcolor,
+    :tickfontfamily,
+    :tickfontsize,
+    :tickfonthalign,
+    :tickfontvalign,
+    :tickfontrotation,
+    :tickfontcolor,
+    :guidefontfamily,
+    :guidefontsize,
+    :guidefonthalign,
+    :guidefontvalign,
+    :guidefontrotation,
+    :guidefontcolor,
+    :grid,
+    :gridalpha,
+    :gridstyle,
+    :gridlinewidth,
+    :legend,
+    :legendtitle,
+    :colorbar,
+    :colorbar_title,
+    :colorbar_entry,
+    :fill_z,
+    :line_z,
+    :marker_z,
+    :levels,
+    :ribbon,
+    :quiver,
+    :orientation,
+    :overwrite_figure,
+    :polar,
+    :aspect_ratio,
+    :normalize,
+    :weights,
+    :inset_subplots,
+    :bar_width,
+    :arrow,
+    :framestyle,
+    :tick_direction,
+    :camera,
+    :contour_labels,
+])
+const _pgfplotsx_seriestype = [
+    :path,
+    :scatter,
+    :straightline,
+    :path3d,
+    :scatter3d,
+    :surface,
+    :wireframe,
+    :heatmap,
+    :contour,
+    :contour3d,
+    :shape,
+    :steppre,
+    :stepmid,
+    :steppost,
+    :ysticks,
+    :xsticks,
+]
+const _pgfplotsx_style = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot]
+const _pgfplotsx_marker = [
+    :none,
+    :auto,
+    :circle,
+    :rect,
+    :diamond,
+    :utriangle,
+    :dtriangle,
+    :ltriangle,
+    :rtriangle,
+    :cross,
+    :xcross,
+    :star5,
+    :pentagon,
+    :hline,
+    :vline,
+    Shape,
+]
+const _pgfplotsx_scale = [:identity, :ln, :log2, :log10]
+is_marker_supported(::PGFPlotsXBackend, shape::Shape) = true
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ if length(HDF5PLOT_MAP_TELEM2STR) < 1
        "ARRAY" => Array, #Dict won't allow Array to be key in HDF5PLOT_MAP_TELEM2STR

        #Sub-structure types:
+        "ATTR" => Attr,
        "FONT" => Font,
        "BOUNDINGBOX" => BoundingBox,
        "GRIDLAYOUT" => GridLayout,
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ _hdf5_datapath(subpath::String) = "$_hdf5_dataroot/$subpath"
 _hdf5_map_str2telem(k::String) = HDF5PLOT_MAP_STR2TELEM[k]
 _hdf5_map_str2telem(v::Vector) = HDF5PLOT_MAP_STR2TELEM[v[1]]

-function _hdf5_merge!(dest::Dict, src::Dict)
+function _hdf5_merge!(dest::AKW, src::AKW)
    for (k, v) in src
        if isa(v, Axis)
            _hdf5_merge!(dest[k].plotattributes, v.plotattributes)
@@ -263,6 +264,15 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Array{T}) where T<:Number #Default
    grp[k] = v
    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, k, HDF5PlotNative)
 end
+function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Dict)
+#=
+	tstr = string(Dict)
+	path = HDF5.name(grp) * "/" * k
+	@info("Type not supported: $tstr\npath: $path")
+=#
+	#No support for structures with Dicts different than KW (plotattributes)
+end
+
 #=
 function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Array{Any})
 #    @show grp, k
@@ -295,7 +305,8 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Tuple)
    end
    #NOTE: _hdf5plot_overwritetype overwrites "Array" type with "Tuple".
 end
-function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, plotattributes::Dict)
+function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, plotattributes::KW)
+	#NOTE: Can only write directly to group, not a subi-item
 #    @warn("Cannot write dict: $k=$plotattributes")
 end
 function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::AbstractRange)
@@ -376,13 +387,22 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Subplot)
    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, Subplot)
    return
 end
-function _hdf5plot_write(grp, plotattributes::Dict)
+
+function _hdf5plot_write(grp, plotattributes::KW)
    for (k, v) in plotattributes
        kstr = string(k)
        _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, kstr, v)
    end
    return
 end
+function _hdf5plot_write(grp, plotattributes::Attr)
+    for (k, v) in plotattributes
+        kstr = string(k)
+        _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, kstr, v)
+    end
+	_hdf5plot_writetype(grp, Attr)
+end
+

 # Write main plot structures:
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -445,20 +465,14 @@ _hdf5plot_convert(T::Type{Extrema}, v) = Extrema(v[1], v[2])
 # Read data structures:
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type)
    v = HDF5.d_read(grp, k)
    return _hdf5plot_convert(T, v)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Length}, dtid::Vector)
-    v = HDF5.d_read(grp, k)
-    TU = Symbol(dtid[2])
-    T = typeof(v)
-    return Length{TU,T}(v)
-end

 # Read more complex data structures:
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Font}, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Font})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)

    family = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "family")
@@ -469,7 +483,7 @@ function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Font}, dtid)
    color = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "color")
    return Font(family, pointsize, halign, valign, rotation, color)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Array}, dtid) #ANY
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Array}) #ANY
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)
    sz = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "dim")
    if [0] == sz; return []; end
@@ -488,18 +502,18 @@ function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Array}, dtid) #ANY
    result = [result[iter] for iter in eachindex(result)] #Potentially make more specific
    return reshape(result, sz)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{HDF5CTuple}, dtid)
-    v = _hdf5plot_read(grp, k, Array, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{HDF5CTuple})
+    v = _hdf5plot_read(grp, k, Array)
    return tuple(v...)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{PlotText}, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{PlotText})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)

    str = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "str")
    font = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "font")
    return PlotText(str, font)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{SeriesAnnotations}, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{SeriesAnnotations})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)

    strs = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "strs")
@@ -508,29 +522,29 @@ function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{SeriesAnnotations}, dtid)
    scalefactor = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "scalefactor")
    return SeriesAnnotations(strs, font, baseshape, scalefactor)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Shape}, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Shape})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)

    x = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "x")
    y = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "y")
    return Shape(x, y)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{ColorGradient}, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{ColorGradient})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)

    colors = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "colors")
    values = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "values")
    return ColorGradient(colors, values)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{BoundingBox}, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{BoundingBox})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)

    x0 = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "x0")
    a = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "a")
    return BoundingBox(x0, a)
 end
-_hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{RootLayout}, dtid) = RootLayout()
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{GridLayout}, dtid)
+_hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{RootLayout}) = RootLayout()
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{GridLayout})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)

 #    parent = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "parent")
@@ -544,22 +558,36 @@ parent = RootLayout()

    return GridLayout(parent, minpad, bbox, grid, widths, heights, attr)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Axis}, dtid)
-    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)
-    kwlist = KW()
-    _hdf5plot_read(grp, kwlist)
-    return Axis([], kwlist)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, T::Type{Attr})
+    attr = Attr(KW(), _plot_defaults)
+    v = _hdf5plot_read(grp, attr)
+    return attr
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Surface}, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Axis})
+    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)
+    plotattributes = Attr(KW(), _plot_defaults)
+    _hdf5plot_read(grp, plotattributes)
+    return Axis([], plotattributes)
+end
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Surface})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)
    data2d = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "data2d")
    return Surface(data2d)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Subplot}, dtid)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Subplot})
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)
    idx = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "index")
    return HDF5PLOT_PLOTREF.ref.subplots[idx]
 end
+
+#Most types don't need dtid for read!!:
+_hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type, dtid) = _hdf5plot_read(grp, k, T)
+function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Length}, dtid::Vector)
+    v = HDF5.d_read(grp, k)
+    TU = Symbol(dtid[2])
+    T = typeof(v)
+    return Length{TU,T}(v)
+end
 function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String)
    dtid = HDF5.a_read(grp[k], _hdf5plot_datatypeid)
    T = _hdf5_map_str2telem(dtid) #expect exception
@@ -567,7 +595,7 @@ function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String)
 end

 #Read in values in group to populate plotattributes:
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, plotattributes::Dict)
+function _hdf5plot_readattr(grp, plotattributes::AbstractDict)
    gnames = names(grp)
    for k in gnames
        try
@@ -581,6 +609,8 @@ function _hdf5plot_read(grp, plotattributes::Dict)
    end
    return
 end
+_hdf5plot_read(grp, plotattributes::KW) = _hdf5plot_readattr(grp, plotattributes)
+_hdf5plot_read(grp, plotattributes::Attr) = _hdf5plot_readattr(grp, plotattributes)

 # Read main plot structures:
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -593,17 +623,17 @@ function _hdf5plot_read(sp::Subplot, subpath::String, f)

    for i in 1:nseries
        grp = HDF5.g_open(f, _hdf5_plotelempath("$subpath/series_list/series$i"))
-        kwlist = KW()
-        _hdf5plot_read(grp, kwlist)
-        plot!(sp, kwlist[:x], kwlist[:y]) #Add data & create data structures
-        _hdf5_merge!(sp.series_list[end].plotattributes, kwlist)
+        seriesinfo = Attr(KW(), _plot_defaults)
+        _hdf5plot_read(grp, seriesinfo)
+        plot!(sp, seriesinfo[:x], seriesinfo[:y]) #Add data & create data structures
+        _hdf5_merge!(sp.series_list[end].plotattributes, seriesinfo)
    end

    #Perform after adding series... otherwise values get overwritten:
    grp = HDF5.g_open(f, _hdf5_plotelempath("$subpath/attr"))
-    kwlist = KW()
-    _hdf5plot_read(grp, kwlist)
-    _hdf5_merge!(sp.attr, kwlist)
+    attr = Attr(KW(), _plot_defaults)
+    _hdf5plot_read(grp, attr)
+    _hdf5_merge!(sp.attr, attr)

    return
 end
@@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{InspectDRBackend})
    gplot = _inspectdr_getgui(plt.o)

    #:overwrite_figure: want to reuse current figure
-    if plt[:overwrite_figure] && mplot != nothing
+    if plt[:overwrite_figure] && mplot !== nothing
        mplot.subplots = [] #Reset
-        if gplot != nothing #Ensure still references current plot
+        if gplot !== nothing #Ensure still references current plot
            gplot.src = mplot
        end
    else #want new one:
@@ -294,8 +294,8 @@ function _inspectdr_setupsubplot(sp::Subplot{InspectDRBackend})

        plot.xscale = _inspectdr_getscale(xaxis[:scale], false)
        strip.yscale = _inspectdr_getscale(yaxis[:scale], true)
-        xmin, xmax  = axis_limits(xaxis)
-        ymin, ymax  = axis_limits(yaxis)
+        xmin, xmax  = axis_limits(sp, :x)
+        ymin, ymax  = axis_limits(sp, :y)
        if ispolar(sp)
            #Plots.jl appears to give (xmin,xmax) ≜ (Θmin,Θmax) & (ymin,ymax) ≜ (rmin,rmax)
            rmax = NaNMath.max(abs(ymin), abs(ymax))
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+function plotlybase_syncplot(plt::Plot)
+    plt.o = ORCA.PlotlyBase.Plot()
+    traces = ORCA.PlotlyBase.GenericTrace[]
+    for series_dict in plotly_series(plt)
+        plotly_type = pop!(series_dict, :type)
+        push!(traces, ORCA.PlotlyBase.GenericTrace(plotly_type; series_dict...))
+    end
+    ORCA.PlotlyBase.addtraces!(plt.o, traces...)
+    layout = plotly_layout(plt)
+    w, h = plt[:size]
+    ORCA.PlotlyBase.relayout!(plt.o, layout, width = w, height = h)
+    return plt.o
+end
+
+const _orca_mimeformats = Dict(
+    "application/pdf" => "pdf",
+    "image/png"       => "png",
+    "image/svg+xml"   => "svg",
+    "image/eps"       => "eps",
+)
+
+for (mime, fmt) in _orca_mimeformats
+    @eval _show(io::IO, ::MIME{Symbol($mime)}, plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}) = ORCA.PlotlyBase.savefig(io, plotlybase_syncplot(plt), format = $fmt)
+end
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pgf_thickness_scaling(series) = pgf_thickness_scaling(series[:subplot])
 function pgf_fillstyle(plotattributes, i = 1)
    cstr,a = pgf_color(get_fillcolor(plotattributes, i))
    fa = get_fillalpha(plotattributes, i)
-    if fa != nothing
+    if fa !== nothing
        a = fa
    end
    "fill = $cstr, fill opacity=$a"
@@ -128,16 +128,18 @@ function pgf_marker(plotattributes, i = 1)
    shape = _cycle(plotattributes[:markershape], i)
    cstr, a = pgf_color(plot_color(get_markercolor(plotattributes, i), get_markeralpha(plotattributes, i)))
    cstr_stroke, a_stroke = pgf_color(plot_color(get_markerstrokecolor(plotattributes, i), get_markerstrokealpha(plotattributes, i)))
-    """
-    mark = $(get(_pgfplots_markers, shape, "*")),
-    mark size = $(pgf_thickness_scaling(plotattributes) * 0.5 * _cycle(plotattributes[:markersize], i)),
-    mark options = {
-        color = $cstr_stroke, draw opacity = $a_stroke,
-        fill = $cstr, fill opacity = $a,
-        line width = $(pgf_thickness_scaling(plotattributes) * _cycle(plotattributes[:markerstrokewidth], i)),
-        rotate = $(shape == :dtriangle ? 180 : 0),
-        $(get(_pgfplots_linestyles, _cycle(plotattributes[:markerstrokestyle], i), "solid"))
-    }"""
+    return string(
+        "mark = $(get(_pgfplots_markers, shape, "*")),\n",
+        "mark size = $(pgf_thickness_scaling(plotattributes) * 0.5 * _cycle(plotattributes[:markersize], i)),\n",
+        plotattributes[:seriestype] == :scatter ? "only marks,\n" : "",
+        "mark options = {
+            color = $cstr_stroke, draw opacity = $a_stroke,
+            fill = $cstr, fill opacity = $a,
+            line width = $(pgf_thickness_scaling(plotattributes) * _cycle(plotattributes[:markerstrokewidth], i)),
+            rotate = $(shape == :dtriangle ? 180 : 0),
+            $(get(_pgfplots_linestyles, _cycle(plotattributes[:markerstrokestyle], i), "solid"))
+        }"
+        )
 end

 function pgf_add_annotation!(o, x, y, val, thickness_scaling = 1)
@@ -178,11 +180,11 @@ function pgf_series(sp::Subplot, series::Series)
    end

    # PGFPlots can't handle non-Vector?
-    args = map(a -> if typeof(a) <: AbstractVector && typeof(a) != Vector
-            collect(a)
-        else
-            a
-        end, args)
+    # args = map(a -> if typeof(a) <: AbstractVector && typeof(a) != Vector
+    #         collect(a)
+    #     else
+    #         a
+    #     end, args)

    if st in (:contour, :histogram2d)
        style = []
@@ -216,12 +218,12 @@ function pgf_series(sp::Subplot, series::Series)

            # add to legend?
            if i == 1 && sp[:legend] != :none && should_add_to_legend(series)
-                if plotattributes[:fillrange] != nothing
+                if plotattributes[:fillrange] !== nothing
                    push!(style, "forget plot")
                    push!(series_collection, pgf_fill_legend_hack(plotattributes, args))
                else
                    kw[:legendentry] = plotattributes[:label]
-                    if st == :shape # || plotattributes[:fillrange] != nothing
+                    if st == :shape # || plotattributes[:fillrange] !== nothing
                        push!(style, "area legend")
                    end
                end
@@ -238,7 +240,7 @@ function pgf_series(sp::Subplot, series::Series)
            kw[:style] = join(style, ',')

            # add fillrange
-            if series[:fillrange] != nothing && st != :shape
+            if series[:fillrange] !== nothing && st != :shape
                push!(series_collection, pgf_fillrange_series(series, i, _cycle(series[:fillrange], rng), seg_args...))
            end

@@ -361,13 +363,13 @@ function pgf_axis(sp::Subplot, letter)
    # limits
    # TODO: support zlims
    if letter != :z
-        lims = ispolar(sp) && letter == :x ? rad2deg.(axis_limits(axis)) : axis_limits(axis)
+        lims = ispolar(sp) && letter == :x ? rad2deg.(axis_limits(sp, :x)) : axis_limits(sp, letter)
        kw[Symbol(letter,:min)] = lims[1]
        kw[Symbol(letter,:max)] = lims[2]
    end

    if !(axis[:ticks] in (nothing, false, :none, :native)) && framestyle != :none
-        ticks = get_ticks(axis)
+        ticks = get_ticks(sp, axis)
        #pgf plot ignores ticks with angle below 90 when xmin = 90 so shift values
        tick_values = ispolar(sp) && letter == :x ? [rad2deg.(ticks[1])[3:end]..., 360, 405] : ticks[1]
        push!(style, string(letter, "tick = {", join(tick_values,","), "}"))
@@ -468,7 +470,7 @@ function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
            push!(style, string("title style = {font = ", pgf_font(sp[:titlefontsize], pgf_thickness_scaling(sp)), ", color = ", cstr, ", draw opacity = ", α, ", rotate = ", sp[:titlefontrotation], "}"))
        end

-        if sp[:aspect_ratio] in (1, :equal)
+        if get_aspect_ratio(sp) in (1, :equal)
            kw[:axisEqual] = "true"
        end

@@ -476,8 +478,18 @@ function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
        if haskey(_pgfplots_legend_pos, legpos)
            kw[:legendPos] = _pgfplots_legend_pos[legpos]
        end
-        cstr, a = pgf_color(plot_color(sp[:background_color_legend]))
-        push!(style, string("legend style = {", pgf_linestyle(pgf_thickness_scaling(sp), sp[:foreground_color_legend], 1.0, "solid"), ",", "fill = $cstr,", "font = ", pgf_font(sp[:legendfontsize], pgf_thickness_scaling(sp)), "}"))
+        cstr, bg_alpha = pgf_color(plot_color(sp[:background_color_legend]))
+        fg_alpha = alpha(plot_color(sp[:foreground_color_legend]))
+
+        push!(style, string(
+            "legend style = {",
+                pgf_linestyle(pgf_thickness_scaling(sp), sp[:foreground_color_legend], fg_alpha, "solid", ), ",",
+                "fill = $cstr,",
+                "fill opacity = $bg_alpha,",
+                "text opacity = $(alpha(plot_color(sp[:legendfontcolor]))),",
+                "font = ", pgf_font(sp[:legendfontsize], pgf_thickness_scaling(sp)),
+            "}",
+        ))

        if any(s[:seriestype] == :contour for s in series_list(sp))
            kw[:view] = "{0}{90}"
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ const plotly_remote_file_path = "https://cdn.plot.ly/plotly-latest.min.js"
 # end
 using UUIDs

-push!(_initialized_backends, :plotly)
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

 const _plotly_legend_pos = KW(
@@ -109,13 +108,13 @@ function shrink_by(lo, sz, ratio)
 end

 function plotly_apply_aspect_ratio(sp::Subplot, plotarea, pcts)
-    aspect_ratio = sp[:aspect_ratio]
+    aspect_ratio = get_aspect_ratio(sp)
    if aspect_ratio != :none
        if aspect_ratio == :equal
            aspect_ratio = 1.0
        end
-        xmin,xmax = axis_limits(sp[:xaxis])
-        ymin,ymax = axis_limits(sp[:yaxis])
+        xmin,xmax = axis_limits(sp, :x)
+        ymin,ymax = axis_limits(sp, :y)
        want_ratio = ((xmax-xmin) / (ymax-ymin)) / aspect_ratio
        parea_ratio = width(plotarea) / height(plotarea)
        if want_ratio > parea_ratio
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ function plotly_axis(plt::Plot, axis::Axis, sp::Subplot)

    ax[:tickangle] = -axis[:rotation]
    ax[:type] = plotly_scale(axis[:scale])
-    lims = axis_limits(axis)
+    lims = axis_limits(sp, letter)

    if axis[:ticks] != :native || axis[:lims] != :auto
        ax[:range] = map(scalefunc(axis[:scale]), lims)
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ function plotly_axis(plt::Plot, axis::Axis, sp::Subplot)

        # ticks
        if axis[:ticks] != :native
-            ticks = get_ticks(axis)
+            ticks = get_ticks(sp, axis)
            ttype = ticksType(ticks)
            if ttype == :ticks
                ax[:tickmode] = "array"
@@ -211,16 +210,16 @@ function plotly_axis(plt::Plot, axis::Axis, sp::Subplot)
    ax
 end

-function plotly_polaraxis(axis::Axis)
+function plotly_polaraxis(sp::Subplot, axis::Axis)
    ax = KW(
        :visible => axis[:showaxis],
        :showline => axis[:grid],
    )

    if axis[:letter] == :x
-        ax[:range] = rad2deg.(axis_limits(axis))
+        ax[:range] = rad2deg.(axis_limits(sp, :x))
    else
-        ax[:range] = axis_limits(axis)
+        ax[:range] = axis_limits(sp, :y)
        ax[:orientation] = -90
    end

@@ -283,8 +282,8 @@ function plotly_layout(plt::Plot)
                ),
            )
        elseif ispolar(sp)
-            plotattributes_out[Symbol("angularaxis$(spidx)")] = plotly_polaraxis(sp[:xaxis])
-            plotattributes_out[Symbol("radialaxis$(spidx)")] = plotly_polaraxis(sp[:yaxis])
+            plotattributes_out[Symbol("angularaxis$(spidx)")] = plotly_polaraxis(sp, sp[:xaxis])
+            plotattributes_out[Symbol("radialaxis$(spidx)")] = plotly_polaraxis(sp, sp[:yaxis])
        else
            plotattributes_out[Symbol("xaxis$(x_idx)")] = plotly_axis(plt, sp[:xaxis], sp)
            # don't allow yaxis to be reupdated/reanchored in a linked subplot
@@ -347,12 +346,12 @@ function plotly_layout(plt::Plot)
 end

 function plotly_layout_json(plt::Plot)
-    JSON.json(plotly_layout(plt))
+    JSON.json(plotly_layout(plt), 4)
 end


 function plotly_colorscale(grad::ColorGradient, α)
-    [[grad.values[i], rgba_string(plot_color(grad.colors[i], α))] for i in 1:length(grad.colors)]
+    [[grad.values[i], rgba_string(plot_color(grad.colors[i], α))] for i in eachindex(grad.colors)]
 end
 plotly_colorscale(c::Colorant,α) = plotly_colorscale(_as_gradient(c),α)
 function plotly_colorscale(c::AbstractVector{<:RGBA}, α)
@@ -393,7 +392,7 @@ end
 # we split by NaNs and then construct/destruct the shapes to get the closed coords
 function plotly_close_shapes(x, y)
    xs, ys = nansplit(x), nansplit(y)
-    for i=1:length(xs)
+    for i=eachindex(xs)
        shape = Shape(xs[i], ys[i])
        xs[i], ys[i] = coords(shape)
    end
@@ -403,7 +402,7 @@ end
 function plotly_data(series::Series, letter::Symbol, data)
    axis = series[:subplot][Symbol(letter, :axis)]

-    data = if axis[:ticks] == :native && data != nothing
+    data = if axis[:ticks] == :native && data !== nothing
        plotly_native_data(axis, data)
    else
       data
@@ -415,7 +414,8 @@ function plotly_data(series::Series, letter::Symbol, data)
        plotly_data(data)
    end
 end
-plotly_data(v) = v != nothing ? collect(v) : v
+plotly_data(v) = v !== nothing ? collect(v) : v
+plotly_data(v::AbstractArray) = v
 plotly_data(surf::Surface) = surf.surf
 plotly_data(v::AbstractArray{R}) where {R<:Rational} = float(v)

@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ plotly_native_data(axis::Axis, a::Surface) = Surface(plotly_native_data(axis, a.

 function plotly_convert_to_datetime(x::AbstractArray, formatter::Function)
    if formatter == datetimeformatter
-        map(xi -> replace(formatter(xi), "T", " "), x)
+        map(xi -> replace(formatter(xi), "T" => " "), x)
    elseif formatter == dateformatter
        map(xi -> string(formatter(xi), " 00:00:00"), x)
    elseif formatter == timeformatter
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)
    st = series[:seriestype]

    sp = series[:subplot]
-    clims = get_clims(sp)
+    clims = get_clims(sp, series)

    if st == :shape
        return plotly_series_shapes(plt, series, clims)
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)
    plotattributes_out[:showlegend] = should_add_to_legend(series)

    if st == :straightline
-        x, y = straightline_data(series)
+        x, y = straightline_data(series, 100)
        z = series[:z]
    else
        x, y, z  = series[:x], series[:y], series[:z]
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)
        else
            plotattributes_out[:colorscale] = plotly_colorscale(series[:fillcolor], series[:fillalpha])
            plotattributes_out[:opacity] = series[:fillalpha]
-            if series[:fill_z] != nothing
+            if series[:fill_z] !== nothing
                plotattributes_out[:surfacecolor] = plotly_surface_data(series, series[:fill_z])
            end
            plotattributes_out[:showscale] = hascolorbar(sp)
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ function plotly_series_shapes(plt::Plot, series::Series, clims)
    )

    x, y = (plotly_data(series, letter, data)
-        for (letter, data) in zip((:x, :y), shape_data(series))
+        for (letter, data) in zip((:x, :y), shape_data(series, 100))
    )

    for (i,rng) in enumerate(segments)
@@ -611,11 +611,11 @@ function plotly_series_shapes(plt::Plot, series::Series, clims)
        plotly_hover!(plotattributes_out, _cycle(series[:hover], i))
        plotattributes_outs[i] = plotattributes_out
    end
-    if series[:fill_z] != nothing
+    if series[:fill_z] !== nothing
        push!(plotattributes_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, plotattributes_base, :fill))
-    elseif series[:line_z] != nothing
+    elseif series[:line_z] !== nothing
        push!(plotattributes_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, plotattributes_base, :line))
-    elseif series[:marker_z] != nothing
+    elseif series[:marker_z] !== nothing
        push!(plotattributes_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, plotattributes_base, :marker))
    end
    plotattributes_outs
@@ -631,11 +631,9 @@ function plotly_series_segments(series::Series, plotattributes_base::KW, x, y, z
        (isa(series[:fillrange], AbstractVector) || isa(series[:fillrange], Tuple))

    segments = iter_segments(series)
-    plotattributes_outs = Vector{KW}(undef, (hasfillrange ? 2 : 1 ) * length(segments))
+    plotattributes_outs = fill(KW(), (hasfillrange ? 2 : 1 ) * length(segments))

    for (i,rng) in enumerate(segments)
-        !isscatter && length(rng) < 2 && continue
-
        plotattributes_out = deepcopy(plotattributes_base)
        plotattributes_out[:showlegend] = i==1 ? should_add_to_legend(series) : false
        plotattributes_out[:legendgroup] = series[:label]
@@ -735,11 +733,11 @@ function plotly_series_segments(series::Series, plotattributes_base::KW, x, y, z
        end
    end

-    if series[:line_z] != nothing
+    if series[:line_z] !== nothing
        push!(plotattributes_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, plotattributes_base, :line))
-    elseif series[:fill_z] != nothing
+    elseif series[:fill_z] !== nothing
        push!(plotattributes_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, plotattributes_base, :fill))
-    elseif series[:marker_z] != nothing
+    elseif series[:marker_z] !== nothing
        push!(plotattributes_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, plotattributes_base, :marker))
    end

@@ -782,9 +780,9 @@ end

 function plotly_hover!(plotattributes_out::KW, hover)
    # hover text
-    if hover in (:none, false)
+    if hover === nothing || all(in([:none, false]), hover)
        plotattributes_out[:hoverinfo] = "none"
-    elseif hover != nothing
+    elseif any(!isnothing, hover)
        plotattributes_out[:hoverinfo] = "text"
        plotattributes_out[:text] = hover
    end
@@ -800,13 +798,16 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot)
 end

 # get json string for a list of dictionaries, each representing the series params
-plotly_series_json(plt::Plot) = JSON.json(plotly_series(plt))
+plotly_series_json(plt::Plot) = JSON.json(plotly_series(plt), 4)

 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

+html_head(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}) = plotly_html_head(plt)
+html_body(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}) = plotly_html_body(plt)
+
 const ijulia_initialized = Ref(false)

-function html_head(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+function plotly_html_head(plt::Plot)
    local_file = ("file://" * plotly_local_file_path)
    plotly = use_local_dependencies[] ? local_file : plotly_remote_file_path
    if isijulia() && !ijulia_initialized[]
@@ -822,13 +823,11 @@ function html_head(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
        """)
        ijulia_initialized[] = true
    end
-    # IJulia just needs one initialization
-    isijulia() && return ""
    return "<script src=$(repr(plotly))></script>"
 end

-function html_body(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}, style = nothing)
-    if style == nothing
+function plotly_html_body(plt, style = nothing)
+    if style === nothing
        w, h = plt[:size]
        style = "width:$(w)px;height:$(h)px;"
    end
@@ -843,17 +842,14 @@ function html_body(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}, style = nothing)
    html
 end

-function js_body(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}, uuid)
+function js_body(plt::Plot, uuid)
    js = """
        PLOT = document.getElementById('$(uuid)');
        Plotly.plot(PLOT, $(plotly_series_json(plt)), $(plotly_layout_json(plt)));
    """
 end

-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"application/vnd.plotly.v1+json", plot::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+function plotly_show_js(io::IO, plot::Plot)
    data = []
    for series in plot.series_list
        append!(data, plotly_series(plot, series))
@@ -862,6 +858,19 @@ function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"application/vnd.plotly.v1+json", plot::Plot{Plotly
    JSON.print(io, Dict(:data => data, :layout => layout))
 end

+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Base.showable(::MIME"application/prs.juno.plotpane+html", plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}) = true
+
+function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"application/vnd.plotly.v1+json", plot::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+    plotly_show_js(io, plot)
+end
+
+
+function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+    write(io, standalone_html(plt))
+end
+

 function _display(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
    standalone_html_window(plt)
@@ -1,83 +1,49 @@
 # https://github.com/sglyon/PlotlyJS.jl

-# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-
-function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
-    if !isplotnull() && plt[:overwrite_figure] && isa(current().o, PlotlyJS.SyncPlot)
-        PlotlyJS.SyncPlot(PlotlyJS.Plot(), options = current().o.options)
-    else
-        PlotlyJS.plot()
+function plotlyjs_syncplot(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
+    plt[:overwrite_figure] && closeall()
+    plt.o = PlotlyJS.plot()
+    traces = PlotlyJS.GenericTrace[]
+    for series_dict in plotly_series(plt)
+        plotly_type = pop!(series_dict, :type)
+        push!(traces, PlotlyJS.GenericTrace(plotly_type; series_dict...))
    end
+    PlotlyJS.addtraces!(plt.o, traces...)
+    layout = plotly_layout(plt)
+    w, h = plt[:size]
+    PlotlyJS.relayout!(plt.o, layout, width = w, height = h)
+    return plt.o
 end

+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-function _series_added(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}, series::Series)
-    syncplot = plt.o
-    pdicts = plotly_series(plt, series)
-    for pdict in pdicts
-        typ = pop!(pdict, :type)
-        gt = PlotlyJS.GenericTrace(typ; pdict...)
-        PlotlyJS.addtraces!(syncplot, gt)
-    end
+const _plotlyjs_mimeformats = Dict(
+    "application/pdf" => "pdf",
+    "image/png"       => "png",
+    "image/svg+xml"   => "svg",
+    "image/eps"       => "eps",
+)
+
+for (mime, fmt) in _plotlyjs_mimeformats
+    @eval _show(io::IO, ::MIME{Symbol($mime)}, plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = PlotlyJS.savefig(io, plotlyjs_syncplot(plt), format = $fmt)
 end

-function _series_updated(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}, series::Series)
-    xsym, ysym = (ispolar(series) ? (:t,:r) : (:x,:y))
-    kw = KW(xsym => (series.plotattributes[:x],), ysym => (series.plotattributes[:y],))
-    z = series[:z]
-    if z != nothing
-        kw[:z] = (isa(z,Surface) ? transpose_z(series, series[:z].surf, false) : z,)
-    end
-    PlotlyJS.restyle!(
-        plt.o,
-        findfirst(isequal(series), plt.series_list),
-        kw
-    )
-end
+# Use the Plotly implementation for json and html:
+_show(io::IO, mime::MIME"application/vnd.plotly.v1+json", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = plotly_show_js(io, plt)

+html_head(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = plotly_html_head(plt)
+html_body(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = plotly_html_body(plt)

-# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+_show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = write(io, standalone_html(plt))

-function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
-    pdict = plotly_layout(plt)
-    syncplot = plt.o
-    w,h = plt[:size]
-    PlotlyJS.relayout!(syncplot, pdict, width = w, height = h)
-end
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-_show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = show(io, MIME("text/html"), plt.o)
-_show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/svg+xml", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = PlotlyJS.savefig(io, plt.o, format="svg")
-_show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = PlotlyJS.savefig(io, plt.o, format="png")
-_show(io::IO, ::MIME"application/pdf", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = PlotlyJS.savefig(io, plt.o, format="pdf")
-_show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/eps", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = PlotlyJS.savefig(io, plt.o, format="eps")
-
-function _show(io::IO, m::MIME"application/vnd.plotly.v1+json", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
-    show(io, m, plt.o)
-end
-
-
-function write_temp_html(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
-    filename = string(tempname(), ".html")
-    savefig(plt, filename)
-    filename
-end
-
-function _display(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
-    if get(ENV, "PLOTS_USE_ATOM_PLOTPANE", true) in (true, 1, "1", "true", "yes")
-        display(plt.o)
-    else
-        standalone_html_window(plt)
-    end
-end
+_display(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = display(plotlyjs_syncplot(plt))

@require WebIO = "0f1e0344-ec1d-5b48-a673-e5cf874b6c29" begin
    function WebIO.render(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
-        prepare_output(plt)
-        WebIO.render(plt.o)
+        plt_html = sprint(show, MIME("text/html"), plt)
+        return WebIO.render(dom"div"(innerHTML=plt_html))
    end
 end

@@ -86,3 +52,5 @@ function closeall(::PlotlyJSBackend)
        close(current().o)
    end
 end
+
+Base.showable(::MIME"application/prs.juno.plotpane+html", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = true
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ end
 # end

 function get_locator_and_formatter(vals::AVec)
-    pyticker."FixedLocator"(1:length(vals)), pyticker."FixedFormatter"(vals)
+    pyticker."FixedLocator"(eachindex(vals)), pyticker."FixedFormatter"(vals)
 end

 function add_pyfixedformatter(cbar, vals::AVec)
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 function fix_xy_lengths!(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
-    if series[:x] != nothing
+    if series[:x] !== nothing
        x, y = series[:x], series[:y]
        nx, ny = length(x), length(y)
        if !isa(get(series.plotattributes, :z, nothing), Surface) && nx != ny
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)

    # handle zcolor and get c/cmap
    needs_colorbar = hascolorbar(sp)
-    vmin, vmax = clims = get_clims(sp)
+    vmin, vmax = clims = get_clims(sp, series)

    # Dict to store extra kwargs
    if st == :wireframe
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
        if maximum(series[:linewidth]) > 0
            segments = iter_segments(series)
            # TODO: check LineCollection alternative for speed
-            # if length(segments) > 1 && (any(typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractVector for attr in (:fillcolor, :fillalpha)) || series[:fill_z] != nothing) && !(typeof(series[:linestyle]) <: AbstractVector)
+            # if length(segments) > 1 && (any(typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractVector for attr in (:fillcolor, :fillalpha)) || series[:fill_z] !== nothing) && !(typeof(series[:linestyle]) <: AbstractVector)
            #     # multicolored line segments
            #     n = length(segments)
            #     # segments = Array(Any,n)
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
                    handle = ax."plot"((arg[rng] for arg in xyargs)...;
                        label = i == 1 ? series[:label] : "",
                        zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
-                        color = py_color(get_linecolor(series, clims, i), get_linealpha(series, i)),
+                        color = py_color(single_color(get_linecolor(series, clims, i)), get_linealpha(series, i)),
                        linewidth = py_thickness_scale(plt, get_linewidth(series, i)),
                        linestyle = py_linestyle(st, get_linestyle(series, i)),
                        solid_capstyle = "round",
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            # end

            a = series[:arrow]
-            if a != nothing && !is3d(st)  # TODO: handle 3d later
+            if a !== nothing && !is3d(st)  # TODO: handle 3d later
                if typeof(a) != Arrow
                    @warn("Unexpected type for arrow: $(typeof(a))")
                else
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
    if series[:markershape] != :none && st in (:path, :scatter, :path3d,
                                          :scatter3d, :steppre, :steppost,
                                          :bar)
-        markercolor = if any(typeof(series[arg]) <: AVec for arg in (:markercolor, :markeralpha)) || series[:marker_z] != nothing
+        markercolor = if any(typeof(series[arg]) <: AVec for arg in (:markercolor, :markeralpha)) || series[:marker_z] !== nothing
            # py_color(plot_color.(get_markercolor.(series, clims, eachindex(x)), get_markeralpha.(series, eachindex(x))))
            [py_color(plot_color(get_markercolor(series, clims, i), get_markeralpha(series, i))) for i in eachindex(x)]
        else
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            shapes = series[:markershape]
            msc = py_markerstrokecolor(series)
            lw = py_thickness_scale(plt, series[:markerstrokewidth])
-            for i=1:length(y)
+            for i=eachindex(y)
                extrakw[:c] = _cycle(markercolor, i)

                push!(handle, ax."scatter"(_cycle(x,i), _cycle(y,i);
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)

            delete!(extrakw, :c)

-            for i=1:length(y)
+            for i=eachindex(y)
                cur_marker = py_marker(_cycle(shapes,i))

                if ( cur_marker == prev_marker )
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
        push!(handles, handle)

        # contour fills
-        if series[:fillrange] != nothing
+        if series[:fillrange] !== nothing
            handle = ax."contourf"(x, y, z, levelargs...;
                label = series[:label],
                zorder = series[:series_plotindex] + 0.5,
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            end
            z = transpose_z(series, z)
            if st == :surface
-                if series[:fill_z] != nothing
+                if series[:fill_z] !== nothing
                    # the surface colors are different than z-value
                    extrakw[:facecolors] = py_shading(series[:fillcolor], transpose_z(series, series[:fill_z].surf))
                    extrakw[:shade] = false
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            cmap = py_colormap(cgrad([:black, :white])),
            vmin = 0.0,
            vmax = 1.0,
-            extent = (xmin, xmax, ymax, ymin)
+            extent = (xmin-0.5, xmax+0.5, ymax+0.5, ymin-0.5)
        )
        push!(handles, handle)

@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)

    # handle area filling
    fillrange = series[:fillrange]
-    if fillrange != nothing && st != :contour
+    if fillrange !== nothing && st != :contour
        for (i, rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(series))
            f, dim1, dim2 = if isvertical(series)
                :fill_between, x[rng], y[rng]
@@ -862,16 +862,16 @@ end

 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------

-function py_set_lims(ax, axis::Axis)
+function py_set_lims(ax, sp::Subplot, axis::Axis)
    letter = axis[:letter]
-    lfrom, lto = axis_limits(axis)
+    lfrom, lto = axis_limits(sp, letter)
    getproperty(ax, Symbol("set_", letter, "lim"))(lfrom, lto)
 end

 function py_set_ticks(ax, ticks, letter)
    ticks == :auto && return
    axis = getproperty(ax, Symbol(letter,"axis"))
-    if ticks == :none || ticks == nothing || ticks == false
+    if ticks == :none || ticks === nothing || ticks == false
        kw = KW()
        for dir in (:top,:bottom,:left,:right)
            kw[dir] = kw[Symbol(:label,dir)] = false
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ function py_set_ticks(ax, ticks, letter)
    end
 end

-function py_compute_axis_minval(axis::Axis)
+function py_compute_axis_minval(sp::Subplot, axis::Axis)
    # compute the smallest absolute value for the log scale's linear threshold
    minval = 1.0
    sps = axis.sps
@@ -905,13 +905,13 @@ function py_compute_axis_minval(axis::Axis)
    end

    # now if the axis limits go to a smaller abs value, use that instead
-    vmin, vmax = axis_limits(axis)
+    vmin, vmax = axis_limits(sp, axis[:letter])
    minval = NaNMath.min(minval, abs(vmin), abs(vmax))

    minval
 end

-function py_set_scale(ax, axis::Axis)
+function py_set_scale(ax, sp::Subplot, axis::Axis)
    scale = axis[:scale]
    letter = axis[:letter]
    scale in supported_scales() || return @warn("Unhandled scale value in pyplot: $scale")
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ function py_set_scale(ax, axis::Axis)
        elseif scale == :log10
            10
        end
-        kw[Symbol(:linthresh,letter)] = NaNMath.min(1e-16, py_compute_axis_minval(axis))
+        kw[Symbol(:linthresh,letter)] = NaNMath.max(1e-16, py_compute_axis_minval(sp, axis))
        "symlog"
    end
    func(arg; kw...)
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
    # update subplots
    for sp in plt.subplots
        ax = sp.o
-        if ax == nothing
+        if ax === nothing
            continue
        end

@@ -1013,17 +1013,17 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
            kw = KW()
            if !isempty(sp[:zaxis][:discrete_values]) && colorbar_series[:seriestype] == :heatmap
                locator, formatter = get_locator_and_formatter(sp[:zaxis][:discrete_values])
-                # kw[:values] = 1:length(sp[:zaxis][:discrete_values])
+                # kw[:values] = eachindex(sp[:zaxis][:discrete_values])
                kw[:values] = sp[:zaxis][:continuous_values]
                kw[:ticks] = locator
                kw[:format] = formatter
                kw[:boundaries] = vcat(0, kw[:values] + 0.5)
-            elseif any(colorbar_series[attr] != nothing for attr in (:line_z, :fill_z, :marker_z))
+            elseif any(colorbar_series[attr] !== nothing for attr in (:line_z, :fill_z, :marker_z))
                cmin, cmax = get_clims(sp)
                norm = pycolors."Normalize"(vmin = cmin, vmax = cmax)
-                f = if colorbar_series[:line_z] != nothing
+                f = if colorbar_series[:line_z] !== nothing
                    py_linecolormap
-                elseif colorbar_series[:fill_z] != nothing
+                elseif colorbar_series[:fill_z] !== nothing
                    py_fillcolormap
                else
                    py_markercolormap
@@ -1092,12 +1092,12 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
            if axis[:guide_position] != :auto && letter != :z
                pyaxis."set_label_position"(axis[:guide_position])
            end
-            py_set_scale(ax, axis)
-            axis[:ticks] != :native ? py_set_lims(ax, axis) : nothing
+            py_set_scale(ax, sp, axis)
+            axis[:ticks] != :native ? py_set_lims(ax, sp, axis) : nothing
            if ispolar(sp) && letter == :y
                ax."set_rlabel_position"(90)
            end
-            ticks = sp[:framestyle] == :none ? nothing : get_ticks(axis)
+            ticks = sp[:framestyle] == :none ? nothing : get_ticks(sp, axis)
            # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
            if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && length(ticks) > 1
                ticks[2][ticks[1] .== 0] .= ""
@@ -1132,11 +1132,12 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
        # showaxis
        if !sp[:xaxis][:showaxis]
            kw = KW()
+            if ispolar(sp)
+                ax.spines["polar"].set_visible(false)
+            end
            for dir in (:top, :bottom)
-                if ispolar(sp)
-                    ax."spines"."polar"."set_visible"(false)
-                else
-                    getproperty(ax.spines, dir).set_visible(false)
+                if !ispolar(sp)
+                    ax.spines[string(dir)].set_visible(false)
                end
                kw[dir] = kw[Symbol(:label,dir)] = false
            end
@@ -1146,7 +1147,7 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
            kw = KW()
            for dir in (:left, :right)
                if !ispolar(sp)
-                    getproperty(ax.spines, dir).set_visible(false)
+                    ax.spines[string(dir)].set_visible(false)
                end
                kw[dir] = kw[Symbol(:label,dir)] = false
            end
@@ -1154,7 +1155,7 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
        end

        # aspect ratio
-        aratio = sp[:aspect_ratio]
+        aratio = get_aspect_ratio(sp)
        if aratio != :none
            ax."set_aspect"(isa(aratio, Symbol) ? string(aratio) : aratio, anchor = "C")
        end
@@ -1185,7 +1186,7 @@ end
 # to fit ticks, tick labels, guides, colorbars, etc.
 function _update_min_padding!(sp::Subplot{PyPlotBackend})
    ax = sp.o
-    ax == nothing && return sp.minpad
+    ax === nothing && return sp.minpad
    plotbb = py_bbox(ax)

    # TODO: this should initialize to the margin from sp.attr
@@ -1227,7 +1228,7 @@ end

 function py_add_annotations(sp::Subplot{PyPlotBackend}, x, y, val)
    ax = sp.o
-    ax."annotate"(val, xy = (x,y), zorder = 999)
+    ax."annotate"(val, xy = (x,y), zorder = 999, annotation_clip = false)
 end


@@ -1241,7 +1242,8 @@ function py_add_annotations(sp::Subplot{PyPlotBackend}, x, y, val::PlotText)
        verticalalignment = val.font.valign == :vcenter ? "center" : string(val.font.valign),
        rotation = val.font.rotation,
        size = py_thickness_scale(sp.plt, val.font.pointsize),
-        zorder = 999
+        zorder = 999,
+        annotation_clip = false
    )
 end

@@ -1288,29 +1290,29 @@ py_legend_bbox(pos) = pos

 function py_add_legend(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, ax)
    leg = sp[:legend]
-    clims = get_clims(sp)
    if leg != :none
        # gotta do this to ensure both axes are included
        labels = []
        handles = []
        for series in series_list(sp)
            if should_add_to_legend(series)
+                clims = get_clims(sp, series)
                # add a line/marker and a label
-                push!(handles, if series[:seriestype] == :shape || series[:fillrange] != nothing
+                push!(handles, if series[:seriestype] == :shape || series[:fillrange] !== nothing
                    pypatches."Patch"(
-                        edgecolor = py_color(get_linecolor(series, clims), get_linealpha(series)),
-                        facecolor = py_color(get_fillcolor(series, clims), get_fillalpha(series)),
+                        edgecolor = py_color(single_color(get_linecolor(series, clims)), get_linealpha(series)),
+                        facecolor = py_color(single_color(get_fillcolor(series, clims)), get_fillalpha(series)),
                        linewidth = py_thickness_scale(plt, clamp(get_linewidth(series), 0, 5)),
                        linestyle = py_linestyle(series[:seriestype], get_linestyle(series))
                    )
                elseif series[:seriestype] in (:path, :straightline, :scatter)
                    PyPlot.plt."Line2D"((0,1),(0,0),
-                        color = py_color(get_linecolor(series, clims), get_linealpha(series)),
+                        color = py_color(single_color(get_linecolor(series, clims)), get_linealpha(series)),
                        linewidth = py_thickness_scale(plt, clamp(get_linewidth(series), 0, 5)),
                        linestyle = py_linestyle(:path, get_linestyle(series)),
                        marker = py_marker(first(series[:markershape])),
-                        markeredgecolor = py_color(get_markerstrokecolor(series), get_markerstrokealpha(series)),
-                        markerfacecolor = series[:marker_z] == nothing ? py_color(get_markercolor(series, clims), get_markeralpha(series)) : py_color(series[:markercolor][0.5])
+                        markeredgecolor = py_color(single_color(get_markerstrokecolor(series)), get_markerstrokealpha(series)),
+                        markerfacecolor = py_color(single_color(get_markercolor(series, clims)), get_markeralpha(series))
                    )
                else
                    series[:serieshandle][1]
@@ -1334,10 +1336,13 @@ function py_add_legend(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, ax)
            frame = leg."get_frame"()
            frame."set_linewidth"(py_thickness_scale(plt, 1))
            leg."set_zorder"(1000)
-            sp[:legendtitle] != nothing && leg."set_title"(sp[:legendtitle])
+            if sp[:legendtitle] !== nothing
+                leg."set_title"(sp[:legendtitle])
+                PyPlot.plt."setp"(leg."get_title"(), color = py_color(sp[:legendtitlefontcolor]), family = sp[:legendtitlefontfamily], fontsize = py_thickness_scale(plt, sp[:legendtitlefontsize]))
+            end

            for txt in leg."get_texts"()
-                PyPlot.plt."setp"(txt, color = py_color(sp[:legendfontcolor]), family = sp[:legendfontfamily])
+                PyPlot.plt."setp"(txt, color = py_color(sp[:legendfontcolor]), family = sp[:legendfontfamily], fontsize = py_thickness_scale(plt, sp[:legendfontsize]))
            end
        end
    end
@@ -1351,7 +1356,7 @@ end
 function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
    for sp in plt.subplots
        ax = sp.o
-        ax == nothing && return
+        ax === nothing && return
        figw, figh = sp.plt[:size]
        figw, figh = figw*px, figh*px
        pcts = bbox_to_pcts(sp.plotarea, figw, figh)
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ function rebuildUnicodePlot!(plt::Plot, width, height)
    for sp in plt.subplots
        xaxis = sp[:xaxis]
        yaxis = sp[:yaxis]
-        xlim =  axis_limits(xaxis)
-        ylim =  axis_limits(yaxis)
+        xlim =  axis_limits(sp, :x)
+        ylim =  axis_limits(sp, :y)

        # make vectors
        xlim = [xlim[1], xlim[2]]
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ end


 # add a single series
-function addUnicodeSeries!(o, plotattributes::KW, addlegend::Bool, xlim, ylim)
+function addUnicodeSeries!(o, plotattributes, addlegend::Bool, xlim, ylim)
    # get the function, or special handling for step/bar/hist
    st = plotattributes[:seriestype]
    if st == :histogram2d
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ end
 function scale!(shape::Shape, x::Real, y::Real = x, c = center(shape))
    sx, sy = coords(shape)
    cx, cy = c
-    for i=1:length(sx)
+    for i=eachindex(sx)
        sx[i] = (sx[i] - cx) * x + cx
        sy[i] = (sy[i] - cy) * y + cy
    end
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ end
 "translate a Shape in space"
 function translate!(shape::Shape, x::Real, y::Real = x)
    sx, sy = coords(shape)
-    for i=1:length(sx)
+    for i=eachindex(sx)
        sx[i] += x
        sy[i] += y
    end
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ end
 function rotate!(shape::Shape, Θ::Real, c = center(shape))
    x, y = coords(shape)
    cx, cy = c
-    for i=1:length(x)
+    for i=eachindex(x)
        xi = rotate_x(x[i], y[i], Θ, cx, cy)
        yi = rotate_y(x[i], y[i], Θ, cx, cy)
        x[i], y[i] = xi, yi
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ function series_annotations_shapes!(series::Series, scaletype::Symbol = :pixels)
    # end

    # @show msw msh
-    if anns != nothing && anns.baseshape != nothing
+    if anns !== nothing && anns.baseshape !== nothing
        # we use baseshape to overwrite the markershape attribute
        # with a list of custom shapes for each
        msw,msh = anns.scalefactor
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ mutable struct EachAnn
 end

 function Base.iterate(ea::EachAnn, i = 1)
-    if ea.anns == nothing || isempty(ea.anns.strs) || i > length(ea.y)
+    if ea.anns === nothing || isempty(ea.anns.strs) || i > length(ea.y)
        return nothing
    end

@@ -591,8 +591,12 @@ annotations(sa::SeriesAnnotations) = sa
 function process_annotation(sp::Subplot, xs, ys, labs, font = font())
    anns = []
    labs = makevec(labs)
-    for i in 1:max(length(xs), length(ys), length(labs))
-        x, y, lab = _cycle(xs, i), _cycle(ys, i), _cycle(labs, i)
+    xlength = length(methods(length, (typeof(xs),))) == 0 ? 1 : length(xs)
+    ylength = length(methods(length, (typeof(ys),))) == 0 ? 1 : length(ys)
+    for i in 1:max(xlength, ylength, length(labs))
+      x, y, lab = _cycle(xs, i), _cycle(ys, i), _cycle(labs, i)
+        x = typeof(x) <: TimeType ? Dates.value(x) : x  
+        y = typeof(y) <: TimeType ? Dates.value(y) : y  
        if lab == :auto
            alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
            push!(anns, (x, y, text(string("(", alphabet[sp[:subplot_index]], ")"), font)))
@@ -659,8 +663,8 @@ Surface(f::Function, x, y) = Surface(Float64[f(xi,yi) for yi in y, xi in x])

 Base.Array(surf::Surface) = surf.surf

-for f in (:length, :size)
-  @eval Base.$f(surf::Surface, args...) = $f(surf.surf, args...)
+for f in (:length, :size, :axes)
+    @eval Base.$f(surf::Surface, args...) = $f(surf.surf, args...)
 end
 Base.copy(surf::Surface) = Surface(copy(surf.surf))
 Base.eltype(surf::Surface{T}) where {T} = eltype(T)
@@ -794,7 +798,7 @@ end

@deprecate curve_points coords

-coords(curve::BezierCurve, n::Integer = 30; range = [0,1]) = map(curve, range(range..., stop=n, length=50))
+coords(curve::BezierCurve, n::Integer = 30; range = [0,1]) = map(curve, Base.range(range..., length=n))

 # build a BezierCurve which leaves point p vertically upwards and arrives point q vertically upwards.
 # may create a loop if necessary.  Assumes the view is [0,1]
@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ frontends like jupyterlab and nteract.
 _ijulia__extra_mime_info!(plt::Plot, out::Dict) = out

 function _ijulia__extra_mime_info!(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}, out::Dict)
-    out["application/vnd.plotly.v1+json"] = JSON.lower(plt.o)
+    out["application/vnd.plotly.v1+json"] = Dict(
+        :data => plotly_series(plt),
+        :layout => plotly_layout(plt)
+    )
    out
 end

@@ -28,12 +28,53 @@ function __init__()
        insert!(Base.Multimedia.displays, findlast(x -> x isa REPL.REPLDisplay, Base.Multimedia.displays) + 1, PlotsDisplay())
    end)

-    @require HDF5 = "f67ccb44-e63f-5c2f-98bd-6dc0ccc4ba2f" include(joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "hdf5.jl"))
-    @require InspectDR = "d0351b0e-4b05-5898-87b3-e2a8edfddd1d" include(joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "inspectdr.jl"))
-    @require PGFPlots = "3b7a836e-365b-5785-a47d-02c71176b4aa" include(joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "pgfplots.jl"))
-    @require PlotlyJS = "f0f68f2c-4968-5e81-91da-67840de0976a" include(joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "plotlyjs.jl"))
-    @require PyPlot = "d330b81b-6aea-500a-939a-2ce795aea3ee" include(joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "pyplot.jl"))
-    @require UnicodePlots = "b8865327-cd53-5732-bb35-84acbb429228" include(joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "unicodeplots.jl"))
+    @require HDF5 = "f67ccb44-e63f-5c2f-98bd-6dc0ccc4ba2f" begin
+        fn = joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "hdf5.jl")
+        include(fn)
+        @require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" Revise.track(Plots, fn)
+    end
+
+    @require InspectDR = "d0351b0e-4b05-5898-87b3-e2a8edfddd1d" begin
+        fn = joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "inspectdr.jl")
+        include(fn)
+        @require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" Revise.track(Plots, fn)
+    end
+
+    @require PGFPlots = "3b7a836e-365b-5785-a47d-02c71176b4aa" begin
+        fn = joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "pgfplots.jl")
+        include(fn)
+        @require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" Revise.track(Plots, fn)
+    end
+
+    @require ORCA = "47be7bcc-f1a6-5447-8b36-7eeeff7534fd" begin
+        fn = joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "orca.jl")
+        include(fn)
+        @require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" Revise.track(Plots, fn)
+    end
+
+    @require PGFPlotsX = "8314cec4-20b6-5062-9cdb-752b83310925" begin
+        fn = joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "pgfplotsx.jl")
+        include(fn)
+        @require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" Revise.track(Plots, fn)
+    end
+
+    @require PlotlyJS = "f0f68f2c-4968-5e81-91da-67840de0976a" begin
+        fn = joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "plotlyjs.jl")
+        include(fn)
+        @require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" Revise.track(Plots, fn)
+    end
+
+    @require PyPlot = "d330b81b-6aea-500a-939a-2ce795aea3ee" begin
+        fn = joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "pyplot.jl")
+        include(fn)
+        @require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" Revise.track(Plots, fn)
+    end
+
+    @require UnicodePlots = "b8865327-cd53-5732-bb35-84acbb429228" begin
+        fn = joinpath(@__DIR__, "backends", "unicodeplots.jl")
+        include(fn)
+        @require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" Revise.track(Plots, fn)
+    end

    @require IJulia = "7073ff75-c697-5162-941a-fcdaad2a7d2a" begin
        if IJulia.inited
@@ -107,11 +107,10 @@ function resolve_mixed(mix::MixedMeasures, sp::Subplot, letter::Symbol)
    if mix.len != 0mm
        f = (letter == :x ? width : height)
        totlen = f(plotarea(sp))
-        @show totlen
        pct += mix.len / totlen
    end
    if pct != 0
-        amin, amax = axis_limits(sp[Symbol(letter,:axis)])
+        amin, amax = axis_limits(sp, letter)
        xy += pct * (amax-amin)
    end
    xy
@@ -218,6 +217,7 @@ bottompad(layout::AbstractLayout) = 0mm
 # this is the parent of the top-level layout
 struct RootLayout <: AbstractLayout end

+Base.show(io::IO, layout::RootLayout) = Base.show_default(io, layout)
 Base.parent(::RootLayout) = nothing
 parent_bbox(::RootLayout) = defaultbox
 bbox(::RootLayout) = defaultbox
@@ -464,12 +464,12 @@ end
 # constructors

 # pass the layout arg through
-function layout_args(plotattributes::KW)
-    layout_args(get(plotattributes, :layout, default(:layout)))
+function layout_args(plotattributes::AKW)
+    layout_args(plotattributes[:layout])
 end

-function layout_args(plotattributes::KW, n_override::Integer)
-    layout, n = layout_args(get(plotattributes, :layout, n_override))
+function layout_args(plotattributes::AKW, n_override::Integer)
+    layout, n = layout_args(n_override, get(plotattributes, :layout, n_override))
    if n != n_override
        error("When doing layout, n ($n) != n_override ($(n_override)).  You're probably trying to force existing plots into a layout that doesn't fit them.")
    end
@@ -481,12 +481,27 @@ function layout_args(n::Integer)
    GridLayout(nr, nc), n
 end

-function layout_args(sztup::NTuple{2,I}) where I<:Integer
+function layout_args(sztup::NTuple{2, Integer})
    nr, nc = sztup
    GridLayout(nr, nc), nr*nc
 end

-function layout_args(sztup::NTuple{3,I}) where I<:Integer
+layout_args(n_override::Integer, n::Integer) = layout_args(n)
+layout_args(n, sztup::NTuple{2, Integer}) = layout_args(sztup)
+
+function layout_args(n, sztup::Tuple{Colon, Integer})
+    nc = sztup[2]
+    nr = ceil(Int, n / nc)
+    GridLayout(nr, nc), n
+end
+
+function layout_args(n, sztup::Tuple{Integer, Colon})
+    nr = sztup[1]
+    nc = ceil(Int, n / nr)
+    GridLayout(nr, nc), n
+end
+
+function layout_args(sztup::NTuple{3, Integer})
    n, nr, nc = sztup
    nr, nc = compute_gridsize(n, nr, nc)
    GridLayout(nr, nc), n
@@ -499,6 +514,8 @@ function layout_args(layout::GridLayout)
    layout, n
 end

+layout_args(n_override::Integer, layout::GridLayout) = layout_args(layout)
+
 layout_args(huh) = error("unhandled layout type $(typeof(huh)): $huh")


@@ -599,7 +616,7 @@ end
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 # @layout macro

-function add_layout_pct!(kw::KW, v::Expr, idx::Integer, nidx::Integer)
+function add_layout_pct!(kw::AKW, v::Expr, idx::Integer, nidx::Integer)
    # dump(v)
    # something like {0.2w}?
    if v.head == :call && v.args[1] == :*
@@ -620,7 +637,7 @@ function add_layout_pct!(kw::KW, v::Expr, idx::Integer, nidx::Integer)
    error("Couldn't match layout curly (idx=$idx): $v")
 end

-function add_layout_pct!(kw::KW, v::Number, idx::Integer)
+function add_layout_pct!(kw::AKW, v::Number, idx::Integer)
    # kw[idx == 1 ? :w : :h] = v*pct
    idx == 1 && (kw[:w] = v*pct)
    (idx == 2 || nidx == 1) && (kw[:h] = v*pct)
@@ -52,6 +52,14 @@ function tex(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
 end
 tex(fn::AbstractString) = tex(current(), fn)

+function json(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
+    fn = addExtension(fn, "json")
+    io = open(fn, "w")
+    show(io, MIME("application/vnd.plotly.v1+json"), plt)
+    close(io)
+end
+json(fn::AbstractString) = json(current(), fn)
+
 function html(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
    fn = addExtension(fn, "html")
    io = open(fn, "w")
@@ -60,6 +68,13 @@ function html(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
 end
 html(fn::AbstractString) = html(current(), fn)

+function txt(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
+  fn = addExtension(fn, "txt")
+  io = open(fn, "w")
+  show(io, MIME("text/plain"), plt)
+  close(io)
+end
+txt(fn::AbstractString) = txt(current(), fn)

 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -71,7 +86,10 @@ const _savemap = Dict(
    "ps"  => ps,
    "eps" => eps,
    "tex" => tex,
+    "json" => json,
    "html" => html,
+    "tikz" => tex,
+    "txt" => txt,
  )

 function getExtension(fn::AbstractString)
@@ -103,7 +121,7 @@ type is inferred from the file extension. All backends support png and pdf
 file types, some also support svg, ps, eps, html and tex.
 """
 function savefig(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
-
+  fn = abspath(expanduser(fn))
  # get the extension
  local ext
  try
@@ -197,9 +215,12 @@ for mime in ("text/plain", "text/html", "image/png", "image/eps", "image/svg+xml
          prepare_output(plt)
          _show(io, m, plt)
        end
+        return nothing
    end
 end

+Base.show(io::IO, m::MIME"application/prs.juno.plotpane+html", plt::Plot) = showjuno(io, MIME("text/html"), plt)
+
 # default text/plain for all backends
 _show(io::IO, ::MIME{Symbol("text/plain")}, plt::Plot) = show(io, plt)

@@ -228,15 +249,16 @@ closeall() = closeall(backend())
 # Atom PlotPane
 # ---------------------------------------------------------
 function showjuno(io::IO, m, plt)
-    sz = plt[:size]
+    sz = collect(plt[:size])
    dpi = plt[:dpi]
    thickness_scaling = plt[:thickness_scaling]

    jsize = get(io, :juno_plotsize, [400, 500])
+    jratio = get(io, :juno_dpi_ratio, 1)

    scale = minimum(jsize[i] / sz[i] for i in 1:2)
-    plt[:size] = (s * scale for s in sz)
-    plt[:dpi] = Plots.DPI
+    plt[:size] = [s * scale for s in sz]
+    plt[:dpi] = jratio*Plots.DPI
    plt[:thickness_scaling] *= scale

    prepare_output(plt)
@@ -257,4 +279,6 @@ function _showjuno(io::IO, m::MIME"image/svg+xml", plt)
  end
 end

+Base.showable(::MIME"application/prs.juno.plotpane+html", plt::Plot) = false
+
 _showjuno(io::IO, m, plt) = _show(io, m, plt)
@@ -1,18 +1,42 @@
+# Error for aliases used in recipes
+function warn_on_recipe_aliases!(plotattributes, recipe_type, args...)
+    for k in keys(plotattributes)
+        if !is_default_attribute(k)
+            dk = get(_keyAliases, k, k)
+            if k !== dk
+                @warn "Attribute alias `$k` detected in the $recipe_type recipe defined for the signature $(signature_string(Val{recipe_type}, args...)). To ensure expected behavior it is recommended to use the default attribute `$dk`."
+            end
+            plotattributes[dk] = pop_kw!(plotattributes, k)
+        end
+    end
+end
+function warn_on_recipe_aliases!(v::AbstractVector, recipe_type, args...)
+    foreach(x -> warn_on_recipe_aliases!(x, recipe_type, args...), v)
+end
+function warn_on_recipe_aliases!(rd::RecipeData, recipe_type, args...)
+    warn_on_recipe_aliases!(rd.plotattributes, recipe_type, args...)
+end

+function signature_string(::Type{Val{:user}}, args...)
+    return string("(::", join(string.(typeof.(args)), ", ::"), ")")
+end
+signature_string(::Type{Val{:type}}, T) = "(::Type{$T}, ::$T)"
+signature_string(::Type{Val{:plot}}, st) = "(::Type{Val{:$st}}, ::AbstractPlot)"
+signature_string(::Type{Val{:series}}, st) = "(::Type{Val{:$st}}, x, y, z)"

 # ------------------------------------------------------------------
 # preprocessing

-function command_idx(kw_list::AVec{KW}, kw::KW)
+function series_idx(kw_list::AVec{KW}, kw::AKW)
    Int(kw[:series_plotindex]) - Int(kw_list[1][:series_plotindex]) + 1
 end

-function _expand_seriestype_array(plotattributes::KW, args)
+function _expand_seriestype_array(plotattributes::AKW, args)
    sts = get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :path)
    if typeof(sts) <: AbstractArray
-        delete!(plotattributes, :seriestype)
+        reset_kw!(plotattributes, :seriestype)
        rd = Vector{RecipeData}(undef, size(sts, 1))
-        for r in 1:size(sts, 1)
+        for r in axes(sts, 1)
            dc = copy(plotattributes)
            dc[:seriestype] = sts[r:r,:]
            rd[r] = RecipeData(dc, args)
@@ -23,7 +47,7 @@ function _expand_seriestype_array(plotattributes::KW, args)
    end
 end

-function _preprocess_args(plotattributes::KW, args, still_to_process::Vector{RecipeData})
+function _preprocess_args(plotattributes::AKW, args, still_to_process::Vector{RecipeData})
    # the grouping mechanism is a recipe on a GroupBy object
    # we simply add the GroupBy object to the front of the args list to allow
    # the recipe to be applied
@@ -40,12 +64,8 @@ function _preprocess_args(plotattributes::KW, args, still_to_process::Vector{Rec
    # remove subplot and axis args from plotattributes... they will be passed through in the kw_list
    if !isempty(args)
        for (k,v) in plotattributes
-            for defdict in (_subplot_defaults,
-                            _axis_defaults,
-                            _axis_defaults_byletter)
-                if haskey(defdict, k)
-                    delete!(plotattributes, k)
-                end
+            if k in _all_subplot_args || k in _all_axis_args
+                reset_kw!(plotattributes, k)
            end
        end
    end
@@ -57,7 +77,7 @@ end
 # user recipes


-function _process_userrecipes(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, args)
+function _process_userrecipes(plt::Plot, plotattributes::AKW, args)
    still_to_process = RecipeData[]
    args = _preprocess_args(plotattributes, args, still_to_process)

@@ -80,7 +100,11 @@ function _process_userrecipes(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, args)
        if isempty(next_series.args)
            _process_userrecipe(plt, kw_list, next_series)
        else
-            rd_list = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(next_series.plotattributes, next_series.args...)
+            rd_list = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(
+                next_series.plotattributes,
+                next_series.args...
+            )
+            warn_on_recipe_aliases!(rd_list, :user, next_series.args...)
            prepend!(still_to_process,rd_list)
        end
    end
@@ -108,7 +132,7 @@ function _process_userrecipe(plt::Plot, kw_list::Vector{KW}, recipedata::RecipeD
    return
 end

-function _preprocess_userrecipe(kw::KW)
+function _preprocess_userrecipe(kw::AKW)
    _add_markershape(kw)

    # if there was a grouping, filter the data here
@@ -126,17 +150,17 @@ function _preprocess_userrecipe(kw::KW)
    end

    # convert a ribbon into a fillrange
-    if get(kw, :ribbon, nothing) != nothing
+    if get(kw, :ribbon, nothing) !== nothing
        make_fillrange_from_ribbon(kw)
    end
    return
 end

-function _add_errorbar_kw(kw_list::Vector{KW}, kw::KW)
+function _add_errorbar_kw(kw_list::Vector{KW}, kw::AKW)
    # handle error bars by creating new recipedata data... these will have
    # the same recipedata index as the recipedata they are copied from
    for esym in (:xerror, :yerror)
-        if get(kw, esym, nothing) != nothing
+        if get(kw, esym, nothing) !== nothing
            # we make a copy of the KW and apply an errorbar recipe
            errkw = copy(kw)
            errkw[:seriestype] = esym
@@ -147,7 +171,7 @@ function _add_errorbar_kw(kw_list::Vector{KW}, kw::KW)
    end
 end

-function _add_smooth_kw(kw_list::Vector{KW}, kw::KW)
+function _add_smooth_kw(kw_list::Vector{KW}, kw::AKW)
    # handle smoothing by adding a new series
    if get(kw, :smooth, false)
        x, y = kw[:x], kw[:y]
@@ -172,7 +196,7 @@ end
 # to generate a list of RecipeData objects (data + attributes).
 # If we applied a "plot recipe" without error, then add the returned datalist's KWs,
 # otherwise we just add the original KW.
-function _process_plotrecipe(plt::Plot, kw::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW}, still_to_process::Vector{KW})
+function _process_plotrecipe(plt::Plot, kw::AKW, kw_list::Vector{KW}, still_to_process::Vector{KW})
    if !isa(get(kw, :seriestype, nothing), Symbol)
        # seriestype was never set, or it's not a Symbol, so it can't be a plot recipe
        push!(kw_list, kw)
@@ -182,6 +206,7 @@ function _process_plotrecipe(plt::Plot, kw::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW}, still_to_pr
        st = kw[:seriestype]
        st = kw[:seriestype] = get(_typeAliases, st, st)
        datalist = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(kw, Val{st}, plt)
+        warn_on_recipe_aliases!(datalist, :plot, st)
        for data in datalist
            preprocessArgs!(data.plotattributes)
            if data.plotattributes[:seriestype] == st
@@ -203,7 +228,7 @@ end
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------
 # setup plot and subplot

-function _plot_setup(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW})
+function _plot_setup(plt::Plot, plotattributes::AKW, kw_list::Vector{KW})
    # merge in anything meant for the Plot
    for kw in kw_list, (k,v) in kw
        haskey(_plot_defaults, k) && (plotattributes[k] = pop!(kw, k))
@@ -227,7 +252,7 @@ function _plot_setup(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW})

    # handle inset subplots
    insets = plt[:inset_subplots]
-    if insets != nothing
+    if insets !== nothing
        if !(typeof(insets) <: AVec)
            insets = [insets]
        end
@@ -252,7 +277,7 @@ function _plot_setup(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW})
    plt[:inset_subplots] = nothing
 end

-function _subplot_setup(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW})
+function _subplot_setup(plt::Plot, plotattributes::AKW, kw_list::Vector{KW})
    # we'll keep a map of subplot to an attribute override dict.
    # Subplot/Axis attributes set by a user/series recipe apply only to the
    # Subplot object which they belong to.
@@ -261,16 +286,16 @@ function _subplot_setup(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW})
    for kw in kw_list
        # get the Subplot object to which the series belongs.
        sps = get(kw, :subplot, :auto)
-        sp = get_subplot(plt, _cycle(sps == :auto ? plt.subplots : plt.subplots[sps], command_idx(kw_list,kw)))
+        sp = get_subplot(plt, _cycle(sps == :auto ? plt.subplots : plt.subplots[sps], series_idx(kw_list,kw)))
        kw[:subplot] = sp

        # extract subplot/axis attributes from kw and add to sp_attr
        attr = KW()
        for (k,v) in collect(kw)
-            if haskey(_subplot_defaults, k) || haskey(_axis_defaults_byletter, k)
+            if is_subplot_attr(k) || is_axis_attr(k)
                attr[k] = pop!(kw, k)
            end
-            if haskey(_axis_defaults, k)
+            if is_axis_attr_noletter(k)
                v = pop!(kw, k)
                for letter in (:x,:y,:z)
                    attr[Symbol(letter,k)] = v
@@ -303,7 +328,7 @@ end

 # getting ready to add the series... last update to subplot from anything
 # that might have been added during series recipes
-function _prepare_subplot(plt::Plot{T}, plotattributes::KW) where T
+function _prepare_subplot(plt::Plot{T}, plotattributes::AKW) where T
    st::Symbol = plotattributes[:seriestype]
    sp::Subplot{T} = plotattributes[:subplot]
    sp_idx = get_subplot_index(plt, sp)
@@ -327,7 +352,7 @@ end
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------
 # series types

-function _override_seriestype_check(plotattributes::KW, st::Symbol)
+function _override_seriestype_check(plotattributes::AKW, st::Symbol)
    # do we want to override the series type?
    if !is3d(st) && !(st in (:contour,:contour3d))
        z = plotattributes[:z]
@@ -339,7 +364,7 @@ function _override_seriestype_check(plotattributes::KW, st::Symbol)
    st
 end

-function _prepare_annotations(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::KW)
+function _prepare_annotations(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::AKW)
    # strip out series annotations (those which are based on series x/y coords)
    # and add them to the subplot attr
    sp_anns = annotations(sp[:annotations])
@@ -356,7 +381,7 @@ function _prepare_annotations(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::KW)
    # sp.attr[:annotations] = vcat(sp_anns, series_anns)
 end

-function _expand_subplot_extrema(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::KW, st::Symbol)
+function _expand_subplot_extrema(sp::Subplot, plotattributes::AKW, st::Symbol)
    # adjust extrema and discrete info
    if st == :image
        xmin, xmax = ignorenan_extrema(plotattributes[:x]); ymin, ymax = ignorenan_extrema(plotattributes[:y])
@@ -385,7 +410,8 @@ end

 # this method recursively applies series recipes when the seriestype is not supported
 # natively by the backend
-function _process_seriesrecipe(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW)
+function _process_seriesrecipe(plt::Plot, plotattributes::AKW)
+    #println("process $(typeof(plotattributes))")
    # replace seriestype aliases
    st = Symbol(plotattributes[:seriestype])
    st = plotattributes[:seriestype] = get(_typeAliases, st, st)
@@ -405,7 +431,9 @@ function _process_seriesrecipe(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW)

    else
        # get a sub list of series for this seriestype
-        datalist = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes, Val{st}, plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y], plotattributes[:z])
+        x, y, z = plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y], plotattributes[:z]
+        datalist = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes, Val{st}, x, y, z)
+        warn_on_recipe_aliases!(datalist, :series, st)

        # assuming there was no error, recursively apply the series recipes
        for data in datalist
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mutable struct CurrentPlot
 end
 const CURRENT_PLOT = CurrentPlot(nothing)

-isplotnull() = CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot == nothing
+isplotnull() = CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot === nothing

 """
    current()
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ function plot(plt1::Plot, plts_tail::Plot...; kw...)

    series_attr = KW()
    for (k,v) in plotattributes
-        if haskey(_series_defaults, k)
+        if is_series_attr(k)
            series_attr[k] = pop!(plotattributes,k)
        end
    end
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ function plot(plt1::Plot, plts_tail::Plot...; kw...)
        sp.attr[:subplot_index] = idx
        for series in serieslist
            merge!(series.plotattributes, series_attr)
-            _add_defaults!(series.plotattributes, plt, sp, cmdidx)
+            _slice_series_args!(series.plotattributes, plt, sp, cmdidx)
            push!(plt.series_list, series)
            _series_added(plt, series)
            cmdidx += 1
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ end
 # this is the core plotting function.  recursively apply recipes to build
 # a list of series KW dicts.
 # note: at entry, we only have those preprocessed args which were passed in... no default values yet
-function _plot!(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, args::Tuple)
+function _plot!(plt::Plot, plotattributes::AKW, args::Tuple)
    plotattributes[:plot_object] = plt

    if !isempty(args) && !isdefined(Main, :StatsPlots) &&
@@ -217,21 +217,20 @@ function _plot!(plt::Plot, plotattributes::KW, args::Tuple)

    for kw in kw_list
        sp::Subplot = kw[:subplot]
-        # idx = get_subplot_index(plt, sp)

-        # # we update subplot args in case something like the color palatte is part of the recipe
-        # _update_subplot_args(plt, sp, kw, idx, true)
+        # in series attributes given as vector with one element per series,
+        # select the value for current series
+        _slice_series_args!(kw, plt, sp, series_idx(kw_list,kw))

-        # set default values, select from attribute cycles, and generally set the final attributes
-        _add_defaults!(kw, plt, sp, command_idx(kw_list,kw))

+        series_attr = Attr(kw, _series_defaults)
        # now we have a fully specified series, with colors chosen.   we must recursively handle
        # series recipes, which dispatch on seriestype.  If a backend does not natively support a seriestype,
        # we check for a recipe that will convert that series type into one made up of lower-level components.
        # For example, a histogram is just a bar plot with binned data, a bar plot is really a filled step plot,
        # and a step plot is really just a path.  So any backend that supports drawing a path will implicitly
        # be able to support step, bar, and histogram plots (and any recipes that use those components).
-        _process_seriesrecipe(plt, kw)
+        _process_seriesrecipe(plt, series_attr)
    end

    # --------------------------------
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ end

 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-num_series(x::AMat) = size(x,2)
+num_series(x::AMat) = size(x, 2)
 num_series(x) = 1

-RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes::KW, ::Type{T}, plt::AbstractPlot) where {T} = throw(MethodError(T, "Unmatched plot recipe: $T"))
+RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes::AKW, ::Type{T}, plt::AbstractPlot) where {T} = throw(MethodError(T, "Unmatched plot recipe: $T"))

 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -55,13 +55,26 @@ RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes::KW, ::Type{T}, plt::AbstractPlot) where
 # for seriestype `line`, need to sort by x values

 const POTENTIAL_VECTOR_ARGUMENTS = [
-    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
-    :linecolor, :linealpha, :linewidth, :linestyle, :line_z,
-    :fillcolor, :fillalpha, :fill_z,
-    :markercolor, :markeralpha, :markershape, :marker_z,
-    :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha,
-    :yerror, :yerror,
-    :series_annotations, :fillrange
+    :seriescolor,
+    :seriesalpha,
+    :linecolor,
+    :linealpha,
+    :linewidth,
+    :linestyle,
+    :line_z,
+    :fillcolor,
+    :fillalpha,
+    :fill_z,
+    :markercolor,
+    :markeralpha,
+    :markershape,
+    :marker_z,
+    :markerstrokecolor,
+    :markerstrokealpha,
+    :yerror,
+    :yerror,
+    :series_annotations,
+    :fillrange,
 ]

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:line}}, x, y, z)
@@ -96,23 +109,10 @@ const POTENTIAL_VECTOR_ARGUMENTS = [
 end
@deps line path

-
-function hvline_limits(axis::Axis)
-    vmin, vmax = axis_limits(axis)
-    if vmin >= vmax
-        if isfinite(vmin)
-            vmax = vmin + 1
-        else
-            vmin, vmax = 0.0, 1.1
-        end
-    end
-    vmin, vmax
-end
-
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:hline}}, x, y, z)
    n = length(y)
    newx = repeat(Float64[-1, 1, NaN], n)
-    newy = vec(Float64[yi for i=1:3,yi=y])
+    newy = vec(Float64[yi for i = 1:3, yi in y])
    x := newx
    y := newy
    seriestype := :straightline
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ end

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:vline}}, x, y, z)
    n = length(y)
-    newx = vec(Float64[yi for i=1:3,yi=y])
+    newx = vec(Float64[yi for i = 1:3, yi in y])
    newy = repeat(Float64[-1, 1, NaN], n)
    x := newx
    y := newy
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ end
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:hspan}}, x, y, z)
    n = div(length(y), 2)
    newx = repeat([-Inf, Inf, Inf, -Inf, NaN], outer = n)
-    newy = vcat([[y[2i-1], y[2i-1], y[2i], y[2i], NaN] for i in 1:n]...)
+    newy = vcat([[y[2i - 1], y[2i - 1], y[2i], y[2i], NaN] for i = 1:n]...)
    linewidth --> 0
    x := newx
    y := newy
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ end

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:vspan}}, x, y, z)
    n = div(length(y), 2)
-    newx = vcat([[y[2i-1], y[2i-1], y[2i], y[2i], NaN] for i in 1:n]...)
+    newx = vcat([[y[2i - 1], y[2i - 1], y[2i], y[2i], NaN] for i = 1:n]...)
    newy = repeat([-Inf, Inf, Inf, -Inf, NaN], outer = n)
    linewidth --> 0
    x := newx
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ end
        primary := false
        ()
    end
-()
+    ()
 end
@deps scatterpath path scatter

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ function make_steps(x::AbstractArray, st)
    n = length(x)
    n == 0 && return zeros(0)
    newx = zeros(2n - 1)
-    for i in 1:n
+    for i = 1:n
        idx = 2i - 1
        newx[idx] = x[i]
        if i > 1
@@ -252,19 +252,20 @@ end
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:sticks}}, x, y, z)
    n = length(x)
    fr = plotattributes[:fillrange]
-    if fr == nothing
-        yaxis = plotattributes[:subplot][:yaxis]
+    if fr === nothing
+        sp = plotattributes[:subplot]
+        yaxis = sp[:yaxis]
        fr = if yaxis[:scale] == :identity
            0.0
        else
-            NaNMath.min(axis_limits(yaxis)[1], ignorenan_minimum(y))
+            NaNMath.min(axis_limits(sp, :y)[1], ignorenan_minimum(y))
        end
    end
    newx, newy = zeros(3n), zeros(3n)
-    for i=1:n
-        rng = 3i-2:3i
+    for i = 1:n
+        rng = (3i - 2):(3i)
        newx[rng] = [x[i], x[i], NaN]
-        newy[rng] = [_cycle(fr,i), y[i], NaN]
+        newy[rng] = [_cycle(fr, i), y[i], NaN]
    end
    x := newx
    y := newy
@@ -294,37 +295,37 @@ end
 # get the value of the curve point at position t
 function bezier_value(pts::AVec, t::Real)
    val = 0.0
-    n = length(pts)-1
-    for (i,p) in enumerate(pts)
-        val += p * binomial(n, i-1) * (1-t)^(n-i+1) * t^(i-1)
+    n = length(pts) - 1
+    for (i, p) in enumerate(pts)
+        val += p * binomial(n, i - 1) * (1 - t)^(n - i + 1) * t^(i - 1)
    end
    val
 end

 # create segmented bezier curves in place of line segments
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:curves}}, x, y, z; npoints = 30)
-    args = z != nothing ? (x,y,z) : (x,y)
+    args = z !== nothing ? (x, y, z) : (x, y)
    newx, newy = zeros(0), zeros(0)
    fr = plotattributes[:fillrange]
-    newfr = fr != nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
-    newz = z != nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
+    newfr = fr !== nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
+    newz = z !== nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
    # lz = plotattributes[:line_z]
-    # newlz = lz != nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
+    # newlz = lz !== nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing

    # for each line segment (point series with no NaNs), convert it into a bezier curve
    # where the points are the control points of the curve
    for rng in iter_segments(args...)
        length(rng) < 2 && continue
        ts = range(0, stop = 1, length = npoints)
-        nanappend!(newx, map(t -> bezier_value(_cycle(x,rng), t), ts))
-        nanappend!(newy, map(t -> bezier_value(_cycle(y,rng), t), ts))
-        if z != nothing
-            nanappend!(newz, map(t -> bezier_value(_cycle(z,rng), t), ts))
+        nanappend!(newx, map(t -> bezier_value(_cycle(x, rng), t), ts))
+        nanappend!(newy, map(t -> bezier_value(_cycle(y, rng), t), ts))
+        if z !== nothing
+            nanappend!(newz, map(t -> bezier_value(_cycle(z, rng), t), ts))
        end
-        if fr != nothing
-            nanappend!(newfr, map(t -> bezier_value(_cycle(fr,rng), t), ts))
+        if fr !== nothing
+            nanappend!(newfr, map(t -> bezier_value(_cycle(fr, rng), t), ts))
        end
-        # if lz != nothing
+        # if lz !== nothing
        #     lzrng = _cycle(lz, rng) # the line_z's for this segment
        #     push!(newlz, 0.0)
        #     append!(newlz, map(t -> lzrng[1+floor(Int, t * (length(rng)-1))], ts))
@@ -333,16 +334,16 @@ end

    x := newx
    y := newy
-    if z == nothing
+    if z === nothing
        seriestype := :path
    else
        seriestype := :path3d
        z := newz
    end
-    if fr != nothing
+    if fr !== nothing
        fillrange := newfr
    end
-    # if lz != nothing
+    # if lz !== nothing
    #     # line_z := newlz
    #     linecolor := (isa(plotattributes[:linecolor], ColorGradient) ? plotattributes[:linecolor] : cgrad())
    # end
@@ -355,33 +356,34 @@ end

 # create a bar plot as a filled step function
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:bar}}, x, y, z)
-    procx, procy, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_barlike(plotattributes, x, y)
+    procx, procy, xscale, yscale, baseline =
+        _preprocess_barlike(plotattributes, x, y)
    nx, ny = length(procx), length(procy)
    axis = plotattributes[:subplot][isvertical(plotattributes) ? :xaxis : :yaxis]
-    cv = [discrete_value!(axis, xi)[1] for xi=procx]
+    cv = [discrete_value!(axis, xi)[1] for xi in procx]
    procx = if nx == ny
        cv
    elseif nx == ny + 1
-        0.5diff(cv) + cv[1:end-1]
+        0.5 * diff(cv) + cv[1:(end - 1)]
    else
        error("bar recipe: x must be same length as y (centers), or one more than y (edges).\n\t\tlength(x)=$(length(x)), length(y)=$(length(y))")
    end

    # compute half-width of bars
    bw = plotattributes[:bar_width]
-    hw = if bw == nothing
+    hw = if bw === nothing
        if nx > 1
-            0.5*_bar_width*ignorenan_minimum(filter(x->x>0, diff(procx)))
+            0.5 * _bar_width * ignorenan_minimum(filter(x -> x > 0, diff(procx)))
        else
            0.5 * _bar_width
        end
    else
-        Float64[0.5_cycle(bw,i) for i=1:length(procx)]
+        Float64[0.5 * _cycle(bw, i) for i in eachindex(procx)]
    end

    # make fillto a vector... default fills to 0
    fillto = plotattributes[:fillrange]
-    if fillto == nothing
+    if fillto === nothing
        fillto = 0
    end
    if (yscale in _logScales) && !all(_is_positive, fillto)
@@ -390,13 +392,20 @@ end

    # create the bar shapes by adding x/y segments
    xseg, yseg = Segments(), Segments()
-    for i=1:ny
+    for i = 1:ny
        yi = procy[i]
        if !isnan(yi)
            center = procx[i]
-            hwi = _cycle(hw,i)
-            fi = _cycle(fillto,i)
-            push!(xseg, center-hwi, center-hwi, center+hwi, center+hwi, center-hwi)
+            hwi = _cycle(hw, i)
+            fi = _cycle(fillto, i)
+            push!(
+                xseg,
+                center - hwi,
+                center - hwi,
+                center + hwi,
+                center + hwi,
+                center - hwi,
+            )
            push!(yseg, yi, fi, fi, yi, yi)
        end
    end
@@ -427,8 +436,8 @@ end
    m, n = size(z.surf)
    x_pts, y_pts = fill(NaN, 6 * m * n), fill(NaN, 6 * m * n)
    fz = zeros(m * n)
-    for i in 1:m # y
-        for j in 1:n # x
+    for i = 1:m # y
+        for j = 1:n # x
            k = (j - 1) * m + i
            inds = (6 * (k - 1) + 1):(6 * k - 1)
            x_pts[inds] .= [xe[j], xe[j + 1], xe[j + 1], xe[j], xe[j]]
@@ -452,13 +461,17 @@ end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Histograms

-_bin_centers(v::AVec) = (v[1:end-1] + v[2:end]) / 2
+_bin_centers(v::AVec) = (v[1:(end - 1)] + v[2:end]) / 2

 _is_positive(x) = (x > 0) && !(x ≈ 0)

 _positive_else_nan(::Type{T}, x::Real) where {T} = _is_positive(x) ? T(x) : T(NaN)

-function _scale_adjusted_values(::Type{T}, V::AbstractVector, scale::Symbol) where T<:AbstractFloat
+function _scale_adjusted_values(
+    ::Type{T},
+    V::AbstractVector,
+    scale::Symbol,
+) where {T<:AbstractFloat}
    if scale in _logScales
        [_positive_else_nan(T, x) for x in V]
    else
@@ -467,7 +480,7 @@ function _scale_adjusted_values(::Type{T}, V::AbstractVector, scale::Symbol) whe
 end


-function _binbarlike_baseline(min_value::T, scale::Symbol) where T<:Real
+function _binbarlike_baseline(min_value::T, scale::Symbol) where {T<:Real}
    if (scale in _logScales)
        !isnan(min_value) ? min_value / T(_logScaleBases[scale]^log10(2)) : T(1E-3)
    else
@@ -476,7 +489,11 @@ function _binbarlike_baseline(min_value::T, scale::Symbol) where T<:Real
 end


-function _preprocess_binbarlike_weights(::Type{T}, w, wscale::Symbol) where T<:AbstractFloat
+function _preprocess_binbarlike_weights(
+    ::Type{T},
+    w,
+    wscale::Symbol,
+) where {T<:AbstractFloat}
    w_adj = _scale_adjusted_values(T, w, wscale)
    w_min = ignorenan_minimum(w_adj)
    w_max = ignorenan_maximum(w_adj)
@@ -502,8 +519,9 @@ end


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:barbins}}, x, y, z)
-    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)
-    if (plotattributes[:bar_width] == nothing)
+    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline =
+        _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)
+    if (plotattributes[:bar_width] === nothing)
        bar_width := diff(edge)
    end
    x := _bin_centers(edge)
@@ -515,8 +533,9 @@ end


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:scatterbins}}, x, y, z)
-    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)
-    xerror := diff(edge)/2
+    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline =
+        _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)
+    xerror := diff(edge) / 2
    x := _bin_centers(edge)
    y := weights
    seriestype := :scatter
@@ -525,7 +544,13 @@ end
@deps scatterbins scatter


-function _stepbins_path(edge, weights, baseline::Real, xscale::Symbol, yscale::Symbol)
+function _stepbins_path(
+    edge,
+    weights,
+    baseline::Real,
+    xscale::Symbol,
+    yscale::Symbol,
+)
    log_scale_x = xscale in _logScales
    log_scale_y = yscale in _logScales

@@ -545,18 +570,20 @@ function _stepbins_path(edge, weights, baseline::Real, xscale::Symbol, yscale::S

    last_w = eltype(weights)(NaN)

-    while it_tuple_e != nothing && it_tuple_w != nothing
+    while it_tuple_e !== nothing && it_tuple_w !== nothing
        b, it_state_e = it_tuple_e
        w, it_state_w = it_tuple_w

        if (log_scale_x && a ≈ 0)
-            a = b/_logScaleBases[xscale]^3
+            a = oftype(a, b / _logScaleBases[xscale]^3)
        end

        if isnan(w)
            if !isnan(last_w)
                push!(x, a)
                push!(y, baseline)
+                push!(x, NaN)
+                push!(y, NaN)
            end
        else
            if isnan(last_w)
@@ -569,8 +596,8 @@ function _stepbins_path(edge, weights, baseline::Real, xscale::Symbol, yscale::S
            push!(y, w)
        end

-        a = b
-        last_w = w
+        a = oftype(a, b)
+        last_w = oftype(last_w, w)

        it_tuple_e = iterate(edge, it_state_e)
        it_tuple_w = iterate(weights, it_state_w)
@@ -585,9 +612,11 @@ end


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:stepbins}}, x, y, z)
-    axis = plotattributes[:subplot][Plots.isvertical(plotattributes) ? :xaxis : :yaxis]
+    axis =
+        plotattributes[:subplot][Plots.isvertical(plotattributes) ? :xaxis : :yaxis]

-    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)
+    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline =
+        _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)

    xpts, ypts = _stepbins_path(edge, weights, baseline, xscale, yscale)
    if !isvertical(plotattributes)
@@ -617,18 +646,34 @@ end
 end
 Plots.@deps stepbins path

-wand_edges(x...) = (@warn("Load the StatsPlots package in order to use :wand bins. Defaulting to :auto", once = true); :auto)
+wand_edges(x...) = (
+    @warn(
+        "Load the StatsPlots package in order to use :wand bins. Defaulting to :auto",
+        once = true
+    );
+    :auto
+)

-function _auto_binning_nbins(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer; mode::Symbol = :auto) where N
-    _cl(x) = ceil(Int, max(x, one(x)))
+function _auto_binning_nbins(
+    vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector},
+    dim::Integer;
+    mode::Symbol = :auto,
+) where {N}
+    max_bins = 10_000
+    _cl(x) = min(ceil(Int, max(x, one(x))), max_bins)
    _iqr(v) = (q = quantile(v, 0.75) - quantile(v, 0.25); q > 0 ? q : oftype(q, 1))
    _span(v) = maximum(v) - minimum(v)

    n_samples = length(LinearIndices(first(vs)))

    # The nd estimator is the key to most automatic binning methods, and is modified for twodimensional histograms to include correlation
-    nd = n_samples^(1/(2+N))
-    nd = N == 2 ? min(n_samples^(1/(2+N)), nd / (1-cor(first(vs), last(vs))^2)^(3//8)) : nd # the >2-dimensional case does not have a nice solution to correlations
+    nd = n_samples^(1 / (2 + N))
+    nd = N == 2 ?
+        min(
+        n_samples^(1 / (2 + N)),
+        nd / (1 - cor(first(vs), last(vs))^2)^(3 // 8),
+    ) :
+        nd # the >2-dimensional case does not have a nice solution to correlations

    v = vs[dim]

@@ -647,38 +692,58 @@ function _auto_binning_nbins(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer; mode::S
    elseif mode == :fd  # Freedman–Diaconis rule
        _cl(_span(v) / (2 * _iqr(v) / nd))
    elseif mode == :wand
-        wand_edges(v)  # this makes this function not type stable, but the type instability does not propagate
+        _cl(wand_edges(v))  # this makes this function not type stable, but the type instability does not propagate
    else
        error("Unknown auto-binning mode $mode")
    end
 end

-_hist_edge(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::Integer) where {N} = StatsBase.histrange(vs[dim], binning, :left)
-_hist_edge(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::Symbol) where {N} = _hist_edge(vs, dim, _auto_binning_nbins(vs, dim, mode = binning))
-_hist_edge(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::AbstractVector) where {N} = binning
+_hist_edge(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::Integer) where {N} =
+    StatsBase.histrange(vs[dim], binning, :left)
+_hist_edge(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::Symbol) where {N} =
+    _hist_edge(vs, dim, _auto_binning_nbins(vs, dim, mode = binning))
+_hist_edge(
+    vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector},
+    dim::Integer,
+    binning::AbstractVector,
+) where {N} = binning

-_hist_edges(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning::NTuple{N, Any}) where {N} =
+_hist_edges(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning::NTuple{N,Any}) where {N} =
    map(dim -> _hist_edge(vs, dim, binning[dim]), (1:N...,))

-_hist_edges(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning::Union{Integer, Symbol, AbstractVector}) where {N} =
-    map(dim -> _hist_edge(vs, dim, binning), (1:N...,))
+_hist_edges(
+    vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector},
+    binning::Union{Integer,Symbol,AbstractVector},
+) where {N} = map(dim -> _hist_edge(vs, dim, binning), (1:N...,))

 _hist_norm_mode(mode::Symbol) = mode
 _hist_norm_mode(mode::Bool) = mode ? :pdf : :none

 _filternans(vs::NTuple{1,AbstractVector}) = filter!.(isfinite, vs)
-function _filternans(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}) where N
-    _invertedindex(v, not) = [j for (i,j) in enumerate(v) if !(i ∈ not)]
+function _filternans(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}) where {N}
+    _invertedindex(v, not) = [j for (i, j) in enumerate(v) if !(i ∈ not)]
    nots = union(Set.(findall.(!isfinite, vs))...)
    _invertedindex.(vs, Ref(nots))
 end

-function _make_hist(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning; normed = false, weights = nothing) where N
+function _make_hist(
+    vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector},
+    binning;
+    normed = false,
+    weights = nothing,
+) where {N}
    localvs = _filternans(vs)
    edges = _hist_edges(localvs, binning)
-    h = float( weights == nothing ?
-        StatsBase.fit(StatsBase.Histogram, localvs, edges, closed = :left) :
-        StatsBase.fit(StatsBase.Histogram, localvs, StatsBase.Weights(weights), edges, closed = :left)
+    h = float(
+        weights === nothing ?
+            StatsBase.fit(StatsBase.Histogram, localvs, edges, closed = :left) :
+            StatsBase.fit(
+            StatsBase.Histogram,
+            localvs,
+            StatsBase.Weights(weights),
+            edges,
+            closed = :left,
+        ),
    )
    normalize!(h, mode = _hist_norm_mode(normed))
 end
@@ -691,7 +756,12 @@ end
@deps histogram barhist

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:barhist}}, x, y, z)
-    h = _make_hist((y,), plotattributes[:bins], normed = plotattributes[:normalize], weights = plotattributes[:weights])
+    h = _make_hist(
+        (y,),
+        plotattributes[:bins],
+        normed = plotattributes[:normalize],
+        weights = plotattributes[:weights],
+    )
    x := h.edges[1]
    y := h.weights
    seriestype := :barbins
@@ -700,7 +770,12 @@ end
@deps barhist barbins

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:stephist}}, x, y, z)
-    h = _make_hist((y,), plotattributes[:bins], normed = plotattributes[:normalize], weights = plotattributes[:weights])
+    h = _make_hist(
+        (y,),
+        plotattributes[:bins],
+        normed = plotattributes[:normalize],
+        weights = plotattributes[:weights],
+    )
    x := h.edges[1]
    y := h.weights
    seriestype := :stepbins
@@ -709,7 +784,12 @@ end
@deps stephist stepbins

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:scatterhist}}, x, y, z)
-    h = _make_hist((y,), plotattributes[:bins], normed = plotattributes[:normalize], weights = plotattributes[:weights])
+    h = _make_hist(
+        (y,),
+        plotattributes[:bins],
+        normed = plotattributes[:normalize],
+        weights = plotattributes[:weights],
+    )
    x := h.edges[1]
    y := h.weights
    seriestype := :scatterbins
@@ -718,19 +798,23 @@ end
@deps scatterhist scatterbins


-@recipe function f(h::StatsBase.Histogram{T, 1, E}) where {T, E}
+@recipe function f(h::StatsBase.Histogram{T,1,E}) where {T,E}
    seriestype --> :barbins

    st_map = Dict(
-        :bar => :barbins, :scatter => :scatterbins, :step => :stepbins,
-        :steppost => :stepbins # :step can be mapped to :steppost in pre-processing
+        :bar => :barbins,
+        :scatter => :scatterbins,
+        :step => :stepbins,
+        :steppost => :stepbins, # :step can be mapped to :steppost in pre-processing
    )
-    seriestype := get(st_map, plotattributes[:seriestype], plotattributes[:seriestype])
+    seriestype :=
+        get(st_map, plotattributes[:seriestype], plotattributes[:seriestype])

    if plotattributes[:seriestype] == :scatterbins
        # Workaround, error bars currently not set correctly by scatterbins
-        edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, h.edges[1], h.weights)
-        xerror --> diff(h.edges[1])/2
+        edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline =
+            _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, h.edges[1], h.weights)
+        xerror --> diff(h.edges[1]) / 2
        seriestype := :scatter
        (Plots._bin_centers(edge), weights)
    else
@@ -739,7 +823,7 @@ end
 end


-@recipe function f(hv::AbstractVector{H}) where H <: StatsBase.Histogram
+@recipe function f(hv::AbstractVector{H}) where {H<:StatsBase.Histogram}
    for h in hv
        @series begin
            h
@@ -755,12 +839,14 @@ end
    edge_x, edge_y, weights = x, y, z.surf

    float_weights = float(weights)
-    if float_weights === weights
-        float_weights = deepcopy(float_weights)
-    end
-    for (i, c) in enumerate(float_weights)
-        if c == 0
-            float_weights[i] = NaN
+    if !plotattributes[:show_empty_bins]
+        if float_weights === weights
+            float_weights = deepcopy(float_weights)
+        end
+        for (i, c) in enumerate(float_weights)
+            if c == 0
+                float_weights[i] = NaN
+            end
        end
    end

@@ -776,7 +862,12 @@ Plots.@deps bins2d heatmap


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:histogram2d}}, x, y, z)
-    h = _make_hist((x, y), plotattributes[:bins], normed = plotattributes[:normalize], weights = plotattributes[:weights])
+    h = _make_hist(
+        (x, y),
+        plotattributes[:bins],
+        normed = plotattributes[:normalize],
+        weights = plotattributes[:weights],
+    )
    x := h.edges[1]
    y := h.edges[2]
    z := Surface(h.weights)
@@ -786,7 +877,7 @@ end
@deps histogram2d bins2d


-@recipe function f(h::StatsBase.Histogram{T, 2, E}) where {T, E}
+@recipe function f(h::StatsBase.Histogram{T,2,E}) where {T,E}
    seriestype --> :bins2d
    (h.edges[1], h.edges[2], Surface(h.weights))
 end
@@ -808,6 +899,91 @@ end
 # note: don't add dependencies because this really isn't a drop-in replacement


+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# lens! - magnify a region of a plot
+lens!(args...;kwargs...) = plot!(args...; seriestype=:lens, kwargs...)
+export lens!
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:lens}}, plt::AbstractPlot)
+    sp_index, inset_bbox = plotattributes[:inset_subplots]
+    if !(width(inset_bbox) isa Measures.Length{:w,<:Real})
+        throw(ArgumentError("Inset bounding box needs to in relative coordinates."))
+    end
+    sp = plt.subplots[sp_index]
+    xl1, xl2 = xlims(plt.subplots[sp_index])
+    bbx1 = xl1 + left(inset_bbox).value * (xl2 - xl1)
+    bbx2 = bbx1 + width(inset_bbox).value * (xl2 - xl1)
+    yl1, yl2 = ylims(plt.subplots[sp_index])
+    bby1 = yl1 + (1 - bottom(inset_bbox).value) * (yl2 - yl1)
+    bby2 = bby1 + height(inset_bbox).value * (yl2 - yl1)
+    bbx = bbx1 + width(inset_bbox).value * (xl2 - xl1) / 2
+    bby = bby1 + height(inset_bbox).value * (yl2 - yl1) / 2
+    lens_index = last(plt.subplots)[:subplot_index] + 1
+    x1, x2 = plotattributes[:x]
+    y1, y2 = plotattributes[:y]
+    seriestype := :path
+    label := ""
+    linecolor := :lightgray
+    bbx_mag = (x1 + x2) / 2
+    bby_mag = (y1 + y2) / 2
+    xi_lens, yi_lens = intersection_point(bbx_mag, bby_mag, bbx, bby, abs(bby2 - bby1), abs(bbx2 - bbx1))
+    xi_mag, yi_mag = intersection_point(bbx, bby, bbx_mag, bby_mag, abs(y2 - y1), abs(x2 - x1))
+    # add lines
+    if xl1 < xi_lens < xl2 &&
+        yl1 < yi_lens < yl2
+        @series begin
+            subplot := sp_index
+            x := [xi_mag, xi_lens]
+            y := [yi_mag, yi_lens]
+            ()
+        end
+    end
+    # add magnification shape
+    @series begin
+        subplot := sp_index
+        x := [x1, x1, x2, x2, x1]
+        y := [y1, y2, y2, y1, y1]
+        ()
+    end
+    # add subplot
+    for series in sp.series_list
+        @series begin
+            plotattributes = merge(plotattributes, copy(series.plotattributes))
+            subplot := lens_index
+            label := ""
+            xlims := (x1, x2)
+            ylims := (y1, y2)
+            ()
+        end
+    end
+    backup = copy(plotattributes)
+    empty!(plotattributes)
+    seriestype := :path
+    series_plotindex := backup[:series_plotindex]
+end
+
+function intersection_point(xA, yA, xB, yB, h, w)
+    s = (yA - yB) / (xA - xB)
+    hh = h / 2
+    hw = w / 2
+    # left or right?
+    if -hh <= s * hw <= hh
+        if xA > xB
+            # right
+            return xB + hw, yB + s * hw
+        else # left
+            return xB - hw, yB - s * hw
+        end
+    # top or bot?
+    elseif -hw <= hh/s <= hw
+        if yA > yB
+            # top
+            return xB + hh/s, yB + hh
+        else
+            # bottom
+            return xB - hh/s, yB - hh
+        end
+    end
+end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # contourf - filled contours

@@ -820,7 +996,7 @@ end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Error Bars

-function error_style!(plotattributes::KW)
+function error_style!(plotattributes::AKW)
    plotattributes[:seriestype] = :path
    plotattributes[:linecolor] = plotattributes[:markerstrokecolor]
    plotattributes[:linewidth] = plotattributes[:markerstrokewidth]
@@ -862,7 +1038,11 @@ end
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:yerror}}, x, y, z)
    error_style!(plotattributes)
    markershape := :hline
-    plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y] = error_coords(plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y], error_zipit(plotattributes[:yerror]))
+    plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y] = error_coords(
+        plotattributes[:x],
+        plotattributes[:y],
+        error_zipit(plotattributes[:yerror]),
+    )
    ()
 end
@deps yerror path
@@ -870,7 +1050,11 @@ end
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:xerror}}, x, y, z)
    error_style!(plotattributes)
    markershape := :vline
-    plotattributes[:y], plotattributes[:x] = error_coords(plotattributes[:y], plotattributes[:x], error_zipit(plotattributes[:xerror]))
+    plotattributes[:y], plotattributes[:x] = error_coords(
+        plotattributes[:y],
+        plotattributes[:x],
+        error_zipit(plotattributes[:xerror]),
+    )
    ()
 end
@deps xerror path
@@ -881,8 +1065,8 @@ end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # quiver

-# function apply_series_recipe(plotattributes::KW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
-function quiver_using_arrows(plotattributes::KW)
+# function apply_series_recipe(plotattributes::AKW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
+function quiver_using_arrows(plotattributes::AKW)
    plotattributes[:label] = ""
    plotattributes[:seriestype] = :path
    if !isa(plotattributes[:arrow], Arrow)
@@ -905,23 +1089,23 @@ function quiver_using_arrows(plotattributes::KW)
            first(vi), last(vi)
        elseif isscalar(vi)
            vi, vi
-        elseif isa(vi,Function)
+        elseif isa(vi, Function)
            vi(xi, yi)
        else
            error("unexpected vi type $(typeof(vi)) for quiver: $vi")
        end

        # add the points
-        nanappend!(x, [xi, xi+vx, NaN])
-        nanappend!(y, [yi, yi+vy, NaN])
+        nanappend!(x, [xi, xi + vx, NaN])
+        nanappend!(y, [yi, yi + vy, NaN])
    end

    plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y] = x, y
    # KW[plotattributes]
 end

-# function apply_series_recipe(plotattributes::KW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
-function quiver_using_hack(plotattributes::KW)
+# function apply_series_recipe(plotattributes::AKW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
+function quiver_using_hack(plotattributes::AKW)
    plotattributes[:label] = ""
    plotattributes[:seriestype] = :shape

@@ -943,7 +1127,7 @@ function quiver_using_hack(plotattributes::KW)
            first(vi), last(vi)
        elseif isscalar(vi)
            vi, vi
-        elseif isa(vi,Function)
+        elseif isa(vi, Function)
            vi(xi, yi)
        else
            error("unexpected vi type $(typeof(vi)) for quiver: $vi")
@@ -958,15 +1142,18 @@ function quiver_using_hack(plotattributes::KW)
        U1 *= arrow_h
        U2 *= arrow_w

-        ppv = p+v
-        nanappend!(pts, P2[p, ppv-U1, ppv-U1+U2, ppv, ppv-U1-U2, ppv-U1])
+        ppv = p + v
+        nanappend!(
+            pts,
+            P2[p, ppv - U1, ppv - U1 + U2, ppv, ppv - U1 - U2, ppv - U1],
+        )
    end

    plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y] = Plots.unzip(pts[2:end])
    # KW[plotattributes]
 end

-# function apply_series_recipe(plotattributes::KW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
+# function apply_series_recipe(plotattributes::AKW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:quiver}}, x, y, z)
    if :arrow in supported_attrs()
        quiver_using_arrows(plotattributes)
@@ -984,32 +1171,28 @@ end

 "Represent Open High Low Close data (used in finance)"
 mutable struct OHLC{T<:Real}
-  open::T
-  high::T
-  low::T
-  close::T
+    open::T
+    high::T
+    low::T
+    close::T
 end
 Base.convert(::Type{OHLC}, tup::Tuple) = OHLC(tup...)
 # Base.tuple(ohlc::OHLC) = (ohlc.open, ohlc.high, ohlc.low, ohlc.close)

 # get one OHLC path
 function get_xy(o::OHLC, x, xdiff)
-    xl, xm, xr = x-xdiff, x, x+xdiff
-    ox = [xl, xm, NaN,
-          xm, xm, NaN,
-          xm, xr]
-    oy = [o.open, o.open, NaN,
-          o.low, o.high, NaN,
-          o.close, o.close]
+    xl, xm, xr = x - xdiff, x, x + xdiff
+    ox = [xl, xm, NaN, xm, xm, NaN, xm, xr]
+    oy = [o.open, o.open, NaN, o.low, o.high, NaN, o.close, o.close]
    ox, oy
 end

 # get the joined vector
-function get_xy(v::AVec{OHLC}, x = 1:length(v))
-    xdiff = 0.3ignorenan_mean(abs.(diff(x)))
+function get_xy(v::AVec{OHLC}, x = eachindex(v))
+    xdiff = 0.3 * ignorenan_mean(abs.(diff(x)))
    x_out, y_out = zeros(0), zeros(0)
-    for (i,ohlc) in enumerate(v)
-        ox,oy = get_xy(ohlc, x[i], xdiff)
+    for (i, ohlc) in enumerate(v)
+        ox, oy = get_xy(ohlc, x[i], xdiff)
        nanappend!(x_out, ox)
        nanappend!(y_out, oy)
    end
@@ -1022,10 +1205,17 @@ end

 # to squash ambiguity warnings...
@recipe f(x::AVec{Function}, v::AVec{OHLC}) = error()
-@recipe f(x::AVec{Function}, v::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number} = error()
+@recipe f(
+    x::AVec{Function},
+    v::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}},
+) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number} = error()

 # this must be OHLC?
-@recipe f(x::AVec, ohlc::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number} = x, OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in ohlc]
+@recipe f(
+    x::AVec,
+    ohlc::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}},
+) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number} =
+    x, OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in ohlc]

@recipe function f(x::AVec, v::AVec{OHLC})
    seriestype := :path
@@ -1063,16 +1253,16 @@ end
    @assert length(g.args) == 1 && typeof(g.args[1]) <: AbstractMatrix
    seriestype := :spy
    mat = g.args[1]
-    n,m = size(mat)
-    Plots.SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
+    n, m = axes(mat)
+    Plots.SliceIt, m, n, Surface(mat)
 end

-@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:spy}}, x,y,z)
+@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:spy}}, x, y, z)
    yflip := true
    aspect_ratio := 1
    rs, cs, zs = findnz(z.surf)
-    xlim := ignorenan_extrema(cs)
-    ylim := ignorenan_extrema(rs)
+    xlims := ignorenan_extrema(cs)
+    ylims := ignorenan_extrema(rs)
    if plotattributes[:markershape] == :none
        markershape := :circle
    end
@@ -1093,7 +1283,8 @@ end
 # -------------------------------------------------

 "Adds ax+b... straight line over the current plot, without changing the axis limits"
-abline!(plt::Plot, a, b; kw...) = plot!(plt, [0, 1], [b, b+a]; seriestype = :straightline, kw...)
+abline!(plt::Plot, a, b; kw...) =
+    plot!(plt, [0, 1], [b, b + a]; seriestype = :straightline, kw...)

 abline!(args...; kw...) = abline!(current(), args...; kw...)

@@ -1106,13 +1297,21 @@ datetimeformatter(dt) = string(DateTime(Dates.UTM(dt)))
 timeformatter(t) = string(Dates.Time(Dates.Nanosecond(t)))

@recipe f(::Type{Date}, dt::Date) = (dt -> Dates.value(dt), dateformatter)
-@recipe f(::Type{DateTime}, dt::DateTime) = (dt -> Dates.value(dt), datetimeformatter)
+@recipe f(::Type{DateTime}, dt::DateTime) =
+    (dt -> Dates.value(dt), datetimeformatter)
@recipe f(::Type{Dates.Time}, t::Dates.Time) = (t -> Dates.value(t), timeformatter)
+@recipe f(::Type{P}, t::P) where {P<:Dates.Period} =
+    (t -> Dates.value(t), t -> string(P(t)))
+
+# -------------------------------------------------
+# Characters
+
+@recipe f(::Type{<:AbstractChar}, ::AbstractChar) = (string, string)

 # -------------------------------------------------
 # Complex Numbers

-@recipe function f(A::Array{Complex{T}}) where T<:Number
+@recipe function f(A::Array{Complex{T}}) where {T<:Number}
    xguide --> "Re(x)"
    yguide --> "Im(x)"
    real.(A), imag.(A)
@@ -1121,10 +1320,10 @@ end
 # Splits a complex matrix to its real and complex parts
 # Reals defaults solid, imaginary defaults dashed
 # Label defaults are changed to match the real-imaginary reference / indexing
-@recipe function f(x::AbstractArray{T},y::Array{Complex{T2}}) where {T<:Real,T2}
-  ylabel --> "Re(y)"
-  zlabel --> "Im(y)"
-  x,real.(y),imag.(y)
+@recipe function f(x::AbstractArray{T}, y::Array{Complex{T2}}) where {T<:Real,T2}
+    ylabel --> "Re(y)"
+    zlabel --> "Im(y)"
+    x, real.(y), imag.(y)
 end


@@ -1138,7 +1337,7 @@ end
    end

    library = PlotUtils.color_libraries[cl.args[1]]
-    z = sqrt.((1:15)*reshape(1:20,1,:))
+    z = sqrt.((1:15) * reshape(1:20, 1, :))

    seriestype := :heatmap
    ticks := nothing
@@ -1162,7 +1361,7 @@ end
    if !(length(grad.args) == 1 && isa(grad.args[1], Symbol))
        error("showgradient takes the name of a color gradient as a Symbol")
    end
-    z = sqrt.((1:15)*reshape(1:20,1,:))
+    z = sqrt.((1:15) * reshape(1:20, 1, :))
    seriestype := :heatmap
    ticks := nothing
    legend := false
@@ -1185,10 +1384,34 @@ end
    weights = cumsum(weights, dims = 2)
    seriestype := :shape

-	# create a filled polygon for each item
-    for c=1:size(weights,2)
-        sx = vcat(weights[:,c], c==1 ? zeros(n) : reverse(weights[:,c-1]))
+    # create a filled polygon for each item
+    for c in axes(weights, 2)
+        sx = vcat(weights[:, c], c == 1 ? zeros(n) : reverse(weights[:, c - 1]))
        sy = vcat(returns, reverse(returns))
        @series Plots.isvertical(plotattributes) ? (sx, sy) : (sy, sx)
    end
 end
+
+"""
+    areaplot([x,] y)
+    areaplot!([x,] y)
+
+Draw a stacked area plot of the matrix y.
+# Examples
+```julia-repl
+julia> areaplot(1:3, [1 2 3; 7 8 9; 4 5 6], seriescolor = [:red :green :blue], fillalpha = [0.2 0.3 0.4])
+```
+"""
+@userplot AreaPlot
+
+@recipe function f(a::AreaPlot)
+    data = cumsum(a.args[end], dims = 2)
+    x = length(a.args) == 1 ? (axes(data, 1)) : a.args[1]
+    seriestype := :line
+    for i in axes(data, 2)
+        @series begin
+            fillrange := i > 1 ? data[:, i - 1] : 0
+            x, data[:, i]
+        end
+    end
+end
@@ -7,92 +7,85 @@
 # note: returns meta information... mainly for use with automatic labeling from DataFrames for now

 const FuncOrFuncs{F} = Union{F, Vector{F}, Matrix{F}}
+const MaybeNumber = Union{Number, Missing}
+const MaybeString = Union{AbstractString, Missing}
+const DataPoint = Union{MaybeNumber, MaybeString}

-all3D(plotattributes::KW) = trueOrAllTrue(st -> st in (:contour, :contourf, :heatmap, :surface, :wireframe, :contour3d, :image, :plots_heatmap), get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :none))
+prepareSeriesData(x) = error("Cannot convert $(typeof(x)) to series data for plotting")
+prepareSeriesData(::Nothing) = nothing
+prepareSeriesData(t::Tuple{T, T}) where {T<:Number} = t
+prepareSeriesData(f::Function) = f
+prepareSeriesData(ar::AbstractRange{<:Number}) = ar
+function prepareSeriesData(a::AbstractArray{<:MaybeNumber})
+    f = isimmutable(a) ? replace : replace!
+    a = f(x -> ismissing(x) || isinf(x) ? NaN : x, map(float, a))
+end
+prepareSeriesData(a::AbstractArray{<:Missing}) = fill(NaN, axes(a))
+prepareSeriesData(a::AbstractArray{<:MaybeString}) = replace(x -> ismissing(x) ? "" : x, a)
+prepareSeriesData(s::Surface{<:AMat{<:MaybeNumber}}) = Surface(prepareSeriesData(s.surf))
+prepareSeriesData(s::Surface) = s  # non-numeric Surface, such as an image
+prepareSeriesData(v::Volume) = Volume(prepareSeriesData(v.v), v.x_extents, v.y_extents, v.z_extents)

-# unknown
-convertToAnyVector(x, plotattributes::KW) = error("No user recipe defined for $(typeof(x))")
-
-# missing
-convertToAnyVector(v::Nothing, plotattributes::KW) = Any[nothing], nothing
+# default: assume x represents a single series
+series_vector(x, plotattributes) = [prepareSeriesData(x)]

 # fixed number of blank series
-convertToAnyVector(n::Integer, plotattributes::KW) = Any[zeros(0) for i in 1:n], nothing
+series_vector(n::Integer, plotattributes) = [zeros(0) for i in 1:n]

-# numeric vector
-convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{T}, plotattributes::KW) where {T<:Number} = Any[v], nothing
-convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{Union{Missing, T}}, plotattributes::KW) where {T<:Number} = Any[replace(v, missing => NaN)], nothing
-
-# string vector
-convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{T}, plotattributes::KW) where {T<:AbstractString} = Any[v], nothing
-convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{Union{Missing, T}}, plotattributes::KW) where {T<:AbstractString} = Any[replace(v, missing => "")], nothing
-
-function convertToAnyVector(v::AMat, plotattributes::KW)
-    v = handlemissings(v)
-    if all3D(plotattributes)
-        Any[Surface(v)]
-    else
-        Any[v[:,i] for i in 1:size(v,2)]
-    end, nothing
-end
-
-handlemissings(v::AMat) = v
-handlemissings(v::AMat{T}) where T <: Number = replace(v, missing => NaN)
-handlemissings(v::AMat{T}) where T <: String = replace(v, missing => "")
-
-# function
-convertToAnyVector(f::Function, plotattributes::KW) = Any[f], nothing
-
-# surface
-convertToAnyVector(s::Surface, plotattributes::KW) = Any[s], nothing
-
-# volume
-convertToAnyVector(v::Volume, plotattributes::KW) = Any[v], nothing
-
-# # vector of OHLC
-# convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{OHLC}, plotattributes::KW) = Any[v], nothing
-
-# # dates
-convertToAnyVector(dts::AVec{D}, plotattributes::KW) where {D<:Union{Date,DateTime}} = Any[dts], nothing
+# vector of data points is a single series
+series_vector(v::AVec{<:DataPoint}, plotattributes) = [prepareSeriesData(v)]

 # list of things (maybe other vectors, functions, or something else)
-function convertToAnyVector(v::AVec, plotattributes::KW)
-    if all(x -> typeof(x) <: Number, v)
-        # all real numbers wrap the whole vector as one item
-        Any[convert(Vector{Float64}, v)], nothing
+function series_vector(v::AVec, plotattributes)
+    if all(x -> x isa MaybeNumber, v)
+        series_vector(Vector{MaybeNumber}(v), plotattributes)
+    elseif all(x -> x isa MaybeString, v)
+        series_vector(Vector{MaybeString}(v), plotattributes)
    else
-        # something else... treat each element as an item
-        vcat(Any[convertToAnyVector(vi, plotattributes)[1] for vi in v]...), nothing
-        # Any[vi for vi in v], nothing
+        vcat((series_vector(vi, plotattributes) for vi in v)...)
    end
 end

-convertToAnyVector(t::Tuple, plotattributes::KW) = Any[t], nothing
-
-
-function convertToAnyVector(args...)
-    error("In convertToAnyVector, could not handle the argument types: $(map(typeof, args[1:end-1]))")
+# Matrix is split into columns
+function series_vector(v::AMat{<:DataPoint}, plotattributes)
+    if all3D(plotattributes)
+        [prepareSeriesData(Surface(v))]
+    else
+        [prepareSeriesData(v[:, i]) for i in axes(v, 2)]
+    end
 end

 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fillranges & ribbons

-# TODO: can we avoid the copy here?  one error that crops up is that mapping functions over the same array
-#       result in that array being shared.  push!, etc will add too many items to that array

-compute_x(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z)      = 1:size(z,1)
-compute_x(x::Nothing, y, z)            = 1:size(y,1)
-compute_x(x::Function, y, z)        = map(x, y)
-compute_x(x, y, z)                  = copy(x)
+process_fillrange(range::Number, plotattributes) = [range]
+process_fillrange(range, plotattributes) = series_vector(range, plotattributes)

-# compute_y(x::Void, y::Function, z)  = error()
-compute_y(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z)      = 1:size(z,2)
-compute_y(x, y::Function, z)        = map(y, x)
-compute_y(x, y, z)                  = copy(y)
+process_ribbon(ribbon::Number, plotattributes) = [ribbon]
+process_ribbon(ribbon, plotattributes) = series_vector(ribbon, plotattributes)
+# ribbon as a tuple: (lower_ribbons, upper_ribbons)
+process_ribbon(ribbon::Tuple{S, T}, plotattributes) where {S, T} = collect(zip(
+    series_vector(ribbon[1], plotattributes),
+    series_vector(ribbon[2], plotattributes),
+))

-compute_z(x, y, z::Function)        = map(z, x, y)
-compute_z(x, y, z::AbstractMatrix)  = Surface(z)
-compute_z(x, y, z::Nothing)            = nothing
-compute_z(x, y, z)                  = copy(z)
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+compute_x(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z)    = axes(z,1)
+compute_x(x::Nothing, y, z)             = axes(y,1)
+compute_x(x::Function, y, z)            = map(x, y)
+compute_x(x, y, z)                      = x
+
+compute_y(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z)    = axes(z,2)
+compute_y(x, y::Function, z)            = map(y, x)
+compute_y(x, y, z)                      = y
+
+compute_z(x, y, z::Function)            = map(z, x, y)
+compute_z(x, y, z::AbstractMatrix)      = Surface(z)
+compute_z(x, y, z::Nothing)             = nothing
+compute_z(x, y, z)                      = z

 nobigs(v::AVec{BigFloat}) = map(Float64, v)
 nobigs(v::AVec{BigInt}) = map(Int64, v)
@@ -115,10 +108,16 @@ compute_xyz(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z::Nothing)        = error("x/y/z are all no

 # we are going to build recipes to do the processing and splitting of the args

+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The catch-all SliceIt recipe
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 # ensure we dispatch to the slicer
 struct SliceIt end

-# the catch-all recipes
+# The `SliceIt` recipe finishes user and type recipe processing.
+# It splits processed data into individual series data, stores in copied `plotattributes`
+# for each series and returns no arguments.
@recipe function f(::Type{SliceIt}, x, y, z)

    # handle data with formatting attached
@@ -135,28 +134,18 @@ struct SliceIt end
        z = z.data
    end

-    xs, _ = convertToAnyVector(x, plotattributes)
-    ys, _ = convertToAnyVector(y, plotattributes)
-    zs, _ = convertToAnyVector(z, plotattributes)
+    xs = series_vector(x, plotattributes)
+    ys = series_vector(y, plotattributes)
+    zs = series_vector(z, plotattributes)

    fr = pop!(plotattributes, :fillrange, nothing)
-    fillranges, _ = if typeof(fr) <: Number
-        ([fr],nothing)
-    else
-        convertToAnyVector(fr, plotattributes)
-    end
+    fillranges = process_fillrange(fr, plotattributes)
    mf = length(fillranges)

    rib = pop!(plotattributes, :ribbon, nothing)
-    ribbons, _ = if typeof(rib) <: Number
-        ([fr],nothing)
-    else
-        convertToAnyVector(rib, plotattributes)
-    end
+    ribbons = process_ribbon(rib, plotattributes)
    mr = length(ribbons)

-    # @show zs
-
    mx = length(xs)
    my = length(ys)
    mz = length(zs)
@@ -181,55 +170,118 @@ struct SliceIt end
    nothing  # don't add a series for the main block
 end

+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Apply type recipes
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 # this is the default "type recipe"... just pass the object through
-@recipe f(::Type{T}, v::T) where {T<:Any} = v
+@recipe f(::Type{T}, v::T) where T = v

 # this should catch unhandled "series recipes" and error with a nice message
@recipe f(::Type{V}, x, y, z) where {V<:Val} = error("The backend must not support the series type $V, and there isn't a series recipe defined.")

-_apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v) = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes, typeof(v), v)[1].args[1]
+function _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v, letter)
+    _preprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes, letter)
+    rdvec = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes, typeof(v), v)
+    warn_on_recipe_aliases!(plotattributes, :type, typeof(v))
+    _postprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes, letter)
+    return rdvec[1].args[1]
+end

 # Handle type recipes when the recipe is defined on the elements.
 # This sort of recipe should return a pair of functions... one to convert to number,
 # and one to format tick values.
-function _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v::AbstractArray)
-    isempty(v) && return Float64[]
-    args = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes, typeof(v[1]), v[1])[1].args
-    if length(args) == 2 && typeof(args[1]) <: Function && typeof(args[2]) <: Function
-        numfunc, formatter = args
-        Formatted(map(numfunc, v), formatter)
+function _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v::AbstractArray, letter)
+    _preprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes, letter)
+    # First we try to apply an array type recipe.
+    w = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes, typeof(v), v)[1].args[1]
+    warn_on_recipe_aliases!(plotattributes, :type, typeof(v))
+    # If the type did not change try it element-wise
+    if typeof(v) == typeof(w)
+        isempty(skipmissing(v)) && return Float64[]
+        x = first(skipmissing(v))
+        args = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(plotattributes, typeof(x), x)[1].args
+        warn_on_recipe_aliases!(plotattributes, :type, typeof(x))
+        _postprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes, letter)
+        if length(args) == 2 && all(arg -> arg isa Function, args)
+            numfunc, formatter = args
+             return Formatted(map(numfunc, v), formatter)
+         else
+             return v
+        end
+    end
+    _postprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes, letter)
+    return w
+end
+
+# special handling for Surface... need to properly unwrap and re-wrap
+_apply_type_recipe(
+    plotattributes,
+    v::Surface{<:AMat{<:Union{AbstractFloat, Integer, AbstractString, Missing}}},
+) = v
+function _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v::Surface)
+    ret = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v.surf)
+    if typeof(ret) <: Formatted
+        Formatted(Surface(ret.data), ret.formatter)
    else
-        v
+        Surface(ret.data)
    end
 end

-# # special handling for Surface... need to properly unwrap and re-wrap
-# function _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v::Surface)
-#     T = eltype(v.surf)
-#     @show T
-#     if T <: Integer || T <: AbstractFloat
-#         v
-#     else
-#         ret = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v.surf)
-#         if typeof(ret) <: Formatted
-#             Formatted(Surface(ret.data), ret.formatter)
-#         else
-#             v
-#         end
-#     end
-# end
+# don't do anything vectors of datapoints and for nothing
+_apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v::Nothing, letter) = v
+_apply_type_recipe(
+    plotattributes,
+    v::AbstractArray{<:Union{AbstractFloat, Integer, AbstractString, Missing}},
+    letter,
+) = v

-# don't do anything for ints or floats
-_apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v::AbstractArray{T}) where {T<:Union{Integer,AbstractFloat}} = v
+# axis args before type recipes should still be mapped to all axes
+function _preprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes)
+    for (k, v) in plotattributes
+        if is_axis_attr_noletter(k)
+            pop!(plotattributes, k)
+            for l in (:x, :y, :z)
+                lk = Symbol(l, k)
+                haskey(plotattributes, lk) || (plotattributes[lk] = v)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+function _preprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes, letter)
+    plotattributes[:letter] = letter
+    _preprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes)
+end
+
+# axis args in type recipes should only be applied to the current axis
+function _postprocess_axis_args!(plotattributes, letter)
+    pop!(plotattributes, :letter)
+    if letter in (:x, :y, :z)
+        for (k, v) in plotattributes
+            if is_axis_attr_noletter(k)
+                pop!(plotattributes, k)
+                lk = Symbol(letter, k)
+                haskey(plotattributes, lk) || (plotattributes[lk] = v)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fallback user recipes calling type recipes
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------

 # handle "type recipes" by converting inputs, and then either re-calling or slicing
@recipe function f(x, y, z)
+    wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes, x, y, z)
    did_replace = false
-    newx = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, x)
+    newx = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, x, :x)
    x === newx || (did_replace = true)
-    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y, :y)
    y === newy || (did_replace = true)
-    newz = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, z)
+    newz = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, z, :z)
    z === newz || (did_replace = true)
    if did_replace
        newx, newy, newz
@@ -238,10 +290,11 @@ _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v::AbstractArray{T}) where {T<:Union{Integer,
    end
 end
@recipe function f(x, y)
+    wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes, x, y)
    did_replace = false
-    newx = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, x)
+    newx = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, x, :x)
    x === newx || (did_replace = true)
-    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y, :y)
    y === newy || (did_replace = true)
    if did_replace
        newx, newy
@@ -250,7 +303,8 @@ end
    end
 end
@recipe function f(y)
-    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y)
+    wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes, y)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y, :y)
    if y !== newy
        newy
    else
@@ -263,7 +317,7 @@ end
@recipe function f(v1, v2, v3, v4, vrest...)
    did_replace = false
    newargs = map(v -> begin
-        newv = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v)
+        newv = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v, :unknown)
        if newv !== v
            did_replace = true
        end
@@ -276,12 +330,14 @@ end
 end


-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-# # 1 argument
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 # helper function to ensure relevant attributes are wrapped by Surface
-function wrap_surfaces(plotattributes::KW)
+function wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes, args...) end
+wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes, x::AMat, y::AMat, z::AMat) = wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes)
+wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes, x::AVec, y::AVec, z::AMat) = wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes)
+function wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes, x::AVec, y::AVec, z::Surface)
+    wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes)
+end
+function wrap_surfaces!(plotattributes)
    if haskey(plotattributes, :fill_z)
        v = plotattributes[:fill_z]
        if !isa(v, Surface)
@@ -290,40 +346,57 @@ function wrap_surfaces(plotattributes::KW)
    end
 end

+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 1 argument
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
@recipe f(n::Integer) = is3d(get(plotattributes,:seriestype,:path)) ? (SliceIt, n, n, n) : (SliceIt, n, n, nothing)

+all3D(plotattributes) = trueOrAllTrue(
+    st -> st in (
+        :contour,
+        :contourf,
+        :heatmap,
+        :surface,
+        :wireframe,
+        :contour3d,
+        :image,
+        :plots_heatmap,
+    ),
+    get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :none),
+)
+
 # return a surface if this is a 3d plot, otherwise let it be sliced up
-@recipe function f(mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Union{Integer,AbstractFloat}
+@recipe function f(mat::AMat)
    if all3D(plotattributes)
-        n,m = size(mat)
-        wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
-        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
+        n, m = axes(mat)
+        m, n, Surface(mat)
    else
-        SliceIt, nothing, mat, nothing
+        nothing, mat, nothing
    end
 end

 # if a matrix is wrapped by Formatted, do similar logic, but wrap data with Surface
-@recipe function f(fmt::Formatted{T}) where T<:AbstractMatrix
+@recipe function f(fmt::Formatted{<:AMat})
    if all3D(plotattributes)
        mat = fmt.data
-        n,m = size(mat)
-        wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
-        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Formatted(Surface(mat), fmt.formatter)
+        n, m = axes(mat)
+        m, n, Formatted(Surface(mat), fmt.formatter)
    else
-        SliceIt, nothing, fmt, nothing
+        nothing, fmt, nothing
    end
 end

 # assume this is a Volume, so construct one
-@recipe function f(vol::AbstractArray{T,3}, args...) where T<:Number
+@recipe function f(vol::AbstractArray{<:MaybeNumber, 3}, args...)
    seriestype := :volume
    SliceIt, nothing, Volume(vol, args...), nothing
 end


-# # images - grays
-function clamp_greys!(mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Gray
+# images - grays
+function clamp_greys!(mat::AMat{<:Gray})
    for i in eachindex(mat)
        mat[i].val < 0 && (mat[i] = Gray(0))
        mat[i].val > 1 && (mat[i] = Gray(1))
@@ -331,41 +404,40 @@ function clamp_greys!(mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Gray
    mat
 end

-@recipe function f(mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Gray
-    n, m = size(mat)
+@recipe function f(mat::AMat{<:Gray})
+    n, m = axes(mat)
    if is_seriestype_supported(:image)
        seriestype := :image
        yflip --> true
-        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(clamp_greys!(mat))
+        SliceIt, m, n, Surface(clamp_greys!(mat))
    else
        seriestype := :heatmap
        yflip --> true
        cbar --> false
        fillcolor --> ColorGradient([:black, :white])
-        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(clamp!(convert(Matrix{Float64}, mat), 0., 1.))
+        SliceIt, m, n, Surface(clamp!(convert(Matrix{Float64}, mat), 0., 1.))
    end
 end

-# # images - colors
-
+# images - colors
@recipe function f(mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Colorant
-	n, m = size(mat)
+	n, m = axes(mat)

    if is_seriestype_supported(:image)
        seriestype := :image
        yflip --> true
-        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
+        SliceIt, m, n, Surface(mat)
    else
        seriestype := :heatmap
        yflip --> true
        cbar --> false
+        aspect_ratio --> :equal
        z, plotattributes[:fillcolor] = replace_image_with_heatmap(mat)
-        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(z)
+        SliceIt, m, n, Surface(z)
    end
 end

-#
-# # plotting arbitrary shapes/polygons
+# plotting arbitrary shapes/polygons

@recipe function f(shape::Shape)
    seriestype --> :shape
@@ -379,54 +451,41 @@ end

@recipe function f(shapes::AMat{Shape})
    seriestype --> :shape
-    for j in 1:size(shapes,2)
+    for j in axes(shapes,2)
        @series coords(vec(shapes[:,j]))
    end
 end

+# Dicts: each entry is a data point (x,y)=(key,value)

+@recipe f(d::AbstractDict) = collect(keys(d)), collect(values(d))

 # function without range... use the current range of the x-axis

@recipe function f(f::FuncOrFuncs{F}) where F<:Function
    plt = plotattributes[:plot_object]
-    xmin, xmax = try
-        axis_limits(plt[1][:xaxis])
-    catch
-        xinv = invscalefunc(get(plotattributes, :xscale, :identity))
-        xm = tryrange(f, xinv.([-5,-1,0,0.01]))
-        xm, tryrange(f, filter(x->x>xm, xinv.([5,1,0.99, 0, -0.01])))
+    xmin, xmax = if haskey(plotattributes, :xlims)
+        plotattributes[:xlims]
+    else
+        try
+            axis_limits(plt[1], :x)
+        catch
+            xinv = invscalefunc(get(plotattributes, :xscale, :identity))
+            xm = PlotUtils.tryrange(f, xinv.([-5,-1,0,0.01]))
+            xm, PlotUtils.tryrange(f, filter(x->x>xm, xinv.([5,1,0.99, 0, -0.01])))
+        end
    end

    f, xmin, xmax
 end

-# try some intervals over which the function may be defined
-function tryrange(F::AbstractArray, vec)
-    rets = [tryrange(f, vec) for f in F] # get the preferred for each
-    maxind = maximum(indexin(rets, vec)) # get the last attempt that succeeded (most likely to fit all)
-    rets .= [tryrange(f, vec[maxind:maxind]) for f in F] # ensure that all functions compute there
-    rets[1]
-end

-function tryrange(F, vec)
-    for v in vec
-        try
-            tmp = F(v)
-            return v
-        catch
-        end
-    end
-    error("$F is not a Function, or is not defined at any of the values $vec")
-end
-#
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-# # 2 arguments
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-#
-#
-# # if functions come first, just swap the order (not to be confused with parametric functions...
-# # as there would be more than one function passed in)
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 2 arguments
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# if functions come first, just swap the order (not to be confused with parametric
+# functions... as there would be more than one function passed in)

@recipe function f(f::FuncOrFuncs{F}, x) where F<:Function
    F2 = typeof(x)
@@ -434,58 +493,25 @@ end
    x, f
 end

-#
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-# # 3 arguments
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-#
-#
-# # 3d line or scatter

-@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, z::AVec)
-    # st = get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :none)
-    # if st == :scatter
-    #     plotattributes[:seriestype] = :scatter3d
-    # elseif !is3d(st)
-    #     plotattributes[:seriestype] = :path3d
-    # end
-    SliceIt, x, y, z
-end
-
-@recipe function f(x::AMat, y::AMat, z::AMat)
-    # st = get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :none)
-    # if size(x) == size(y) == size(z)
-    #     if !is3d(st)
-    #         seriestype := :path3d
-    #     end
-    # end
-    wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
-    SliceIt, x, y, z
-end
-
-#
-# # surface-like... function
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 3 arguments
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------

+# surface-like... function
@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, zf::Function)
-    # x = X <: Number ? sort(x) : x
-    # y = Y <: Number ? sort(y) : y
-    wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
-    SliceIt, x, y, Surface(zf, x, y)  # TODO: replace with SurfaceFunction when supported
+    x, y, Surface(zf, x, y)  # TODO: replace with SurfaceFunction when supported
 end

-#
-# # surface-like... matrix grid
-
+# surface-like... matrix grid
@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, z::AMat)
    if !like_surface(get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :none))
        plotattributes[:seriestype] = :contour
    end
-    wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
-    SliceIt, x, y, Surface(z)
+    x, y, Surface(z)
 end

-# # images - grays
-
+# images - grays
@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Gray
    if is_seriestype_supported(:image)
        seriestype := :image
@@ -500,8 +526,7 @@ end
    end
 end

-# # images - colors
-
+# images - colors
@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Colorant
    if is_seriestype_supported(:image)
        seriestype := :image
@@ -516,34 +541,30 @@ end
    end
 end

-#
-#
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-# # Parametric functions
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------

-#
-# # special handling... xmin/xmax with parametric function(s)
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Parametric functions
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# special handling... xmin/xmax with parametric function(s)
@recipe function f(f::Function, xmin::Number, xmax::Number)
    xscale, yscale = [get(plotattributes, sym, :identity) for sym=(:xscale,:yscale)]
-    xs = _scaled_adapted_grid(f, xscale, yscale, xmin, xmax)
-    xs, f
+    _scaled_adapted_grid(f, xscale, yscale, xmin, xmax)
 end
@recipe function f(fs::AbstractArray{F}, xmin::Number, xmax::Number) where F<:Function
    xscale, yscale = [get(plotattributes, sym, :identity) for sym=(:xscale,:yscale)]
-    xs = Any[_scaled_adapted_grid(f, xscale, yscale, xmin, xmax) for f in fs]
-    xs, fs
+    unzip(_scaled_adapted_grid.(fs, xscale, yscale, xmin, xmax))
 end
@recipe f(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, u::AVec) where {F<:Function,G<:Function}  = mapFuncOrFuncs(fx, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fy, u)
@recipe f(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, umin::Number, umax::Number, n = 200) where {F<:Function,G<:Function} = fx, fy, range(umin, stop = umax, length = n)

 function _scaled_adapted_grid(f, xscale, yscale, xmin, xmax)
    (xf, xinv), (yf, yinv) =  ((scalefunc(s),invscalefunc(s)) for s in (xscale,yscale))
-    xinv.(adapted_grid(yf∘f∘xinv, xf.((xmin, xmax))))
+    xs, ys = adapted_grid(yf∘f∘xinv, xf.((xmin, xmax)))
+    xinv.(xs), yinv.(ys)
 end

-#
-# # special handling... 3D parametric function(s)
+# special handling... 3D parametric function(s)
@recipe function f(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, fz::FuncOrFuncs{H}, u::AVec) where {F<:Function,G<:Function,H<:Function}
    mapFuncOrFuncs(fx, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fy, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fz, u)
 end
@@ -551,60 +572,26 @@ end
    fx, fy, fz, range(umin, stop = umax, length = numPoints)
 end

-#
-#
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-# # Lists of tuples and GeometryTypes.Points
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-#
-# # if we get an unhandled tuple, just splat it in
-@recipe f(tup::Tuple) = tup

-#
-# # (x,y) tuples
-@recipe f(xy::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number} = unzip(xy)
-@recipe f(xy::Tuple{R1,R2}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number}       = [xy[1]], [xy[2]]
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Lists of tuples and GeometryTypes.Points
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------

-#
-# # (x,y,z) tuples
-@recipe f(xyz::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number} = unzip(xyz)
-@recipe f(xyz::Tuple{R1,R2,R3}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number}       = [xyz[1]], [xyz[2]], [xyz[3]]
+@recipe f(v::AVec{<:Tuple})               = unzip(v)
+@recipe f(v::AVec{<:GeometryTypes.Point}) = unzip(v)
+@recipe f(tup::Tuple)             = [tup]
+@recipe f(p::GeometryTypes.Point) = [p]

-# these might be points+velocity, or OHLC or something else
-@recipe f(xyuv::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number} = get(plotattributes,:seriestype,:path)==:ohlc ? OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in xyuv] : unzip(xyuv)
-@recipe f(xyuv::Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}       = [xyuv[1]], [xyuv[2]], [xyuv[3]], [xyuv[4]]
+# Special case for 4-tuples in :ohlc series
+@recipe f(xyuv::AVec{<:Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) where {R1,R2,R3,R4} = get(plotattributes,:seriestype,:path)==:ohlc ? OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in xyuv] : unzip(xyuv)


-#
-# # 2D Points
-@recipe f(xy::AVec{GeometryTypes.Point{2,T}}) where {T<:Number} = unzip(xy)
-@recipe f(xy::GeometryTypes.Point{2,T}) where {T<:Number}       = [xy[1]], [xy[2]]
-
-#
-# # 3D Points
-@recipe f(xyz::AVec{GeometryTypes.Point{3,T}}) where {T<:Number} = unzip(xyz)
-@recipe f(xyz::GeometryTypes.Point{3,T}) where {T<:Number}       = [xyz[1]], [xyz[2]], [xyz[3]]
-
-#
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-# # handle grouping
-# # --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-# @recipe function f(groupby::GroupBy, args...)
-#     for (i,glab) in enumerate(groupby.groupLabels)
-#         # create a new series, with the label of the group, and an idxfilter (to be applied in slice_and_dice)
-#         # TODO: use @series instead
-#         @show i, glab, groupby.groupIds[i]
-#         di = copy(plotattributes)
-#         get!(di, :label, string(glab))
-#         get!(di, :idxfilter, groupby.groupIds[i])
-#         push!(series_list, RecipeData(di, args))
-#     end
-#     nothing
-# end
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# handle grouping
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------

 splittable_kw(key, val, lengthGroup) = false
-splittable_kw(key, val::AbstractArray, lengthGroup) = (key != :group) && size(val,1) == lengthGroup
+splittable_kw(key, val::AbstractArray, lengthGroup) = !(key in (:group, :color_palette)) && length(axes(val,1)) == lengthGroup
 splittable_kw(key, val::Tuple, lengthGroup) = all(splittable_kw.(key, val, lengthGroup))
 splittable_kw(key, val::SeriesAnnotations, lengthGroup) = splittable_kw(key, val.strs, lengthGroup)

@@ -618,7 +605,7 @@ end
 function groupedvec2mat(x_ind, x, y::AbstractArray, groupby, def_val = y[1])
    y_mat = Array{promote_type(eltype(y), typeof(def_val))}(undef, length(keys(x_ind)), length(groupby.groupLabels))
    fill!(y_mat, def_val)
-    for i in 1:length(groupby.groupLabels)
+    for i in eachindex(groupby.groupLabels)
        xi = x[groupby.groupIds[i]]
        yi = y[groupby.groupIds[i]]
        y_mat[getindex.(Ref(x_ind), xi), i] = yi
@@ -651,7 +638,7 @@ group_as_matrix(t) = false
        if length(g.args) == 1
            x = zeros(Int, lengthGroup)
            for indexes in groupby.groupIds
-                x[indexes] = 1:length(indexes)
+                x[indexes] = eachindex(indexes)
            end
            last_args = g.args
        else
@@ -659,7 +646,7 @@ group_as_matrix(t) = false
            last_args = g.args[2:end]
        end
        x_u = unique(sort(x))
-        x_ind = Dict(zip(x_u, 1:length(x_u)))
+        x_ind = Dict(zip(x_u, eachindex(x_u)))
        for (key,val) in plotattributes
            if splittable_kw(key, val, lengthGroup)
                :($key) := groupedvec2mat(x_ind, x, val, groupby)
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
    scatter(x,y)
    scatter!(x,y)

-Make a scatter plot of y vs x. 
+Make a scatter plot of y vs x.

 # Examples
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> scatter([1,2,3],[4,5,6],markersize=[3,4,5],markercolor=[:red,:green,:blue])
 julia> scatter([(1,4),(2,5),(3,6)])
 ```
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ julia> scatter([(1,4),(2,5),(3,6)])
    bar(x,y)
    bar!(x,y)

-Make a bar plot of y vs x. 
+Make a bar plot of y vs x.

-# Arguments 
+# Arguments

 - $(_document_argument("bar_position"))
 - $(_document_argument("bar_width"))
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Make a bar plot of y vs x.
 - $(_document_argument("orientation"))

 # Examples
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> bar([1,2,3],[4,5,6],fillcolor=[:red,:green,:blue],fillalpha=[0.2,0.4,0.6])
 julia> bar([(1,4),(2,5),(3,6)])
 ```
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ julia> bar([(1,4),(2,5),(3,6)])

 Plot a histogram.

-# Arguments 
+# Arguments

 - `x`: AbstractVector of values to be binned
 - $(_document_argument("bins"))
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Plot a histogram.
 - $(_document_argument("orientation"))

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> histogram([1,2,1,1,4,3,8],bins=0:8)
 ```
 """
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ julia> histogram([1,2,1,1,4,3,8],bins=0:8)
    barhist(x)
    barhist!(x)

-Make a histogram bar plot. See `histogram`. 
+Make a histogram bar plot. See `histogram`.
 """
@shorthands barhist

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Make a histogram bar plot. See `histogram`.
    stephist(x)

 Make a histogram step plot (bin counts are represented using horizontal lines
-instead of bars). See `histogram`. 
+instead of bars). See `histogram`.
 """
@shorthands stephist

@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ instead of bars). See `histogram`.
    scatterhist(x)
    scatterhist!(x)

-Make a histogram scatter plot (bin counts are represented using points 
-instead of bars). See `histogram`. 
+Make a histogram scatter plot (bin counts are represented using points
+instead of bars). See `histogram`.
 """
@shorthands scatterhist

@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ instead of bars). See `histogram`.

 Plot a two-dimensional histogram.

-# Arguments 
+# Arguments

- `bins`: Number of bins (if an `Integer`) or bin edges (if an `AbtractVector`) 
- `weights`: Vector of weights for the values in `x`. Each entry of x contributes 
-             its weight to the height of its bin. 
+- `bins`: Number of bins (if an `Integer`) or bin edges (if an `AbtractVector`)
+- `weights`: Vector of weights for the values in `x`. Each entry of x contributes
+             its weight to the height of its bin.

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> histogram2d(randn(10_000),randn(10_000))
 ```
 """
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ julia> histogram2d(randn(10_000),randn(10_000))
    density(x)
    density!(x)

-Make a line plot of a kernel density estimate of x. 
+Make a line plot of a kernel density estimate of x.

 # Arguments

- `x`: AbstractVector of samples for probability density estimation 
+- `x`: AbstractVector of samples for probability density estimation

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> using StatsPlots
 julia> density(randn(100_000))
 ```
@@ -126,10 +126,10 @@ julia> density(randn(100_000))
    heatmap(x,y,z)
    heatmap!(x,y,z)

-Plot a heatmap of the rectangular array `z`. 
+Plot a heatmap of the rectangular array `z`.

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> heatmap(randn(10,10))
 ```
 """
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ julia> heatmap(randn(10,10))
    hexbin(x,y)
    hexbin!(x,y)

-Make a hexagonal binning plot (a histogram of the observations `(x[i],y[i])` 
+Make a hexagonal binning plot (a histogram of the observations `(x[i],y[i])`
 with hexagonal bins)

 # Example
@@ -154,11 +154,11 @@ julia> hexbin(randn(10_000), randn(10_000))
    sticks(x,y)
    sticks!(x,y)

-Draw a stick plot of y vs x. 
+Draw a stick plot of y vs x.

 # Example
 ```julia-repl
-julia> sticks(1:10) 
+julia> sticks(1:10)
 ```
 """
@shorthands sticks
@@ -167,11 +167,11 @@ julia> sticks(1:10)
    hline(y)
    hline!(y)

-Draw horizontal lines at positions specified by the values in 
+Draw horizontal lines at positions specified by the values in
 the AbstractVector `y`

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> hline([-1,0,2])
 ```
 """
@@ -181,11 +181,11 @@ julia> hline([-1,0,2])
    vline(x)
    vline!(x)

-Draw vertical lines at positions specified by the values in 
+Draw vertical lines at positions specified by the values in
 the AbstractVector `x`

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> vline([-1,0,2])
 ```
 """
@@ -194,13 +194,13 @@ julia> vline([-1,0,2])
 """
    hspan(y)

-Draw a rectangle between the horizontal line at position `y[1]` 
-and the horizontal line at position `y[2]`. If `length(y) ≥ 4`, 
-then further rectangles are drawn between `y[3]` and `y[4]`, 
-`y[5]` and `y[6]`, and so on. If `length(y)` is odd, then the 
-last entry of `y` is ignored. 
+Draw a rectangle between the horizontal line at position `y[1]`
+and the horizontal line at position `y[2]`. If `length(y) ≥ 4`,
+then further rectangles are drawn between `y[3]` and `y[4]`,
+`y[5]` and `y[6]`, and so on. If `length(y)` is odd, then the
+last entry of `y` is ignored.
 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> hspan(1:6)
 ```
 """
@@ -209,13 +209,13 @@ julia> hspan(1:6)
 """
    vspan(x)

-Draw a rectangle between the vertical line at position `x[1]` 
-and the vertical line at position `x[2]`. If `length(x) ≥ 4`, 
-then further rectangles are drawn between `x[3]` and `x[4]`, 
-`x[5]` and `x[6]`, and so on. If `length(x)` is odd, then the 
-last entry of `x` is ignored. 
+Draw a rectangle between the vertical line at position `x[1]`
+and the vertical line at position `x[2]`. If `length(x) ≥ 4`,
+then further rectangles are drawn between `x[3]` and `x[4]`,
+`x[5]` and `x[6]`, and so on. If `length(x)` is odd, then the
+last entry of `x` is ignored.
 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> vspan(1:6)
 ```
 """
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ julia> vspan(1:6)
    ohlc(x,y::Vector{OHLC})
    ohlc!(x,y::Vector{OHLC})

-Make open-high-low-close plot. Each entry of y is represented by a vertical 
-segment extending from the low value to the high value, with short horizontal 
-segments on the left and right indicating the open and close values, respectively. 
+Make open-high-low-close plot. Each entry of y is represented by a vertical
+segment extending from the low value to the high value, with short horizontal
+segments on the left and right indicating the open and close values, respectively.

 # Example
 ```julia-repl
@@ -240,16 +240,16 @@ julia> ohlc(y)


 """
-    contour(x,y,z) 
-    contour!(x,y,z) 
+    contour(x,y,z)
+    contour!(x,y,z)

-Draw contour lines of the `Surface` z. 
+Draw contour lines of the `Surface` z.

 # Arguments
 - `levels`: Contour levels (if `AbstractVector`) or number of levels (if `Integer`)
 - `fill`: Bool. Fill area between contours or draw contours only (false by default)

-# Example 
+# Example
 ```julia-repl
 julia> x = y = range(-20, 20, length = 100)
 julia> contour(x, y, (x, y) -> x^2 + y^2)
@@ -267,10 +267,11 @@ julia> contour(x, y, (x, y) -> x^2 + y^2)
    surface(x,y,z)
    surface!(x,y,z)

-Draw a 3D surface plot. 
+Draw a 3D surface plot.

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
+julia> using LinearAlgebra
 julia> x = y = range(-3, 3, length = 100)
 julia> surface(x, y, (x, y) -> sinc(norm([x, y])))
 ```
@@ -281,10 +282,10 @@ julia> surface(x, y, (x, y) -> sinc(norm([x, y])))
    wireframe(x,y,z)
    wireframe!(x,y,z)

-Draw a 3D wireframe plot. 
+Draw a 3D wireframe plot.

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> wireframe(1:10,1:10,randn(10,10))
 ```
 """
@@ -295,10 +296,10 @@ julia> wireframe(1:10,1:10,randn(10,10))
    path3d!(x,y,z)

 Plot a 3D path from `(x[1],y[1],z[1])` to `(x[2],y[2],z[2])`,
-..., to `(x[end],y[end],z[end])`. 
+..., to `(x[end],y[end],z[end])`.

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> path3d([0,1,2,3],[0,1,4,9],[0,1,8,27])
 ```
 """
@@ -308,10 +309,10 @@ julia> path3d([0,1,2,3],[0,1,4,9],[0,1,8,27])
    scatter3d(x,y,z)
    scatter3d!(x,y,z)

-Make a 3D scatter plot. 
+Make a 3D scatter plot.

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> scatter3d([0,1,2,3],[0,1,4,9],[0,1,8,27])
 ```
 """
@@ -321,17 +322,17 @@ julia> scatter3d([0,1,2,3],[0,1,4,9],[0,1,8,27])
    boxplot(x, y)
    boxplot!(x, y)

-Make a box and whisker plot. 
+Make a box and whisker plot.

 # Keyword arguments
 - `notch`: Bool. Notch the box plot? (false)
 - `range`: Real. Values more than range*IQR below the first quartile
-           or above the third quartile are shown as outliers (1.5) 
- `outliers`: Bool. Show outliers? (true) 
- `whisker_width`: Real or Symbol. Length of whiskers (:match) 
+           or above the third quartile are shown as outliers (1.5)
+- `outliers`: Bool. Show outliers? (true)
+- `whisker_width`: Real or Symbol. Length of whiskers (:match)

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> using StatsPlots
 julia> boxplot(repeat([1,2,3],outer=100),randn(300))
 ```
@@ -342,10 +343,10 @@ julia> boxplot(repeat([1,2,3],outer=100),randn(300))
    violin(x,y,z)
    violin!(x,y,z)

-Make a violin plot. 
+Make a violin plot.

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> violin(repeat([1,2,3],outer=100),randn(300))
 ```
 """
@@ -355,11 +356,11 @@ julia> violin(repeat([1,2,3],outer=100),randn(300))
    quiver(x,y,quiver=(u,v))
    quiver!(x,y,quiver=(u,v))

-Make a quiver (vector field) plot. The `i`th vector extends 
-from `(x[i],y[i])` to `(x[i] + u[i], y[i] + v[i])`. 
+Make a quiver (vector field) plot. The `i`th vector extends
+from `(x[i],y[i])` to `(x[i] + u[i], y[i] + v[i])`.

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> quiver([1,2,3],[3,2,1],quiver=([1,1,1],[1,2,3]))
 ```
 """
@@ -369,11 +370,11 @@ julia> quiver([1,2,3],[3,2,1],quiver=([1,1,1],[1,2,3]))
    curves(x,y)
    curves!(x,y)

-Draw a Bezier curve from `(x[1],y[1])` to `(x[end],y[end])` 
+Draw a Bezier curve from `(x[1],y[1])` to `(x[end],y[end])`
 with control points `(x[2],y[2]), ..., (x[end-1],y[end]-1)`

 # Example
-```julia-repl 
+```julia-repl
 julia> curves([1,2,3,4],[1,1,2,4])
 ```
 """
@@ -424,12 +425,12 @@ ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}     =
 """
    annotate!(anns...)

-Add annotations to an existing plot. 
+Add annotations to an existing plot.

-# Arguments 
+# Arguments

- `anns`: An `AbstractVector` of tuples of the form (x,y,text). The text object
-          can be an String or PlotText
+- `anns`: An `AbstractVector` of tuples of the form `(x,y,text)`. The `text` object
+          can be a `String` or `PlotText`.

 # Example
 ```julia-repl
@@ -437,7 +438,7 @@ julia> plot(1:10)
 julia> annotate!([(7,3,"(7,3)"),(3,7,text("hey", 14, :left, :top, :green))])
 ```
 """
-annotate!(anns...; kw...)                                        = plot!(; annotation = anns, kw...)
+annotate!(anns...; kw...)                                        = plot!(; annotation = collect(anns), kw...)
 annotate!(anns::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Tuple}                 = plot!(; annotation = anns, kw...)

 "Flip the current plots' x axis"
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ function Subplot(::T; parent = RootLayout()) where T<:AbstractBackend
        (20mm, 5mm, 2mm, 10mm),
        defaultbox,
        defaultbox,
-        KW(),
+        Attr(KW(), _subplot_defaults),
        nothing,
        nothing
    )
@@ -4,39 +4,19 @@
 Specify the colour theme for plots.
 """
 function theme(s::Symbol; kw...)
-    defaults = _get_defaults(s)
+    defaults = copy(PlotThemes._themes[s].defaults)
    _theme(s, defaults; kw...)
 end

-function _get_defaults(s::Symbol)
-    thm = PlotThemes._themes[s]
-    if :defaults in fieldnames(typeof(thm))
-        return thm.defaults
-    else # old PlotTheme type
-        defaults = KW(
-            :bg       => thm.bg_secondary,
-            :bginside => thm.bg_primary,
-            :fg       => thm.lines,
-            :fgtext   => thm.text,
-            :fgguide  => thm.text,
-            :fglegend => thm.text,
-            :palette  => thm.palette,
-        )
-        if thm.gradient != nothing
-            push!(defaults, :gradient => thm.gradient)
-        end
-        return defaults
-    end
-end
-
-function _theme(s::Symbol, defaults::KW; kw...)
+function _theme(s::Symbol, defaults::AKW; kw...)
    # Reset to defaults to overwrite active theme
    reset_defaults()

    # Set the theme's gradient as default
-    if haskey(defaults, :gradient)
+    if haskey(defaults, :colorgradient)
        PlotUtils.clibrary(:misc)
        PlotUtils.default_cgrad(default = :sequential, sequential = PlotThemes.gradient_name(s))
+        pop!(defaults, :colorgradient)
    else
        PlotUtils.clibrary(:Plots)
        PlotUtils.default_cgrad(default = :sequential, sequential = :inferno)
@@ -44,8 +24,8 @@ function _theme(s::Symbol, defaults::KW; kw...)

    # maybe overwrite the theme's gradient
    kw = KW(kw)
-    if haskey(kw, :gradient)
-        kwgrad = pop!(kw, :gradient)
+    if haskey(kw, :colorgradient)
+        kwgrad = pop!(kw, :colorgradient)
        for clib in clibraries()
            if kwgrad in cgradients(clib)
                PlotUtils.clibrary(clib)
@@ -74,11 +54,11 @@ _get_showtheme_args(thm::Symbol, func::Symbol) = thm, get(_color_functions, func

@recipe function showtheme(st::ShowTheme)
    thm, cfunc = _get_showtheme_args(st.args...)
-    defaults = _get_defaults(thm)
+    defaults = PlotThemes._themes[thm].defaults

    # get the gradient
-    gradient_colors = get(defaults, :gradient, cgrad(:inferno).colors)
-    gradient = cgrad(cfunc.(RGB.(gradient_colors)))
+    gradient_colors = get(defaults, :colorgradient, cgrad(:inferno).colors)
+    colorgradient = cgrad(cfunc.(RGB.(gradient_colors)))

    # get the palette
    palette = get(defaults, :palette, get_color_palette(:auto, plot_color(:white), 17))
@@ -86,7 +66,7 @@ _get_showtheme_args(thm::Symbol, func::Symbol) = thm, get(_color_functions, func

    # apply the theme
    for k in keys(defaults)
-        k in (:gradient, :palette) && continue
+        k in (:colorgradient, :palette) && continue
        def = defaults[k]
        arg = get(_keyAliases, k, k)
        plotattributes[arg] = if typeof(def) <: Colorant
@@ -139,27 +119,30 @@ _get_showtheme_args(thm::Symbol, func::Symbol) = thm, get(_color_functions, func
    @series begin
        subplot := 4
        seriestype := :heatmap
-        seriescolor := gradient
-        ticks := -5:5:5
+        seriescolor := colorgradient
+        xticks := (-2π:2π:2π, string.(-2:2:2, "π"))
+        yticks := (-2π:2π:2π, string.(-2:2:2, "π"))
        x, y, z
    end

    @series begin
        subplot := 5
        seriestype := :surface
-        seriescolor := gradient
+        seriescolor := colorgradient
+        xticks := (-2π:2π:2π, string.(-2:2:2, "π"))
+        yticks := (-2π:2π:2π, string.(-2:2:2, "π"))
        x, y, z
    end

    n = 100
    ts = range(0, stop = 10π, length = n)
-    x = ts .* cos.(ts)
+    x = (0.1ts) .* cos.(ts)
    y = (0.1ts) .* sin.(ts)
    z = 1:n

    @series begin
        subplot := 6
-        seriescolor := gradient
+        seriescolor := colorgradient
        linewidth := 3
        line_z := z
        x, y, z
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 const AVec = AbstractVector
 const AMat = AbstractMatrix
 const KW = Dict{Symbol,Any}
+const AKW = AbstractDict{Symbol,Any}
 const TicksArgs = Union{AVec{T}, Tuple{AVec{T}, AVec{S}}, Symbol} where {T<:Real, S<:AbstractString}

 struct PlotsDisplay <: AbstractDisplay end
@@ -18,10 +19,64 @@ wrap(obj::T) where {T} = InputWrapper{T}(obj)
 Base.isempty(wrapper::InputWrapper) = false


+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct Attr <: AbstractDict{Symbol,Any}
+    explicit::KW
+    defaults::KW
+end
+
+function Base.getindex(attr::Attr, k)
+    return haskey(attr.explicit, k) ? attr.explicit[k] : attr.defaults[k]
+end
+Base.haskey(attr::Attr, k) = haskey(attr.explicit,k) || haskey(attr.defaults,k)
+Base.get(attr::Attr, k, default) = haskey(attr, k) ? attr[k] : default
+function Base.get!(attr::Attr, k, default)
+    v = if haskey(attr, k)
+        attr[k]
+    else
+        attr.defaults[k] = default
+    end
+    return v
+end
+function Base.delete!(attr::Attr, k)
+    haskey(attr.explicit, k) && delete!(attr.explicit, k)
+    haskey(attr.defaults, k) && delete!(attr.defaults, k)
+end
+Base.length(attr::Attr) = length(union(keys(attr.explicit), keys(attr.defaults)))
+function Base.iterate(attr::Attr)
+    exp_keys = keys(attr.explicit)
+    def_keys = setdiff(keys(attr.defaults), exp_keys)
+    key_list = collect(Iterators.flatten((exp_keys, def_keys)))
+    iterate(attr, (key_list, 1))
+end
+function Base.iterate(attr::Attr, (key_list, i))
+    i > length(key_list) && return nothing
+    k = key_list[i]
+    (k=>attr[k], (key_list, i+1))
+end
+
+Base.copy(attr::Attr) = Attr(copy(attr.explicit), attr.defaults)
+
+RecipesBase.is_explicit(attr::Attr, k) = haskey(attr.explicit,k)
+isdefault(attr::Attr, k) = !is_explicit(attr,k) && haskey(attr.defaults,k)
+
+Base.setindex!(attr::Attr, v, k) = attr.explicit[k] = v
+
+# Reset to default value and return dict
+reset_kw!(attr::Attr, k) = is_explicit(attr, k) ? delete!(attr.explicit, k) : attr
+# Reset to default value and return old value
+pop_kw!(attr::Attr, k) = is_explicit(attr, k) ? pop!(attr.explicit, k) : attr.defaults[k]
+pop_kw!(attr::Attr, k, default) = is_explicit(attr, k) ? pop!(attr.explicit, k) : get(attr.defaults, k, default)
+# Fallbacks for dicts without defaults
+reset_kw!(d::AKW, k) = delete!(d, k)
+pop_kw!(d::AKW, k) = pop!(d, k)
+pop_kw!(d::AKW, k, default) = pop!(d, k, default)
+
 # -----------------------------------------------------------

 mutable struct Series
-    plotattributes::KW
+    plotattributes::Attr
 end

 attr(series::Series, k::Symbol) = series.plotattributes[k]
@@ -36,7 +91,7 @@ mutable struct Subplot{T<:AbstractBackend} <: AbstractLayout
    minpad::Tuple # leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad
    bbox::BoundingBox  # the canvas area which is available to this subplot
    plotarea::BoundingBox  # the part where the data goes
-    attr::KW  # args specific to this subplot
+    attr::Attr  # args specific to this subplot
    o  # can store backend-specific data... like a pyplot ax
    plt  # the enclosing Plot object (can't give it a type because of no forward declarations)
 end
@@ -48,7 +103,7 @@ Base.show(io::IO, sp::Subplot) = print(io, "Subplot{$(sp[:subplot_index])}")
 # simple wrapper around a KW so we can hold all attributes pertaining to the axis in one place
 mutable struct Axis
    sps::Vector{Subplot}
-    plotattributes::KW
+    plotattributes::Attr
 end

 mutable struct Extrema
@@ -67,8 +122,7 @@ const SubplotMap = Dict{Any, Subplot}
 mutable struct Plot{T<:AbstractBackend} <: AbstractPlot{T}
    backend::T                   # the backend type
    n::Int                       # number of series
-    attr::KW                     # arguments for the whole plot
-    user_attr::KW                # raw arg inputs (after aliases).  these are used as the input dict in `_plot!`
+    attr::Attr            # arguments for the whole plot
    series_list::Vector{Series}  # arguments for each series
    o                            # the backend's plot object
    subplots::Vector{Subplot}
@@ -79,7 +133,7 @@ mutable struct Plot{T<:AbstractBackend} <: AbstractPlot{T}
 end

 function Plot()
-    Plot(backend(), 0, KW(), KW(), Series[], nothing,
+    Plot(backend(), 0, Attr(KW(), _plot_defaults), Series[], nothing,
         Subplot[], SubplotMap(), EmptyLayout(),
         Subplot[], false)
 end
@@ -1,140 +1,11 @@

-calcMidpoints(edges::AbstractVector) = Float64[0.5 * (edges[i] + edges[i+1]) for i in 1:length(edges)-1]
-
-"Make histogram-like bins of data"
-function binData(data, nbins)
-  lo, hi = ignorenan_extrema(data)
-  edges = collect(range(lo, stop=hi, length=nbins+1))
-  midpoints = calcMidpoints(edges)
-  buckets = Int[max(2, min(searchsortedfirst(edges, x), length(edges)))-1 for x in data]
-  counts = zeros(Int, length(midpoints))
-  for b in buckets
-    counts[b] += 1
-  end
-  edges, midpoints, buckets, counts
-end
-
-"""
-A hacky replacement for a histogram when the backend doesn't support histograms directly.
-Convert it into a bar chart with the appropriate x/y values.
-"""
-function histogramHack(; kw...)
-  plotattributes = KW(kw)
-
-  # we assume that the y kwarg is set with the data to be binned, and nbins is also defined
-  edges, midpoints, buckets, counts = binData(plotattributes[:y], plotattributes[:bins])
-  plotattributes[:x] = midpoints
-  plotattributes[:y] = float(counts)
-  plotattributes[:seriestype] = :bar
-  plotattributes[:fillrange] = plotattributes[:fillrange] == nothing ? 0.0 : plotattributes[:fillrange]
-  plotattributes
-end
-
-"""
-A hacky replacement for a bar graph when the backend doesn't support bars directly.
-Convert it into a line chart with fillrange set.
-"""
-function barHack(; kw...)
-  plotattributes = KW(kw)
-  midpoints = plotattributes[:x]
-  heights = plotattributes[:y]
-  fillrange = plotattributes[:fillrange] == nothing ? 0.0 : plotattributes[:fillrange]
-
-  # estimate the edges
-  dists = diff(midpoints) * 0.5
-  edges = zeros(length(midpoints)+1)
-  for i in 1:length(edges)
-    if i == 1
-      edge = midpoints[1] - dists[1]
-    elseif i == length(edges)
-      edge = midpoints[i-1] + dists[i-2]
-    else
-      edge = midpoints[i-1] + dists[i-1]
-    end
-    edges[i] = edge
-  end
-
-  x = Float64[]
-  y = Float64[]
-  for i in 1:length(heights)
-    e1, e2 = edges[i:i+1]
-    append!(x, [e1, e1, e2, e2])
-    append!(y, [fillrange, heights[i], heights[i], fillrange])
-  end
-
-  plotattributes[:x] = x
-  plotattributes[:y] = y
-  plotattributes[:seriestype] = :path
-  plotattributes[:fillrange] = fillrange
-  plotattributes
-end
-
-
-"""
-A hacky replacement for a sticks graph when the backend doesn't support sticks directly.
-Convert it into a line chart that traces the sticks, and a scatter that sets markers at the points.
-"""
-function sticksHack(; kw...)
-  plotattributesLine = KW(kw)
-  plotattributesScatter = copy(plotattributesLine)
-
-  # these are the line vertices
-  x = Float64[]
-  y = Float64[]
-  fillrange = plotattributesLine[:fillrange] == nothing ? 0.0 : plotattributesLine[:fillrange]
-
-  # calculate the vertices
-  yScatter = plotattributesScatter[:y]
-  for (i,xi) in enumerate(plotattributesScatter[:x])
-    yi = yScatter[i]
-    for j in 1:3 push!(x, xi) end
-    append!(y, [fillrange, yScatter[i], fillrange])
-  end
-
-  # change the line args
-  plotattributesLine[:x] = x
-  plotattributesLine[:y] = y
-  plotattributesLine[:seriestype] = :path
-  plotattributesLine[:markershape] = :none
-  plotattributesLine[:fillrange] = nothing
-
-  # change the scatter args
-  plotattributesScatter[:seriestype] = :none
-
-  plotattributesLine, plotattributesScatter
-end
-
-function regressionXY(x, y)
-  # regress
-  β, α = convert(Matrix{Float64}, [x ones(length(x))]) \ convert(Vector{Float64}, y)
-
-  # make a line segment
-  regx = [ignorenan_minimum(x), ignorenan_maximum(x)]
-  regy = β * regx + α
-  regx, regy
-end
-
 function replace_image_with_heatmap(z::Array{T}) where T<:Colorant
-    @show T, size(z)
    n, m = size(z)
-    # idx = 0
    colors = ColorGradient(vec(z))
    newz = reshape(range(0, stop=1, length=n*m), n, m)
    newz, colors
-    # newz = zeros(n, m)
-    # for i=1:n, j=1:m
-    #     push!(colors, T(z[i,j]...))
-    #     newz[i,j] = idx / (n*m-1)
-    #     idx += 1
-    # end
-    # newz, ColorGradient(colors)
 end

-function imageHack(plotattributes::KW)
-    is_seriestype_supported(:heatmap) || error("Neither :image or :heatmap are supported!")
-    plotattributes[:seriestype] = :heatmap
-    plotattributes[:z], plotattributes[:fillcolor] = replace_image_with_heatmap(plotattributes[:z].surf)
-end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------

 "Build line segments for plotting"
@@ -146,16 +17,18 @@ end

 Segments() = Segments(Float64)
 Segments(::Type{T}) where {T} = Segments(T[])
-Segments(p::Int) = Segments(NTuple{2,Float64}[])
+Segments(p::Int) = Segments(NTuple{p, Float64}[])


 # Segments() = Segments(zeros(0))

 to_nan(::Type{Float64}) = NaN
 to_nan(::Type{NTuple{2,Float64}}) = (NaN, NaN)
+to_nan(::Type{NTuple{3,Float64}}) = (NaN, NaN, NaN)

 coords(segs::Segments{Float64}) = segs.pts
 coords(segs::Segments{NTuple{2,Float64}}) = Float64[p[1] for p in segs.pts], Float64[p[2] for p in segs.pts]
+coords(segs::Segments{NTuple{3,Float64}}) = Float64[p[1] for p in segs.pts], Float64[p[2] for p in segs.pts], Float64[p[3] for p in segs.pts]

 function Base.push!(segments::Segments{T}, vs...) where T
    if !isempty(segments.pts)
@@ -183,24 +56,26 @@ end

 mutable struct SegmentsIterator
    args::Tuple
-    n::Int
+    n1::Int
+    n2::Int
 end

 function iter_segments(args...)
    tup = Plots.wraptuple(args)
-    n = maximum(map(length, tup))
-    SegmentsIterator(tup, n)
+    n1 = minimum(map(firstindex, tup))
+    n2 = maximum(map(lastindex, tup))
+    SegmentsIterator(tup, n1, n2)
 end

 function iter_segments(series::Series)
    x, y, z = series[:x], series[:y], series[:z]
-    if x == nothing
+    if x === nothing
        return UnitRange{Int}[]
    elseif has_attribute_segments(series)
        if series[:seriestype] in (:scatter, :scatter3d)
-            return [[i] for i in 1:length(y)]
+            return [[i] for i in eachindex(y)]
        else
-            return [i:(i + 1) for i in 1:(length(y) - 1)]
+            return [i:(i + 1) for i in firstindex(y):lastindex(y)-1]
        end
    else
        segs = UnitRange{Int}[]
@@ -214,36 +89,19 @@ end

 # helpers to figure out if there are NaN values in a list of array types
 anynan(i::Int, args::Tuple) = any(a -> try isnan(_cycle(a,i)) catch MethodError false end, args)
-anynan(istart::Int, iend::Int, args::Tuple) = any(i -> anynan(i, args), istart:iend)
-allnan(istart::Int, iend::Int, args::Tuple) = all(i -> anynan(i, args), istart:iend)
+anynan(args::Tuple) = i -> anynan(i,args)
+anynan(istart::Int, iend::Int, args::Tuple) = any(anynan(args), istart:iend)
+allnan(istart::Int, iend::Int, args::Tuple) = all(anynan(args), istart:iend)

-function Base.iterate(itr::SegmentsIterator, nextidx::Int = 1)
-    nextidx > itr.n && return nothing
-    if nextidx == 1 && !any(isempty,itr.args) && anynan(1, itr.args)
-        nextidx = 2
-    end
+function Base.iterate(itr::SegmentsIterator, nextidx::Int = itr.n1)
+    i = findfirst(!anynan(itr.args), nextidx:itr.n2)
+    i === nothing && return nothing
+    nextval = nextidx + i - 1

-    i = istart = iend = nextidx
+    j = findfirst(anynan(itr.args), nextval:itr.n2)
+    nextnan = j === nothing ? itr.n2 + 1 : nextval + j - 1

-    # find the next NaN, and iend is the one before
-    while i <= itr.n + 1
-        if i > itr.n || anynan(i, itr.args)
-            # done... array end or found NaN
-            iend = i-1
-            break
-        end
-        i += 1
-    end
-
-    # find the next non-NaN, and set nextidx
-    while i <= itr.n
-        if !anynan(i, itr.args)
-            break
-        end
-        i += 1
-    end
-
-    istart:iend, i
+    nextval:nextnan-1, nextnan
 end

 # Find minimal type that can contain NaN and x
@@ -288,30 +146,27 @@ maketuple(x::Tuple{T,S}) where {T,S} = x
 mapFuncOrFuncs(f::Function, u::AVec)        = map(f, u)
 mapFuncOrFuncs(fs::AVec{F}, u::AVec) where {F<:Function} = [map(f, u) for f in fs]

-unzip(xy::AVec{Tuple{X,Y}}) where {X,Y}              = [t[1] for t in xy], [t[2] for t in xy]
-unzip(xyz::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,Z}}) where {X,Y,Z}         = [t[1] for t in xyz], [t[2] for t in xyz], [t[3] for t in xyz]
-unzip(xyuv::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,U,V}}) where {X,Y,U,V}    = [t[1] for t in xyuv], [t[2] for t in xyuv], [t[3] for t in xyuv], [t[4] for t in xyuv]
+for i in 2:4
+    @eval begin
+        unzip(v::Union{AVec{<:Tuple{Vararg{T,$i} where T}},
+                   AVec{<:GeometryTypes.Point{$i}}}) = $(Expr(:tuple, (:([t[$j] for t in v]) for j=1:i)...))
+    end
+end

-unzip(xy::AVec{GeometryTypes.Point{2,T}}) where {T}  = T[t[1] for t in xy], T[t[2] for t in xy]
-unzip(xy::GeometryTypes.Point{2,T}) where {T}        = T[xy[1]], T[xy[2]]
-
-unzip(xyz::AVec{GeometryTypes.Point{3,T}}) where {T} = T[t[1] for t in xyz], T[t[2] for t in xyz], T[t[3] for t in xyz]
-unzip(xyz::GeometryTypes.Point{3,T}) where {T}       = T[xyz[1]], T[xyz[2]], T[xyz[3]]
-
-unzip(xyuv::AVec{GeometryTypes.Point{4,T}}) where {T} = T[t[1] for t in xyuv], T[t[2] for t in xyuv], T[t[3] for t in xyuv], T[t[4] for t in xyuv]
-unzip(xyuv::GeometryTypes.Point{4,T}) where {T}       = T[xyuv[1]], T[xyuv[2]], T[xyuv[3]], T[xyuv[4]]
+unzip(v::Union{AVec{<:GeometryTypes.Point{N}},
+               AVec{<:Tuple{Vararg{T,N} where T}}}) where N = error("$N-dimensional unzip not implemented.")
+unzip(v::Union{AVec{<:GeometryTypes.Point},
+               AVec{<:Tuple}}) = error("Can't unzip points of different dimensions.")

 # given 2-element lims and a vector of data x, widen lims to account for the extrema of x
 function _expand_limits(lims, x)
-  try
-    e1, e2 = ignorenan_extrema(x)
-    lims[1] = NaNMath.min(lims[1], e1)
-    lims[2] = NaNMath.max(lims[2], e2)
-  # catch err
-  #   @warn(err)
-  catch
-  end
-  nothing
+    try
+        e1, e2 = ignorenan_extrema(x)
+        lims[1] = NaNMath.min(lims[1], e1)
+        lims[2] = NaNMath.max(lims[2], e2)
+    catch
+    end
+    nothing
 end

 expand_data(v, n::Integer) = [_cycle(v, i) for i=1:n]
@@ -329,21 +184,21 @@ function addOrReplace(v::AbstractVector, t::DataType, args...; kw...)
 end

 function replaceType(vec, val)
-  filter!(x -> !isa(x, typeof(val)), vec)
-  push!(vec, val)
+    filter!(x -> !isa(x, typeof(val)), vec)
+    push!(vec, val)
 end

-function replaceAlias!(plotattributes::KW, k::Symbol, aliases::Dict{Symbol,Symbol})
-  if haskey(aliases, k)
-    plotattributes[aliases[k]] = pop!(plotattributes, k)
-  end
+function replaceAlias!(plotattributes::AKW, k::Symbol, aliases::Dict{Symbol,Symbol})
+    if haskey(aliases, k)
+        plotattributes[aliases[k]] = pop_kw!(plotattributes, k)
+    end
 end

-function replaceAliases!(plotattributes::KW, aliases::Dict{Symbol,Symbol})
-  ks = collect(keys(plotattributes))
-  for k in ks
-      replaceAlias!(plotattributes, k, aliases)
-  end
+function replaceAliases!(plotattributes::AKW, aliases::Dict{Symbol,Symbol})
+    ks = collect(keys(plotattributes))
+    for k in ks
+        replaceAlias!(plotattributes, k, aliases)
+    end
 end

 createSegments(z) = collect(repeat(reshape(z,1,:),2,1))[2:end]
@@ -361,18 +216,42 @@ const _scale_base = Dict{Symbol, Real}(
    :ln => ℯ,
 )

-function _heatmap_edges(v::AVec)
-  length(v) == 1 && return v[1] .+ [-0.5, 0.5]
-  vmin, vmax = ignorenan_extrema(v)
-  extra_min = (v[2] - v[1]) / 2
-  extra_max = (v[end] - v[end - 1]) / 2
-  vcat(vmin-extra_min, 0.5 * (v[1:end-1] + v[2:end]), vmax+extra_max)
+function _heatmap_edges(v::AVec, isedges::Bool = false)
+    length(v) == 1 && return v[1] .+ [-0.5, 0.5]
+    if isedges return v end
+    # `isedges = true` means that v is a vector which already describes edges
+    # and does not need to be extended.
+    vmin, vmax = ignorenan_extrema(v)
+    extra_min = (v[2] - v[1]) / 2
+    extra_max = (v[end] - v[end - 1]) / 2
+    vcat(vmin-extra_min, 0.5 * (v[1:end-1] + v[2:end]), vmax+extra_max)
 end

 "create an (n+1) list of the outsides of heatmap rectangles"
-function heatmap_edges(v::AVec, scale::Symbol = :identity)
-  f, invf = scalefunc(scale), invscalefunc(scale)
-  map(invf, _heatmap_edges(map(f,v)))
+function heatmap_edges(v::AVec, scale::Symbol = :identity, isedges::Bool = false)
+    f, invf = scalefunc(scale), invscalefunc(scale)
+    map(invf, _heatmap_edges(map(f,v), isedges))
+end
+
+function heatmap_edges(x::AVec, xscale::Symbol, y::AVec, yscale::Symbol, z_size::Tuple{Int, Int})
+    nx, ny = length(x), length(y)
+    # ismidpoints = z_size == (ny, nx) # This fails some tests, but would actually be
+    # the correct check, since (4, 3) != (3, 4) and a missleading plot is produced.
+    ismidpoints = prod(z_size) == (ny * nx)
+    isedges = z_size == (ny - 1, nx - 1)
+    if !ismidpoints && !isedges
+        error("""Length of x & y does not match the size of z.
+                Must be either `size(z) == (length(y), length(x))` (x & y define midpoints)
+                or `size(z) == (length(y)+1, length(x)+1))` (x & y define edges).""")
+    end
+    x, y = heatmap_edges(x, xscale, isedges),
+           heatmap_edges(y, yscale, isedges)
+    return x, y
+end
+
+function is_uniformly_spaced(v; tol=1e-6)
+    dv = diff(v)
+    maximum(dv) - minimum(dv) < tol * mean(abs.(dv))
 end

 function convert_to_polar(theta, r, r_extrema = ignorenan_extrema(r))
@@ -384,11 +263,11 @@ function convert_to_polar(theta, r, r_extrema = ignorenan_extrema(r))
 end

 function fakedata(sz...)
-  y = zeros(sz...)
-  for r in 2:size(y,1)
-    y[r,:] = 0.95 * vec(y[r-1,:]) + randn(size(y,2))
-  end
-  y
+    y = zeros(sz...)
+    for r in 2:size(y,1)
+        y[r,:] = 0.95 * vec(y[r-1,:]) + randn(size(y,2))
+    end
+    y
 end

 isijulia() = :IJulia in nameof.(collect(values(Base.loaded_modules)))
@@ -406,7 +285,7 @@ isscalar(::Any)  = false
 is_2tuple(v) = typeof(v) <: Tuple && length(v) == 2


-isvertical(plotattributes::KW) = get(plotattributes, :orientation, :vertical) in (:vertical, :v, :vert)
+isvertical(plotattributes::AKW) = get(plotattributes, :orientation, :vertical) in (:vertical, :v, :vert)
 isvertical(series::Series) = isvertical(series.plotattributes)


@@ -490,13 +369,13 @@ function make_fillrange_side(y, rib)
 end

 # turn a ribbon into a fillrange
-function make_fillrange_from_ribbon(kw::KW)
+function make_fillrange_from_ribbon(kw::AKW)
    y, rib = kw[:y], kw[:ribbon]
    rib = wraptuple(rib)
    rib1, rib2 = -first(rib), last(rib)
    # kw[:ribbon] = nothing
    kw[:fillrange] = make_fillrange_side(y, rib1), make_fillrange_side(y, rib2)
-    (get(kw, :fillalpha, nothing) == nothing) && (kw[:fillalpha] = 0.5)
+    (get(kw, :fillalpha, nothing) === nothing) && (kw[:fillalpha] = 0.5)
 end

 #turn tuple of fillranges to one path
@@ -508,7 +387,7 @@ function concatenate_fillrange(x,y::Tuple)
 end

 function get_sp_lims(sp::Subplot, letter::Symbol)
-    axis_limits(sp[Symbol(letter, :axis)])
+    axis_limits(sp, letter)
 end

 """
@@ -542,14 +421,9 @@ zlims(sp_idx::Int = 1) = zlims(current(), sp_idx)

 function get_clims(sp::Subplot)
    zmin, zmax = Inf, -Inf
-    z_colored_series = (:contour, :contour3d, :heatmap, :histogram2d, :surface)
    for series in series_list(sp)
-        for vals in (series[:seriestype] in z_colored_series ? series[:z] : nothing, series[:line_z], series[:marker_z], series[:fill_z])
-            if (typeof(vals) <: AbstractSurface) && (eltype(vals.surf) <: Real)
-                zmin, zmax = _update_clims(zmin, zmax, ignorenan_extrema(vals.surf)...)
-            elseif (vals != nothing) && (eltype(vals) <: Real)
-                zmin, zmax = _update_clims(zmin, zmax, ignorenan_extrema(vals)...)
-            end
+        if series[:colorbar_entry]
+            zmin, zmax = _update_clims(zmin, zmax, get_clims(series)...)
        end
    end
    clims = sp[:clims]
@@ -557,10 +431,37 @@ function get_clims(sp::Subplot)
        isfinite(clims[1]) && (zmin = clims[1])
        isfinite(clims[2]) && (zmax = clims[2])
    end
-    return zmin < zmax ? (zmin, zmax) : (-0.1, 0.1)
+    return zmin <= zmax ? (zmin, zmax) : (NaN, NaN)
 end

-_update_clims(zmin, zmax, emin, emax) = min(zmin, emin), max(zmax, emax)
+function get_clims(sp::Subplot, series::Series)
+    zmin, zmax = if series[:colorbar_entry]
+        get_clims(sp)
+    else
+        get_clims(series)
+    end
+    clims = sp[:clims]
+    if is_2tuple(clims)
+        isfinite(clims[1]) && (zmin = clims[1])
+        isfinite(clims[2]) && (zmax = clims[2])
+    end
+    return zmin <= zmax ? (zmin, zmax) : (NaN, NaN)
+end
+
+function get_clims(series::Series)
+    zmin, zmax = Inf, -Inf
+    z_colored_series = (:contour, :contour3d, :heatmap, :histogram2d, :surface)
+    for vals in (series[:seriestype] in z_colored_series ? series[:z] : nothing, series[:line_z], series[:marker_z], series[:fill_z])
+        if (typeof(vals) <: AbstractSurface) && (eltype(vals.surf) <: Union{Missing, Real})
+            zmin, zmax = _update_clims(zmin, zmax, ignorenan_extrema(vals.surf)...)
+        elseif (vals !== nothing) && (eltype(vals) <: Union{Missing, Real})
+            zmin, zmax = _update_clims(zmin, zmax, ignorenan_extrema(vals)...)
+        end
+    end
+    return zmin <= zmax ? (zmin, zmax) : (NaN, NaN)
+end
+
+_update_clims(zmin, zmax, emin, emax) = NaNMath.min(zmin, emin), NaNMath.max(zmax, emax)

@enum ColorbarStyle cbar_gradient cbar_fill cbar_lines

@@ -620,7 +521,7 @@ for comp in (:line, :fill, :marker)
        function $get_compcolor(series, cmin::Real, cmax::Real, i::Int = 1)
            c = series[$Symbol($compcolor)]
            z = series[$Symbol($comp_z)]
-            if z == nothing
+            if z === nothing
                isa(c, ColorGradient) ? c : plot_color(_cycle(c, i))
            else
                grad = isa(c, ColorGradient) ? c : cgrad()
@@ -631,7 +532,7 @@ for comp in (:line, :fill, :marker)
        $get_compcolor(series, clims, i::Int = 1) = $get_compcolor(series, clims[1], clims[2], i)

        function $get_compcolor(series, i::Int = 1)
-            if series[$Symbol($comp_z)] == nothing
+            if series[$Symbol($comp_z)] === nothing
                $get_compcolor(series, 0, 1, i)
            else
                $get_compcolor(series, get_clims(series[:subplot]), i)
@@ -642,6 +543,9 @@ for comp in (:line, :fill, :marker)
    end
 end

+single_color(c, v = 0.5) = c
+single_color(grad::ColorGradient, v = 0.5) = grad[v]
+
 function get_linewidth(series, i::Int = 1)
    _cycle(series[:linewidth], i)
 end
@@ -659,17 +563,34 @@ function get_markerstrokealpha(series, i::Int = 1)
    _cycle(series[:markerstrokealpha], i)
 end

+function get_markerstrokewidth(series, i::Int = 1)
+    _cycle(series[:markerstrokewidth], i)
+end
+
 function has_attribute_segments(series::Series)
    # we want to check if a series needs to be split into segments just because
    # of its attributes
    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
        # If we have NaNs in the data they define the segments and
        # SegmentsIterator is used
-        series[letter] != nothing && NaN in collect(series[letter]) && return false
+        series[letter] !== nothing && NaN in collect(series[letter]) && return false
    end
    series[:seriestype] == :shape && return false
    # ... else we check relevant attributes if they have multiple inputs
-    return any((typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractVector && length(series[attr]) > 1) for attr in [:seriescolor, :seriesalpha, :linecolor, :linealpha, :linewidth, :fillcolor, :fillalpha, :markercolor, :markeralpha, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha]) || any(typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractArray{<:Real} for attr in (:line_z, :fill_z, :marker_z))
+    return any((typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractVector && length(series[attr]) > 1) for attr in [:seriescolor, :seriesalpha, :linecolor, :linealpha, :linewidth, :linestyle, :fillcolor, :fillalpha, :markercolor, :markeralpha, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha]) || any(typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractArray for attr in (:line_z, :fill_z, :marker_z))
+end
+
+function get_aspect_ratio(sp)
+    aspect_ratio = sp[:aspect_ratio]
+    if aspect_ratio == :auto
+        aspect_ratio = :none
+        for series in series_list(sp)
+            if series[:seriestype] == :image
+                aspect_ratio = :equal
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    return aspect_ratio
 end

 # ---------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -714,119 +635,107 @@ function with(f::Function, args...; kw...)
        newdefs[:legend] = false
    end

-  # dict to store old and new keyword args for anything that changes
-  olddefs = KW()
-  for k in keys(newdefs)
-    olddefs[k] = default(k)
-  end
-
-  # save the backend
-  if CURRENT_BACKEND.sym == :none
-    _pick_default_backend()
-  end
-  oldbackend = CURRENT_BACKEND.sym
-
-  for arg in args
-
-    # change backend?
-    if arg in backends()
-      backend(arg)
+    # dict to store old and new keyword args for anything that changes
+    olddefs = KW()
+    for k in keys(newdefs)
+        olddefs[k] = default(k)
    end

-    # # TODO: generalize this strategy to allow args as much as possible
-    # #       as in:  with(:gr, :scatter, :legend, :grid) do; ...; end
-    # # TODO: can we generalize this enough to also do something similar in the plot commands??
+    # save the backend
+    if CURRENT_BACKEND.sym == :none
+        _pick_default_backend()
+    end
+    oldbackend = CURRENT_BACKEND.sym

-    # k = :seriestype
-    # if arg in _allTypes
-    #   olddefs[k] = default(k)
-    #   newdefs[k] = arg
-    # elseif haskey(_typeAliases, arg)
-    #   olddefs[k] = default(k)
-    #   newdefs[k] = _typeAliases[arg]
-    # end
+    for arg in args

-    k = :legend
-    if arg in (k, :leg)
-      olddefs[k] = default(k)
-      newdefs[k] = true
+        # change backend?
+        if arg in backends()
+            backend(arg)
+        end
+
+        # TODO: generalize this strategy to allow args as much as possible
+        #       as in:  with(:gr, :scatter, :legend, :grid) do; ...; end
+        # TODO: can we generalize this enough to also do something similar in the plot commands??
+
+        # k = :seriestype
+        # if arg in _allTypes
+        #     olddefs[k] = default(k)
+        #     newdefs[k] = arg
+        # elseif haskey(_typeAliases, arg)
+        #     olddefs[k] = default(k)
+        #     newdefs[k] = _typeAliases[arg]
+        # end
+
+        k = :legend
+        if arg in (k, :leg)
+            olddefs[k] = default(k)
+            newdefs[k] = true
+        end
+
+        k = :grid
+        if arg == k
+            olddefs[k] = default(k)
+            newdefs[k] = true
+        end
    end

-    k = :grid
-    if arg == k
-      olddefs[k] = default(k)
-      newdefs[k] = true
+    # display(olddefs)
+    # display(newdefs)
+
+    # now set all those defaults
+    default(; newdefs...)
+
+    # call the function
+    ret = f()
+
+    # put the defaults back
+    default(; olddefs...)
+
+    # revert the backend
+    if CURRENT_BACKEND.sym != oldbackend
+        backend(oldbackend)
    end
-  end

-  # display(olddefs)
-  # display(newdefs)
-
-  # now set all those defaults
-  default(; newdefs...)
-
-  # call the function
-  ret = f()
-
-  # put the defaults back
-  default(; olddefs...)
-
-  # revert the backend
-  if CURRENT_BACKEND.sym != oldbackend
-    backend(oldbackend)
-  end
-
-  # return the result of the function
-  ret
+    # return the result of the function
+    ret
 end

 # ---------------------------------------------------------------
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------

 mutable struct DebugMode
-  on::Bool
+    on::Bool
 end
 const _debugMode = DebugMode(false)

 function debugplots(on = true)
-  _debugMode.on = on
+    _debugMode.on = on
 end

 debugshow(io, x) = show(io, x)
 debugshow(io, x::AbstractArray) = print(io, summary(x))

-function dumpdict(io::IO, plotattributes::KW, prefix = "", alwaysshow = false)
-  _debugMode.on || alwaysshow || return
-  println(io)
-  if prefix != ""
-    println(io, prefix, ":")
-  end
-  for k in sort(collect(keys(plotattributes)))
-    @printf("%14s: ", k)
-    debugshow(io, plotattributes[k])
+function dumpdict(io::IO, plotattributes::AKW, prefix = "", alwaysshow = false)
+    _debugMode.on || alwaysshow || return
+    println(io)
+    if prefix != ""
+        println(io, prefix, ":")
+    end
+    for k in sort(collect(keys(plotattributes)))
+        @printf("%14s: ", k)
+        debugshow(io, plotattributes[k])
+        println(io)
+    end
    println(io)
-  end
-  println(io)
 end
-DD(io::IO, plotattributes::KW, prefix = "") = dumpdict(io, plotattributes, prefix, true)
-DD(plotattributes::KW, prefix = "") = DD(stdout, plotattributes, prefix)
+DD(io::IO, plotattributes::AKW, prefix = "") = dumpdict(io, plotattributes, prefix, true)
+DD(plotattributes::AKW, prefix = "") = DD(stdout, plotattributes, prefix)

 function dumpcallstack()
-  error()  # well... you wanted the stacktrace, didn't you?!?
+    error()  # well... you wanted the stacktrace, didn't you?!?
 end

-# ---------------------------------------------------------------
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------
-# used in updating an existing series
-
-extendSeriesByOne(v::UnitRange{Int}, n::Int = 1) = isempty(v) ? (1:n) : (minimum(v):maximum(v)+n)
-extendSeriesByOne(v::AVec, n::Integer = 1)       = isempty(v) ? (1:n) : vcat(v, (1:n) + ignorenan_maximum(v))
-extendSeriesData(v::AbstractRange{T}, z::Real) where {T}        = extendSeriesData(float(collect(v)), z)
-extendSeriesData(v::AbstractRange{T}, z::AVec) where {T}        = extendSeriesData(float(collect(v)), z)
-extendSeriesData(v::AVec{T}, z::Real) where {T}         = (push!(v, convert(T, z)); v)
-extendSeriesData(v::AVec{T}, z::AVec) where {T}         = (append!(v, convert(Vector{T}, z)); v)
-
-
 # -------------------------------------------------------
 # NOTE: backends should implement the following methods to get/set the x/y/z data objects

@@ -870,33 +779,60 @@ Base.setindex!(plt::Plot, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer) where {X,Y} = (setxy!(plt,
 Base.setindex!(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}, i::Integer) where {X,Y,Z} = (setxyz!(plt, xyz, i); plt)

 # -------------------------------------------------------
-
 # operate on individual series

-function push_x!(series::Series, xi)
-    push!(series[:x], xi)
-    expand_extrema!(series[:subplot][:xaxis], xi)
-    return
-end
-function push_y!(series::Series, yi)
-    push!(series[:y], yi)
-    expand_extrema!(series[:subplot][:yaxis], yi)
-    return
-end
-function push_z!(series::Series, zi)
-    push!(series[:z], zi)
-    expand_extrema!(series[:subplot][:zaxis], zi)
-    return
+Base.push!(series::Series, args...) = extend_series!(series, args...)
+Base.append!(series::Series, args...) = extend_series!(series, args...)
+
+function extend_series!(series::Series, yi)
+    y = extend_series_data!(series, yi, :y)
+    x = extend_to_length!(series[:x], length(y))
+    expand_extrema!(series[:subplot][:xaxis], x)
+    return x, y
 end

-function Base.push!(series::Series, yi)
-    x = extendSeriesByOne(series[:x])
-    expand_extrema!(series[:subplot][:xaxis], x[end])
-    series[:x] = x
-    push_y!(series, yi)
+function extend_series!(series::Series, xi, yi)
+    x = extend_series_data!(series, xi, :x)
+    y = extend_series_data!(series, yi, :y)
+    return x, y
+end
+
+function extend_series!(series::Series, xi, yi, zi)
+    x = extend_series_data!(series, xi, :x)
+    y = extend_series_data!(series, yi, :y)
+    z = extend_series_data!(series, zi, :z)
+    return x, y, z
+end
+
+function extend_series_data!(series::Series, v, letter)
+    copy_series!(series, letter)
+    d = extend_by_data!(series[letter], v)
+    expand_extrema!(series[:subplot][Symbol(letter, :axis)], d)
+    return d
+end
+
+function copy_series!(series, letter)
+    plt = series[:plot_object]
+    for s in plt.series_list
+        for l in (:x, :y, :z)
+            if s !== series || l !== letter
+                if s[l] === series[letter]
+                    series[letter] = copy(series[letter])
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+extend_to_length!(v::AbstractRange, n) = range(first(v), step = step(v), length = n)
+function extend_to_length!(v::AbstractVector, n)
+    vmax = isempy(v) ? 0 : ignorenan_maximum(v)
+    extend_by_data!(v, vmax .+ (1:(n - length(v))))
+end
+extend_by_data!(v::AbstractVector, x) = isimmutable(v) ? vcat(v, x) : push!(v, x)
+function extend_by_data!(v::AbstractVector, x::AbstractVector)
+    isimmutable(v) ? vcat(v, x) : append!(v, x)
 end
-Base.push!(series::Series, xi, yi) = (push_x!(series,xi); push_y!(series,yi))
-Base.push!(series::Series, xi, yi, zi) = (push_x!(series,xi); push_y!(series,yi); push_z!(series,zi))

 # -------------------------------------------------------

@@ -930,59 +866,16 @@ end
 # -------------------------------------------------------
 # push/append for one series

-# push value to first series
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, y::Real) = push!(plt, 1, y)
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, x::Real, y::Real) = push!(plt, 1, x, y)
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, x::Real, y::Real, z::Real) = push!(plt, 1, x, y, z)
-
-# y only
-function Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, y::Real)
-    xdata, ydata = getxy(plt, i)
-    setxy!(plt, (extendSeriesByOne(xdata), extendSeriesData(ydata, y)), i)
-    plt
-end
-function Base.append!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, y::AVec)
-    xdata, ydata = plt[i]
-    if !isa(xdata, UnitRange{Int})
-        error("Expected x is a UnitRange since you're trying to push a y value only")
-    end
-    plt[i] = (extendSeriesByOne(xdata, length(y)), extendSeriesData(ydata, y))
-    plt
-end
-
-# x and y
-function Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, x::Real, y::Real)
-    xdata, ydata = getxy(plt, i)
-    setxy!(plt, (extendSeriesData(xdata, x), extendSeriesData(ydata, y)), i)
-    plt
-end
-function Base.append!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, x::AVec, y::AVec)
-    @assert length(x) == length(y)
-    xdata, ydata = getxy(plt, i)
-    setxy!(plt, (extendSeriesData(xdata, x), extendSeriesData(ydata, y)), i)
-    plt
-end
-
-# x, y, and z
-function Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, x::Real, y::Real, z::Real)
-    # @show i, x, y, z
-    xdata, ydata, zdata = getxyz(plt, i)
-    # @show xdata, ydata, zdata
-    setxyz!(plt, (extendSeriesData(xdata, x), extendSeriesData(ydata, y), extendSeriesData(zdata, z)), i)
-    plt
-end
-function Base.append!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, x::AVec, y::AVec, z::AVec)
-    @assert length(x) == length(y) == length(z)
-    xdata, ydata, zdata = getxyz(plt, i)
-    setxyz!(plt, (extendSeriesData(xdata, x), extendSeriesData(ydata, y), extendSeriesData(zdata, z)), i)
-    plt
-end
+Base.push!(plt::Plot, args::Real...) = push!(plt, 1, args...)
+Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, args::Real...) = push!(plt.series_list[i], args...)
+Base.append!(plt::Plot, args::AbstractVector...) = append!(plt, 1, args...)
+Base.append!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, args::Real...) = append!(plt.series_list[i], args...)

 # tuples
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, xy::Tuple{X,Y}) where {X,Y}                  = push!(plt, 1, xy...)
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}) where {X,Y,Z}             = push!(plt, 1, xyz...)
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, xy::Tuple{X,Y}) where {X,Y}      = push!(plt, i, xy...)
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}) where {X,Y,Z} = push!(plt, i, xyz...)
+Base.push!(plt::Plot, t::Tuple) = push!(plt, 1, t...)
+Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, t::Tuple) = push!(plt, i, t...)
+Base.append!(plt::Plot, t::Tuple) = append!(plt, 1, t...)
+Base.append!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, t::Tuple) = append!(plt, i, t...)

 # -------------------------------------------------------
 # push/append for all series
@@ -1075,6 +968,15 @@ legendfont(sp::Subplot) = font(
    sp[:legendfontcolor],
 )

+legendtitlefont(sp::Subplot) = font(
+    sp[:legendtitlefontfamily],
+    sp[:legendtitlefontsize],
+    sp[:legendtitlefontvalign],
+    sp[:legendtitlefonthalign],
+    sp[:legendtitlefontrotation],
+    sp[:legendtitlefontcolor],
+)
+
 tickfont(ax::Axis) = font(
    ax[:tickfontfamily],
    ax[:tickfontsize],
@@ -1115,26 +1017,26 @@ function convert_sci_unicode(label::AbstractString)
    for key in keys(unicode_dict)
        label = replace(label, key => unicode_dict[key])
    end
-    if occursin("10^{", label)
+    if occursin("×10^{", label)
        label = string(label, "}")
    end
    label
 end

-function straightline_data(series)
+function straightline_data(series, expansion_factor = 1)
    sp = series[:subplot]
    xl, yl = isvertical(series) ? (xlims(sp), ylims(sp)) : (ylims(sp), xlims(sp))
    x, y = series[:x], series[:y]
    n = length(x)
    if n == 2
-        return straightline_data(xl, yl, x, y)
+        return straightline_data(xl, yl, x, y, expansion_factor)
    else
        k, r = divrem(n, 3)
        if r == 0
            xdata, ydata = fill(NaN, n), fill(NaN, n)
            for i in 1:k
                inds = (3 * i - 2):(3 * i - 1)
-                xdata[inds], ydata[inds] = straightline_data(xl, yl, x[inds], y[inds])
+                xdata[inds], ydata[inds] = straightline_data(xl, yl, x[inds], y[inds], expansion_factor)
            end
            return xdata, ydata
        else
@@ -1143,7 +1045,7 @@ function straightline_data(series)
    end
 end

-function straightline_data(xl, yl, x, y)
+function straightline_data(xl, yl, x, y, expansion_factor = 1)
    x_vals, y_vals = if y[1] == y[2]
        if x[1] == x[2]
            error("Two identical points cannot be used to describe a straight line.")
@@ -1164,29 +1066,28 @@ function straightline_data(xl, yl, x, y)
    end
    # expand the data outside the axis limits, by a certain factor too improve
    # plotly(js) and interactive behaviour
-    factor = 100
-    x_vals = x_vals .+ (x_vals[2] - x_vals[1]) .* factor .* [-1, 1]
-    y_vals = y_vals .+ (y_vals[2] - y_vals[1]) .* factor .* [-1, 1]
+    x_vals = x_vals .+ (x_vals[2] - x_vals[1]) .* expansion_factor .* [-1, 1]
+    y_vals = y_vals .+ (y_vals[2] - y_vals[1]) .* expansion_factor .* [-1, 1]
    return x_vals, y_vals
 end

-function shape_data(series)
+function shape_data(series, expansion_factor = 1)
    sp = series[:subplot]
    xl, yl = isvertical(series) ? (xlims(sp), ylims(sp)) : (ylims(sp), xlims(sp))
    x, y = series[:x], series[:y]
    factor = 100
    for i in eachindex(x)
        if x[i] == -Inf
-            x[i] = xl[1] - factor * (xl[2] - xl[1])
+            x[i] = xl[1] - expansion_factor * (xl[2] - xl[1])
        elseif x[i] == Inf
-            x[i] = xl[2] + factor * (xl[2] - xl[1])
+            x[i] = xl[2] + expansion_factor * (xl[2] - xl[1])
        end
    end
    for i in eachindex(y)
        if y[i] == -Inf
-            y[i] = yl[1] - factor * (yl[2] - yl[1])
+            y[i] = yl[1] - expansion_factor * (yl[2] - yl[1])
        elseif y[i] == Inf
-            y[i] = yl[2] + factor * (yl[2] - yl[1])
+            y[i] = yl[2] + expansion_factor * (yl[2] - yl[1])
        end
    end
    return x, y
@@ -1,34 +1,6 @@
 import Plots._current_plots_version

-# Taken from MakieGallery
-"""
-Downloads the reference images from ReferenceImages for a specific version
-"""
-function download_reference(version = v"0.0.1")
-    download_dir = abspath(@__DIR__, "reference_images")
-    isdir(download_dir) || mkpath(download_dir)
-    tarfile = joinpath(download_dir, "reference_images.zip")
-    url = "https://github.com/JuliaPlots/PlotReferenceImages.jl/archive/v$(version).tar.gz"
-    refpath = joinpath(download_dir, "PlotReferenceImages.jl-$(version)")
-    if !isdir(refpath) # if not yet downloaded
-        @info "downloading reference images for version $version"
-        download(url, tarfile)
-        BinaryProvider.unpack(tarfile, download_dir)
-        # check again after download
-        if !isdir(refpath)
-            error("Something went wrong while downloading reference images. Plots can't be compared to references")
-        else
-            rm(tarfile, force = true)
-        end
-    else
-        @info "using reference images for version $version (already downloaded)"
-    end
-    refpath
-end
-
-const ref_image_dir = download_reference()
-
-function image_comparison_tests(pkg::Symbol, idx::Int; debug = false, popup = isinteractive(), sigma = [1,1], tol = 1e-2)
+function image_comparison_tests(pkg::Symbol, idx::Int; debug = false, popup = !is_ci(), sigma = [1,1], tol = 1e-2)
    Plots._debugMode.on = debug
    example = Plots._examples[idx]
    Plots.theme(:default)
@@ -39,36 +11,9 @@ function image_comparison_tests(pkg::Symbol, idx::Int; debug = false, popup = is
    # ensure consistent results
    Random.seed!(1234)

-    # reference image directory setup
-    refdir = joinpath(ref_image_dir, "Plots", string(pkg))
    fn = "ref$idx.png"
-
-    # firgure out version info
-    vns = filter(x->x[1] != '.', readdir(refdir))
-    versions = sort(VersionNumber.(vns), rev = true)
-    versions = filter(v -> v <= _current_plots_version, versions)
-    # @show refdir fn versions
-
-    newdir = joinpath(refdir, string(_current_plots_version))
-    newfn = joinpath(newdir, fn)
-
-    # figure out which reference file we should compare to, by finding the highest versioned file
-    reffn = nothing
-    for v in versions
-        tmpfn = joinpath(refdir, string(v), fn)
-        if isfile(tmpfn)
-            reffn = tmpfn
-            break
-        end
-    end
-
-    # now we have the fn (if any)... do the comparison
-    # @show reffn
-    if reffn == nothing
-        reffn = newfn
-    end
-    # @show reffn
-    # return
+    reffn = reference_file(pkg, idx, _current_plots_version)
+    newfn = joinpath(reference_path(pkg, _current_plots_version), fn)

    # test function
    func = (fn, idx) -> begin
@@ -78,13 +23,6 @@ function image_comparison_tests(pkg::Symbol, idx::Int; debug = false, popup = is
        png(fn)
    end

-    # try
-    #     run(`mkdir -p $newdir`)
-    # catch err
-    #     display(err)
-    # end
-    # # reffn = joinpath(refdir, "ref$idx.png")
-
    # the test
    vtest = VisualTest(func, reffn, idx)
    test_images(vtest, popup=popup, sigma=sigma, tol=tol, newfn = newfn)
@@ -98,7 +36,7 @@ function image_comparison_facts(pkg::Symbol;
                                tol = 1e-2)     # acceptable error (percent)
  for i in 1:length(Plots._examples)
    i in skip && continue
-    if only == nothing || i in only
+    if only === nothing || i in only
      @test image_comparison_tests(pkg, i, debug=debug, sigma=sigma, tol=tol) |> success == true
    end
  end
@@ -1,39 +1,117 @@
+import ImageMagick
 using VisualRegressionTests
 using Plots
 using Random
-using BinaryProvider
 using Test
 using FileIO
+using Gtk
+using LibGit2
+using GeometryTypes
+using Dates
+
+include("test_hdf5plots.jl")
+include("test_pgfplotsx.jl")
+
+reference_dir(args...) = joinpath(homedir(), ".julia", "dev", "PlotReferenceImages", args...)
+
+function reference_file(backend, i, version)
+    refdir = reference_dir("Plots", string(backend))
+    fn = "ref$i.png"
+    versions = sort(VersionNumber.(readdir(refdir)), rev = true)
+
+    reffn = joinpath(refdir, string(version), fn)
+    for v in versions
+        tmpfn = joinpath(refdir, string(v), fn)
+        if isfile(tmpfn)
+            reffn = tmpfn
+            break
+        end
+    end
+
+    return reffn
+end
+
+reference_path(backend, version) = reference_dir("Plots", string(backend), string(version))
+
+if !isdir(reference_dir())
+    mkpath(reference_dir())
+    LibGit2.clone("https://github.com/JuliaPlots/PlotReferenceImages.jl.git", reference_dir())
+end

 include("imgcomp.jl")
 # don't actually show the plots
 Random.seed!(1234)
 default(show=false, reuse=true)
-img_tol = isinteractive() ? 1e-2 : 10e-2
+is_ci() = get(ENV, "CI", "false") == "true"
+img_tol = is_ci() ? 1e-2 : Sys.islinux() ? 1e-3 : 0.1

+## Uncomment the following lines to update reference images for different backends
+
+#=
@testset "GR" begin
-    ENV["PLOTS_TEST"] = "true"
-    ENV["GKSwstype"] = "100"
-    @test gr() == Plots.GRBackend()
-    @test backend() == Plots.GRBackend()
-
-    @static if Sys.islinux()
-        image_comparison_facts(:gr, tol=img_tol, skip = [25, 30])
-    end
+    image_comparison_facts(:gr, tol=img_tol, skip = Plots._backend_skips[:gr])
 end

+plotly()
+@testset "Plotly" begin
+    image_comparison_facts(:plotly, tol=img_tol, skip = Plots._backend_skips[:plotlyjs])
+end

-@testset "UnicodePlots" begin
-    @test unicodeplots() == Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend()
-    @test backend() == Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend()
+pyplot()
+@testset "PyPlot" begin
+    image_comparison_facts(:pyplot, tol=img_tol, skip = Plots._backend_skips[:pyplot])
+end
+
+pgfplots()
+@testset "PGFPlots" begin
+    image_comparison_facts(:pgfplots, tol=img_tol, skip = Plots._backend_skips[:pgfplots])
+end
+=#
+##
+
+@testset "Backends" begin
+
+    @testset "GR" begin
+        ENV["PLOTS_TEST"] = "true"
+        ENV["GKSwstype"] = "100"
+        @test gr() == Plots.GRBackend()
+        @test backend() == Plots.GRBackend()
+
+        @static if haskey(ENV, "APPVEYOR")
+            @info "Skipping GR image comparison tests on AppVeyor"
+        else
+            image_comparison_facts(:gr, tol=img_tol, skip = Plots._backend_skips[:gr])
+        end
+    end
+
+    @testset "UnicodePlots" begin
+        @test unicodeplots() == Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend()
+        @test backend() == Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend()
+
+        # lets just make sure it runs without error
+        p = plot(rand(10))
+        @test isa(p, Plots.Plot) == true
+        @test isa(display(p), Nothing) == true
+        p = bar(randn(10))
+        @test isa(p, Plots.Plot) == true
+        @test isa(display(p), Nothing) == true
+        p = plot([1, 2], [3, 4])
+        annotate!(p, [(1.5, 3.2, Plots.text("Test", :red, :center))])
+        hline!(p, [3.1])
+        @test isa(p, Plots.Plot) == true
+        @test isa(display(p), Nothing) == true
+        p = plot([Dates.Date(2019, 1, 1), Dates.Date(2019, 2, 1)], [3, 4])
+        hline!(p, [3.1])
+        annotate!(p, [(Dates.Date(2019, 1, 15), 3.2, Plots.text("Test", :red, :center))])
+        @test isa(p, Plots.Plot) == true
+        @test isa(display(p), Nothing) == true
+        p = plot([Dates.Date(2019, 1, 1), Dates.Date(2019, 2, 1)], [3, 4])
+        annotate!(p, [(Dates.Date(2019, 1, 15), 3.2, Plots.text("Test", :red, :center))])
+        hline!(p, [3.1])
+        @test isa(p, Plots.Plot) == true
+        @test isa(display(p), Nothing) == true
+    end

-    # lets just make sure it runs without error
-    p = plot(rand(10))
-    @test isa(p, Plots.Plot) == true
-    @test isa(display(p), Nothing) == true
-    p = bar(randn(10))
-    @test isa(p, Plots.Plot) == true
-    @test isa(display(p), Nothing) == true
 end

@testset "Axes" begin
@@ -51,5 +129,52 @@ end
 end

@testset "NoFail" begin
-    histogram([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+    plots = [histogram([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]),
+             plot([missing]),
+             plot([missing; 1:4]),
+             plot([fill(missing,10); 1:4]),
+             plot([1 1; 1 missing]),
+             plot(["a" "b"; missing "d"], [1 2; 3 4])]
+    for plt in plots
+        display(plt)
+    end
+    @test_nowarn plot(x->x^2,0,2)
+end
+
+@testset "EmptyAnim" begin
+    anim = @animate for i in []
+    end
+
+    @test_throws ArgumentError gif(anim)
+end
+
+@testset "Segments" begin
+    function segments(args...)
+        segs = UnitRange{Int}[]
+        for seg in iter_segments(args...)
+            push!(segs,seg)
+        end
+        segs
+    end
+
+    nan10 = fill(NaN,10)
+    @test segments(11:20) == [1:10]
+    @test segments([NaN]) == []
+    @test segments(nan10) == []
+    @test segments([nan10; 1:5]) == [11:15]
+    @test segments([1:5;nan10]) == [1:5]
+    @test segments([nan10; 1:5; nan10; 1:5; nan10]) == [11:15, 26:30]
+    @test segments([NaN; 1], 1:10) == [2:2, 4:4, 6:6, 8:8, 10:10]
+    @test segments([nan10; 1:15], [1:15; nan10]) == [11:15]
+end
+
+@testset "Utils" begin
+    zipped = ([(1,2)], [("a","b")], [(1,"a"),(2,"b")],
+              [(1,2),(3,4)], [(1,2,3),(3,4,5)], [(1,2,3,4),(3,4,5,6)],
+              [(1,2.0),(missing,missing)], [(1,missing),(missing,"a")],
+              [(missing,missing)], [(missing,missing,missing),("a","b","c")])
+    for z in zipped
+        @test isequal(collect(zip(Plots.unzip(z)...)), z)
+        @test isequal(collect(zip(Plots.unzip(GeometryTypes.Point.(z))...)), z)
+    end
 end
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using Plots, HDF5
+
+
+@testset "HDF5_Plots" begin
+	fname = "tmpplotsave.hdf5"
+	hdf5()
+
+	x = 1:10
+	psrc=plot(x, x.*x); #Create some plot
+	Plots.hdf5plot_write(psrc, fname)
+
+	#Read back file:
+	gr() #Choose some fast backend likely to work in test environment.
+	pread = Plots.hdf5plot_read(fname)
+
+	#Make sure data made it through:
+	@test psrc.subplots[1].series_list[1][:x] == pread.subplots[1].series_list[1][:x]
+	@test psrc.subplots[1].series_list[1][:y] == pread.subplots[1].series_list[1][:y]
+
+	#display(pread) #Don't display. Regression env might not support
+end #testset
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+using Plots, Test
+pgfplotsx()
+
+function create_plot(args...; kwargs...)
+   pgfx_plot = plot(args...; kwargs...)
+   return pgfx_plot, repr("application/x-tex", pgfx_plot)
+end
+
+function create_plot!(args...; kwargs...)
+   pgfx_plot = plot!(args...; kwargs...)
+   return pgfx_plot, repr("application/x-tex", pgfx_plot)
+end
+
+@testset "PGFPlotsX" begin
+   pgfx_plot = plot(1:5)
+   Plots._update_plot_object(pgfx_plot)
+   @test pgfx_plot.o.the_plot isa PGFPlotsX.TikzDocument
+   @test pgfx_plot.series_list[1].plotattributes[:quiver] === nothing
+   axis = Plots.pgfx_axes(pgfx_plot.o)[1]
+   @test count(x -> x isa PGFPlotsX.Plot, axis.contents) == 1
+   @test !haskey(axis.contents[1].options.dict, "fill")
+
+   @testset "Legends" begin
+      legends_plot =  plot( rand(5,2), lab = ["1" ""] )
+      scatter!(legends_plot, rand(5) )
+      Plots._update_plot_object(legends_plot)
+      axis_contents = Plots.pgfx_axes(legends_plot.o)[1].contents
+      leg_entries = filter( x -> x isa PGFPlotsX.LegendEntry, axis_contents )
+      series = filter( x -> x isa PGFPlotsX.Plot, axis_contents )
+      @test length(leg_entries) == 2
+      @test !haskey(series[1].options.dict, "forget plot")
+      @test haskey(series[2].options.dict, "forget plot")
+      @test !haskey(series[3].options.dict, "forget plot")
+   end # testset
+
+   @testset "3D docs example" begin
+      n = 100
+      ts = range(0, stop = 8π, length = n)
+      x = ts .* map(cos, ts)
+      y = (0.1ts) .* map(sin, ts)
+      z = 1:n
+      pl = plot(
+         x,
+         y,
+         z,
+         zcolor = reverse(z),
+         m = (10, 0.8, :blues, Plots.stroke(0)),
+         leg = false,
+         cbar = true,
+         w = 5,
+      )
+      pgfx_plot = plot!(pl, zeros(n), zeros(n), 1:n, w = 10)
+      Plots._update_plot_object(pgfx_plot)
+      if @test_nowarn(
+         haskey(Plots.pgfx_axes(pgfx_plot.o)[1].options.dict, "colorbar") == true
+      )
+         @test Plots.pgfx_axes(pgfx_plot.o)[1]["colorbar"] === nothing
+      end
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Color docs example" begin
+      y = rand(100)
+      plot(
+         0:10:100,
+         rand(11, 4),
+         lab = "lines",
+         w = 3,
+         palette = :grays,
+         fill = 0,
+         α = 0.6,
+      )
+      pl = scatter!(
+         y,
+         zcolor = abs.(y .- 0.5),
+         m = (:heat, 0.8, Plots.stroke(1, :green)),
+         ms = 10 * abs.(y .- 0.5) .+ 4,
+         lab = ["grad", "", "ient"],
+      )
+      Plots._update_plot_object(pl)
+      axis = Plots.pgfx_axes(pl.o)[1]
+      @test count(x -> x isa PGFPlotsX.LegendEntry, axis.contents) == 6
+      @test count(x -> x isa PGFPlotsX.Plot, axis.contents) == 108 # each marker is its own plot, fillranges create 2 plot-objects
+      marker = axis.contents[15]
+      @test marker isa PGFPlotsX.Plot
+      @test marker.options["mark"] == "*"
+      @test marker.options["mark options"]["color"] ==
+            RGBA{Float64}(colorant"green", 0.8)
+      @test marker.options["mark options"]["line width"] == 1
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Plot in pieces" begin
+      pic = plot(rand(100) / 3, reg = true, fill = (0, :green))
+      scatter!(pic, rand(100), markersize = 6, c = :orange)
+      Plots._update_plot_object(pic)
+      axis_contents = Plots.pgfx_axes(pic.o)[1].contents
+      leg_entries = filter( x -> x isa PGFPlotsX.LegendEntry, axis_contents )
+      series = filter( x -> x isa PGFPlotsX.Plot, axis_contents )
+      @test length(leg_entries) == 2
+      @test length(series) == 4
+      @test haskey(series[1].options.dict, "forget plot")
+      @test !haskey(series[2].options.dict, "forget plot")
+      @test haskey(series[3].options.dict, "forget plot")
+      @test !haskey(series[4].options.dict, "forget plot")
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Marker types" begin
+      markers = filter((m -> begin
+         m in Plots.supported_markers()
+      end), Plots._shape_keys)
+      markers = reshape(markers, 1, length(markers))
+      n = length(markers)
+      x = (range(0, stop = 10, length = n + 2))[2:(end - 1)]
+      y = repeat(reshape(reverse(x), 1, :), n, 1)
+      scatter(
+         x,
+         y,
+         m = (8, :auto),
+         lab = map(string, markers),
+         bg = :linen,
+         xlim = (0, 10),
+         ylim = (0, 10),
+      )
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Layout" begin
+      plot(
+         Plots.fakedata(100, 10),
+         layout = 4,
+         palette = [:grays :blues :heat :lightrainbow],
+         bg_inside = [:orange :pink :darkblue :black],
+      )
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Polar plots" begin
+      Θ = range(0, stop = 1.5π, length = 100)
+      r = abs.(0.1 * randn(100) + sin.(3Θ))
+      plot(Θ, r, proj = :polar, m = 2)
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Drawing shapes" begin
+      verts = [
+         (-1.0, 1.0),
+         (-1.28, 0.6),
+         (-0.2, -1.4),
+         (0.2, -1.4),
+         (1.28, 0.6),
+         (1.0, 1.0),
+         (-1.0, 1.0),
+         (-0.2, -0.6),
+         (0.0, -0.2),
+         (-0.4, 0.6),
+         (1.28, 0.6),
+         (0.2, -1.4),
+         (-0.2, -1.4),
+         (0.6, 0.2),
+         (-0.2, 0.2),
+         (0.0, -0.2),
+         (0.2, 0.2),
+         (-0.2, -0.6),
+      ]
+      x = 0.1:0.2:0.9
+      y = 0.7 * rand(5) .+ 0.15
+      plot(
+         x,
+         y,
+         line = (3, :dash, :lightblue),
+         marker = (Shape(verts), 30, RGBA(0, 0, 0, 0.2)),
+         bg = :pink,
+         fg = :darkblue,
+         xlim = (0, 1),
+         ylim = (0, 1),
+         leg = false,
+      )
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Histogram 2D" begin
+      histogram2d(randn(10000), randn(10000), nbins = 20)
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Heatmap-like" begin
+      xs = [string("x", i) for i = 1:10]
+      ys = [string("y", i) for i = 1:4]
+      z = float((1:4) * reshape(1:10, 1, :))
+      pgfx_plot = heatmap(xs, ys, z, aspect_ratio = 1)
+      Plots._update_plot_object(pgfx_plot)
+      if @test_nowarn(
+         haskey(Plots.pgfx_axes(pgfx_plot.o)[1].options.dict, "colorbar") == true
+      )
+         @test Plots.pgfx_axes(pgfx_plot.o)[1]["colorbar"] === nothing
+         @test Plots.pgfx_axes(pgfx_plot.o)[1]["colormap name"] == "plots1"
+      end
+
+      pgfx_plot = wireframe(xs, ys, z, aspect_ratio = 1)
+      # TODO: clims are wrong
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Contours" begin
+      x = 1:0.5:20
+      y = 1:0.5:10
+      f(x, y) = begin
+         (3x + y^2) * abs(sin(x) + cos(y))
+      end
+      X = repeat(reshape(x, 1, :), length(y), 1)
+      Y = repeat(y, 1, length(x))
+      Z = map(f, X, Y)
+      p2 = contour(x, y, Z)
+      p1 = contour(x, y, f, fill = true)
+      plot(p1, p2)
+      # TODO: colorbar for filled contours
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Varying colors" begin
+      t = range(0, stop = 1, length = 100)
+      θ = (6π) .* t
+      x = t .* cos.(θ)
+      y = t .* sin.(θ)
+      p1 = plot(x, y, line_z = t, linewidth = 3, legend = false)
+      p2 = scatter(
+         x,
+         y,
+         marker_z = ((x, y) -> begin
+            x + y
+         end),
+         color = :bluesreds,
+         legend = false,
+      )
+      plot(p1, p2)
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Framestyles" begin
+      scatter(
+         fill(randn(10), 6),
+         fill(randn(10), 6),
+         framestyle = [:box :semi :origin :zerolines :grid :none],
+         title = [":box" ":semi" ":origin" ":zerolines" ":grid" ":none"],
+         color = permutedims(1:6),
+         layout = 6,
+         label = "",
+         markerstrokewidth = 0,
+         ticks = -2:2,
+      )
+      # TODO: support :semi
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Quiver" begin
+      x = (-2pi):0.2:(2 * pi)
+      y = sin.(x)
+
+      u = ones(length(x))
+      v = cos.(x)
+      arrow_plot = plot(x, y, quiver = (u, v), arrow = true)
+      # TODO: could adjust limits to fit arrows if too long, but how?
+      # TODO: get latex available on CI
+      # mktempdir() do path
+      #    @test_nowarn savefig(arrow_plot, path*"arrow.pdf")
+      # end
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Annotations" begin
+      y = rand(10)
+      plot(
+         y,
+         annotations = (3, y[3], Plots.text("this is \\#3", :left)),
+         leg = false,
+      )
+      annotate!([
+         (5, y[5], Plots.text("this is \\#5", 16, :red, :center)),
+         (10, y[10], Plots.text("this is \\#10", :right, 20, "courier")),
+      ])
+      annotation_plot = scatter!(
+         range(2, stop = 8, length = 6),
+         rand(6),
+         marker = (50, 0.2, :orange),
+         series_annotations = [
+            "series",
+            "annotations",
+            "map",
+            "to",
+            "series",
+            Plots.text("data", :green),
+         ],
+      )
+      # mktempdir() do path
+      #    @test_nowarn savefig(annotation_plot, path*"annotation.pdf")
+      # end
+   end # testset
+   @testset "Ribbon" begin
+      aa = rand(10)
+      bb = rand(10)
+      cc = rand(10)
+      conf = [aa - cc bb - cc]
+      ribbon_plot =
+         plot(collect(1:10), fill(1, 10), ribbon = (conf[:, 1], conf[:, 2]))
+      Plots._update_plot_object(ribbon_plot)
+      axis = Plots.pgfx_axes(ribbon_plot.o)[1]
+      plots = filter(x -> x isa PGFPlotsX.Plot, axis.contents)
+      @test length(plots) == 4
+      @test !haskey(plots[1].options.dict, "fill")
+      @test !haskey(plots[2].options.dict, "fill")
+      @test !haskey(plots[3].options.dict, "fill")
+      @test haskey(plots[4].options.dict, "fill")
+      @test ribbon_plot.o !== nothing
+      @test ribbon_plot.o.the_plot !== nothing
+      #    mktempdir() do path
+      #       @test_nowarn savefig(ribbon_plot, path*"ribbon.svg")
+      #    end
+   end # testset
+end # testset