make linspace arg a float

2017-08-30 15:04:03 +02:00
46 changed files with 1610 additions and 3623 deletions
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ os:
  - linux
  # - osx
 julia:
-  - 0.7
+  - 0.6
 matrix:
  allow_failures:
    - julia: nightly
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ notifications:
 # uncomment the following lines to override the default test script
 script:
 - if [[ -a .git/shallow ]]; then git fetch --unshallow; fi
- - julia -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.add(pwd()); Pkg.build("Plots")'
+ - julia -e 'Pkg.clone(pwd()); Pkg.build("Plots")'
 - julia test/travis_commands.jl
 # - julia -e 'Pkg.clone("ImageMagick"); Pkg.build("ImageMagick")'
 # - julia -e 'Pkg.clone("GR"); Pkg.build("GR")'
@@ -3,178 +3,13 @@

 #### notes on release changes, ongoing development, and future planned work

- Minor version 0.17 is the last one to support Julia 0.6!!
+- All new development should target 0.12!
 - Minor version 0.11 is the last one to support Julia 0.5!!
 	- Critical bugfixes only
-    - `backports` branch is for Julia 0.5
+    - `backports` branch is for Julia 0.4

 ---
 ## (current master)
- All new development should target Julia 0.7!
-
-## 0.17.3
- Log-scale heatmap edge computation
- Fix size and dpi for GR and PyPlot
- Fix fillrange with line segments on PyPlot and Plotly
- fix flip for heatmap and image on GR
- New attributes for PGFPlots
- Widen axes for most series types and log scales
- Plotly: fix log scale with no ticks
- Fix axis flip on Plotly
- Fix hover and zcolor interaction in Plotly
- WebIO integration for PlotlyJS backend
-
-## 0.17.2
- fix single subplot in plotly
- implement `(xyz)lims = :round`
- PyPlot: fix bg_legend = invisible()
- set fallback tick specification for axes with discrete values
- restructure of show methods
-
-## 0.17.1
- Fix contour for PGFPlots
- 32Bit fix: Int64 -> Int
- Make series of shapes and segments toggle together in Plotly(JS)
- Fix marker arguments
- Fix processing order of series recipes
- Fix Plotly(JS) ribbon
- Contour plots with x,y in grid form on PyPlot
-
-## 0.17.0
- Add GR dependency to make it the default backend
- Improve histogram2d bin estimation
- Allow vector arguments for certain series attributes and support line_z and fill_z on GR, PyPlot, Plotly(JS) and PGFPlots
- Automatic scientific notation for tick labels
- Allow to set the theme in PLOTS_DEFAULTS
- Implement plots_heatmap seriestype providing a Plots recipe for heatmaps
-
-## 0.16.0
- fix 3D plotting in PyPlot
- Infinite objects
-
-## 0.15.1
-
- fix scientific notation for labels in GR
- fix labels with logscale
- fix image cropping with GR
- fix grouping of annotations
- fix annotations in Plotly
- allow saving notebook with plots as pdf from IJulia
- fix fillrange and ribbon for step recipes
- implement native ticks that respond to zoom
- fix bar plot with one bar
- contour labels and colorbar fixes
- interactive linked axis for PyPlot
- add `NamedTuple` syntax to group with named legend
- use bar recipe in Plotly
- implement categorical ticks
-
-## 0.15.0
-
- improve resolution of png output of GR with savefig()
- add check for ticks=nothing
- allow transparency in heatmaps
- fix line_z for GR
- fix legendcolor for pyplot
- fix pyplot ignoring alpha values of images
- don't let `abline!` change subplot limits
- update showtheme recipe
-
-## 0.14.2
-
- fix plotly bar lines bug
- allow passing multiple series to `ribbon`
- add a new example for `line_z`
-
-## 0.14.1
-
- Add linestyle argument to the legend
- Plotly: bar_width and stroke_width support for bar plots
- abline! does not change axis limits
- Fix default log scale ticks in GR backend
- Use the :fontsize keys so the scalefontsizes command works
- Prepare support for new PlotTheme type in PlotThemes
-
-## 0.14.0
-
- remove use of imagemagick; saving gifs now requires ffmpeg
- improvements to ffmpeg gif quality and speed
- overhaul of fonts, allows setting fonts in recipes and with magic arguments
- added `camera` attribute to control camera position for 3d plots
- added `showaxis` attribute to control which axes to display
- improvements of polar plots axes, and better backend consistency
- changed the 'spy' recipe back to using heatmap
- added `scatterpath` seriestype
- allow plotlyjs to save svg
- add `reset_defaults()` function to reset plot defaults
- update syntax to 0.6
- make `fill = true` fill to 0 rather than to 1
- use new `@df` syntax in StatPlots examples
- allow changing the color of legend box
- implement `title_location` for gr
- add `hline` marker to pgfplots - fixes errorbars
- pyplot legends now show marker types
- pyplot colorbars take font style from y axis
- pyplot tickmarks color the same as axis color
- allow setting linewidth for contour in gr
- allow legend to be outside plot area for pgfplots
- expand axis extrema for heatmap
- extendg grid lines to axis limits
- fix `line_z` for pyplot and gr
- fixed colorbar problem for flipped axes with gr
- fix marker_z for 3d plots in gr
- fix `weights` functionality for histograms
- fix gr annotations with colorbar
- fix aspect ratio in gr
- fix "hidden window" problem after savefig in gr
- fix pgfplots logscale ticks error
- fix pgfplots legends symbols
- fix axis linking for plotlyjs
- fix plotting of grayscale images
-
-## 0.13.1
-
- fix a bug when passing a vector of functions with no bounds (e.g. `plot([sin, cos])`)
- export `pct` and `px` from Plots.PlotMeasures
-
-## 0.13.0
-
- support `plotattributes` rather than `d` in recipes
- no longer export `w`, `h` and names from Measures.jl; use `using Plots.PlotMeasures` to get these names back
- `bar_width` now depends on the minimum distance between bars, not the mean
- better automatic x axis limits for plotting Functions
- `tick_direction` attribute now allows ticks to be on the inside of the plot border
- removed a bug where `p1 = plot(randn(10)); plot(p1, p2)` made `display(p1)` impossible
- allow `plot([])` to generate an empty plot
- add `origin` framestyle
- ensure finite bin number on histograms with only one unique value
- better automatic histogram bins for 2d histograms
- more informative error message on passing unsupported seriestype in a recipe
- allow grouping in user recipes
- GR now has `line_z` and `fill_z` attributes for determining the color of shapes and lines
- change GR default view angle for 3D plots to match that of PyPlot
- fix `clims` on GR
- fix `marker_z` for plotly backend
- implement `framestyle` for plotly
- fix logscale bug error for values < 1e-16 on pyplot
- fix an issue on pyplot where >1 colorbar would be shown if there was >1 series
- fix `writemime` for eps
-
-## 0.12.4
-
- added a new `framestyle` argument with choices: :box, :semi, :axes, :grid and :none
- changed the default bar width to 0.8
- added working ribbon to plotly backend
- ensure that automatic ticks always generate 4 to 8 ticks
- group now groups keyword arguments of the same length as the input
- allow passing DateTime objects as ticks
- allow specifying the number of ticks as an integre
- fix bug on errorbars in gr
- fixed some but not all world age issues
- better margin with room for text
- added a `match` option for linecolor
- better error message un unsupported series types
- add a 'stride' keyword for the pyplot backend

 ## 0.12.3

@@ -226,7 +61,7 @@
 #### 0.11.0

 - julia 0.6 compatibility
- matplotlib 2.0 compatibility
+- matplotlib 0.2.0 compatibility
 - add inspectdr backend
 - improved histogram functionality:
 - added a `:stephist` and `:scatterhist` series type as well as ``:barhist` (the default)
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 # Plots

 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl)
-[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/juliaplots/plots.jl?branch=master&svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/mkborregaard/plots-jl)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/tbreloff/plots.jl?branch=master&svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/tbreloff/plots-jl)
 [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl](https://badges.gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl.svg)](https://gitter.im/tbreloff/Plots.jl?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
 <!-- [![Plots](http://pkg.julialang.org/badges/Plots_0.3.svg)](http://pkg.julialang.org/?pkg=Plots&ver=0.3) -->
 <!-- [![Plots](http://pkg.julialang.org/badges/Plots_0.4.svg)](http://pkg.julialang.org/?pkg=Plots&ver=0.4) -->
 <!-- [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/tbreloff/Plots.jl/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/tbreloff/Plots.jl?branch=master) -->
 <!-- [![codecov.io](http://codecov.io/github/tbreloff/Plots.jl/coverage.svg?branch=master)](http://codecov.io/github/tbreloff/Plots.jl?branch=master) -->

-#### Created by Tom Breloff (@tbreloff)
-
-#### Maintained by the [JuliaPlot members](https://github.com/orgs/JuliaPlots/people)
+#### Author: Thomas Breloff (@tbreloff)

 Plots is a plotting API and toolset.  My goals with the package are:

@@ -22,4 +20,4 @@ Plots is a plotting API and toolset.  My goals with the package are:
 - **Lightweight**.  Very few dependencies.
 - **Smart**. Attempts to figure out what you **want** it to do... not just what you **tell** it.

-View the [full documentation](http://docs.juliaplots.org/latest).
+View the [full documentation](http://juliaplots.github.io).
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-julia 0.7-alpha
+julia 0.6

-RecipesBase 0.2.3
+RecipesBase 0.2.0
 PlotUtils 0.4.1
 PlotThemes 0.1.3
 Reexport
@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ JSON
 NaNMath
 Requires
 Contour
-GR 0.31.0
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@

 local_fn = joinpath(dirname(@__FILE__), "plotly-latest.min.js")
 if !isfile(local_fn)
-	@info("Cannot find deps/plotly-latest.min.js... downloading latest version.")
+	info("Cannot find deps/plotly-latest.min.js... downloading latest version.")
 	download("https://cdn.plot.ly/plotly-latest.min.js", local_fn)
 end
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ using Reexport

 import StaticArrays
 using StaticArrays.FixedSizeArrays
-using Dates, Printf, Statistics, Base64, LinearAlgebra

@reexport using RecipesBase
 import RecipesBase: plot, plot!, animate
@@ -15,9 +14,6 @@ using Base.Meta
@reexport using PlotThemes
 import Showoff
 import StatsBase
-import JSON
-
-using Requires

 export
    grid,
@@ -114,13 +110,13 @@ export
 # ---------------------------------------------------------

 import NaNMath # define functions that ignores NaNs. To overcome the destructive effects of https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/12563
-ignorenan_minimum(x::AbstractArray{F}) where {F<:AbstractFloat} = NaNMath.minimum(x)
+ignorenan_minimum{F<:AbstractFloat}(x::AbstractArray{F}) = NaNMath.minimum(x)
 ignorenan_minimum(x) = Base.minimum(x)
-ignorenan_maximum(x::AbstractArray{F}) where {F<:AbstractFloat} = NaNMath.maximum(x)
+ignorenan_maximum{F<:AbstractFloat}(x::AbstractArray{F}) = NaNMath.maximum(x)
 ignorenan_maximum(x) = Base.maximum(x)
-ignorenan_mean(x::AbstractArray{F}) where {F<:AbstractFloat} = NaNMath.mean(x)
+ignorenan_mean{F<:AbstractFloat}(x::AbstractArray{F}) = NaNMath.mean(x)
 ignorenan_mean(x) = Base.mean(x)
-ignorenan_extrema(x::AbstractArray{F}) where {F<:AbstractFloat} = NaNMath.extrema(x)
+ignorenan_extrema{F<:AbstractFloat}(x::AbstractArray{F}) = NaNMath.extrema(x)
 ignorenan_extrema(x) = Base.extrema(x)

 # ---------------------------------------------------------
@@ -137,20 +133,11 @@ ignorenan_extrema(x) = Base.extrema(x)

 # ---------------------------------------------------------

-import Measures
-module PlotMeasures
 import Measures
 import Measures: Length, AbsoluteLength, Measure, BoundingBox, mm, cm, inch, pt, width, height, w, h
 const BBox = Measures.Absolute2DBox
+export BBox, BoundingBox, mm, cm, inch, pt, px, pct, w, h

-# allow pixels and percentages
-const px = AbsoluteLength(0.254)
-const pct = Length{:pct, Float64}(1.0)
-export BBox, BoundingBox, mm, cm, inch, px, pct, pt, w, h
-end
-
-using .PlotMeasures
-import .PlotMeasures: Length, AbsoluteLength, Measure, width, height
 # ---------------------------------------------------------

 include("types.jl")
@@ -184,13 +171,10 @@ include("output.jl")
@shorthands histogram2d
@shorthands density
@shorthands heatmap
-@shorthands plots_heatmap
@shorthands hexbin
@shorthands sticks
@shorthands hline
@shorthands vline
-@shorthands hspan
-@shorthands vspan
@shorthands ohlc
@shorthands contour
@shorthands contourf
@@ -222,13 +206,13 @@ xlabel!(s::AbstractString; kw...)                = plot!(; xlabel = s, kw...)
 ylabel!(s::AbstractString; kw...)                = plot!(; ylabel = s, kw...)

 "Set xlims for an existing plot"
-xlims!(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:Real} = plot!(; xlims = lims, kw...)
+xlims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) = plot!(; xlims = lims, kw...)

 "Set ylims for an existing plot"
-ylims!(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:Real} = plot!(; ylims = lims, kw...)
+ylims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) = plot!(; ylims = lims, kw...)

 "Set zlims for an existing plot"
-zlims!(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:Real} = plot!(; zlims = lims, kw...)
+zlims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) = plot!(; zlims = lims, kw...)

 xlims!(xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)                     = plot!(; xlims = (xmin,xmax), kw...)
 ylims!(ymin::Real, ymax::Real; kw...)                     = plot!(; ylims = (ymin,ymax), kw...)
@@ -236,19 +220,19 @@ zlims!(zmin::Real, zmax::Real; kw...)                     = plot!(; zlims = (zmi


 "Set xticks for an existing plot"
-xticks!(v::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Real}                       = plot!(; xticks = v, kw...)
+xticks!{T<:Real}(v::AVec{T}; kw...)                       = plot!(; xticks = v, kw...)

 "Set yticks for an existing plot"
-yticks!(v::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Real}                       = plot!(; yticks = v, kw...)
+yticks!{T<:Real}(v::AVec{T}; kw...)                       = plot!(; yticks = v, kw...)

-xticks!(
-ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}     = plot!(; xticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
-yticks!(
-ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}     = plot!(; yticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
+xticks!{T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}(
+              ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...)     = plot!(; xticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
+yticks!{T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}(
+              ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...)     = plot!(; yticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)

 "Add annotations to an existing plot"
 annotate!(anns...; kw...)                                 = plot!(; annotation = anns, kw...)
-annotate!(anns::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Tuple}                 = plot!(; annotation = anns, kw...)
+annotate!{T<:Tuple}(anns::AVec{T}; kw...)                 = plot!(; annotation = anns, kw...)

 "Flip the current plots' x axis"
 xflip!(flip::Bool = true; kw...)                          = plot!(; xflip = flip, kw...)
@@ -265,29 +249,29 @@ xgrid!(args...; kw...)                                    = plot!(; xgrid = args
 ygrid!(args...; kw...)                                    = plot!(; ygrid = args, kw...)

 let PlotOrSubplot = Union{Plot, Subplot}
-    global title!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; title = s, kw...)
-    global xlabel!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                 = plot!(plt; xlabel = s, kw...)
-    global ylabel!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                 = plot!(plt; ylabel = s, kw...)
-    global xlims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:Real}  = plot!(plt; xlims = lims, kw...)
-    global ylims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:Real}  = plot!(plt; ylims = lims, kw...)
-    global zlims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:Real}  = plot!(plt; zlims = lims, kw...)
-    global xlims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)             = plot!(plt; xlims = (xmin,xmax), kw...)
-    global ylims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, ymin::Real, ymax::Real; kw...)             = plot!(plt; ylims = (ymin,ymax), kw...)
-    global zlims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, zmin::Real, zmax::Real; kw...)             = plot!(plt; zlims = (zmin,zmax), kw...)
-    global xticks!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, ticks::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Real}           = plot!(plt; xticks = ticks, kw...)
-    global yticks!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, ticks::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Real}           = plot!(plt; yticks = ticks, kw...)
-    global xticks!(plt::PlotOrSubplot,
-   ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}     = plot!(plt; xticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
-    global yticks!(plt::PlotOrSubplot,
-   ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...) where {T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}     = plot!(plt; yticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
-    global xgrid!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, args...; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; xgrid = args, kw...)
-    global ygrid!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, args...; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; ygrid = args, kw...)
-    global annotate!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, anns...; kw...)                         = plot!(plt; annotation = anns, kw...)
-    global annotate!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, anns::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Tuple}         = plot!(plt; annotation = anns, kw...)
-    global xflip!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, flip::Bool = true; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; xflip = flip, kw...)
-    global yflip!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, flip::Bool = true; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; yflip = flip, kw...)
-    global xaxis!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, args...; kw...)                            = plot!(plt; xaxis = args, kw...)
-    global yaxis!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, args...; kw...)                            = plot!(plt; yaxis = args, kw...)
+    title!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; title = s, kw...)
+    xlabel!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                 = plot!(plt; xlabel = s, kw...)
+    ylabel!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, s::AbstractString; kw...)                 = plot!(plt; ylabel = s, kw...)
+    xlims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(plt::PlotOrSubplot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...)  = plot!(plt; xlims = lims, kw...)
+    ylims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(plt::PlotOrSubplot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...)  = plot!(plt; ylims = lims, kw...)
+    zlims!{T<:Real,S<:Real}(plt::PlotOrSubplot, lims::Tuple{T,S}; kw...)  = plot!(plt; zlims = lims, kw...)
+    xlims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, xmin::Real, xmax::Real; kw...)             = plot!(plt; xlims = (xmin,xmax), kw...)
+    ylims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, ymin::Real, ymax::Real; kw...)             = plot!(plt; ylims = (ymin,ymax), kw...)
+    zlims!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, zmin::Real, zmax::Real; kw...)             = plot!(plt; zlims = (zmin,zmax), kw...)
+    xticks!{T<:Real}(plt::PlotOrSubplot, ticks::AVec{T}; kw...)           = plot!(plt; xticks = ticks, kw...)
+    yticks!{T<:Real}(plt::PlotOrSubplot, ticks::AVec{T}; kw...)           = plot!(plt; yticks = ticks, kw...)
+    xticks!{T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}(plt::PlotOrSubplot,
+                              ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...)     = plot!(plt; xticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
+    yticks!{T<:Real,S<:AbstractString}(plt::PlotOrSubplot,
+                              ticks::AVec{T}, labels::AVec{S}; kw...)     = plot!(plt; yticks = (ticks,labels), kw...)
+    xgrid!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, args...; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; xgrid = args, kw...)
+    ygrid!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, args...; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; ygrid = args, kw...)
+    annotate!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, anns...; kw...)                         = plot!(plt; annotation = anns, kw...)
+    annotate!{T<:Tuple}(plt::PlotOrSubplot, anns::AVec{T}; kw...)         = plot!(plt; annotation = anns, kw...)
+    xflip!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, flip::Bool = true; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; xflip = flip, kw...)
+    yflip!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, flip::Bool = true; kw...)                  = plot!(plt; yflip = flip, kw...)
+    xaxis!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, args...; kw...)                            = plot!(plt; xaxis = args, kw...)
+    yaxis!(plt::PlotOrSubplot, args...; kw...)                            = plot!(plt; yaxis = args, kw...)
 end


@@ -298,11 +282,8 @@ const CURRENT_BACKEND = CurrentBackend(:none)
 # for compatibility with Requires.jl:
@init begin
    if isdefined(Main, :PLOTS_DEFAULTS)
-        if haskey(Main.PLOTS_DEFAULTS, :theme)
-            theme(Main.PLOTS_DEFAULTS[:theme])
-        end
        for (k,v) in Main.PLOTS_DEFAULTS
-            k == :theme || default(k, v)
+            default(k, v)
        end
    end
 end
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 "Represents an animation object"
-struct Animation
+immutable Animation
    dir::String
    frames::Vector{String}
 end
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ end

 Add a plot (the current plot if not specified) to an existing animation
 """
-function frame(anim::Animation, plt::P=current()) where P<:AbstractPlot
+function frame{P<:AbstractPlot}(anim::Animation, plt::P=current())
    i = length(anim.frames) + 1
    filename = @sprintf("%06d.png", i)
    png(plt, joinpath(anim.dir, filename))
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ giffn() = (isijulia() ? "tmp.gif" : tempname()*".gif")
 movfn() = (isijulia() ? "tmp.mov" : tempname()*".mov")
 mp4fn() = (isijulia() ? "tmp.mp4" : tempname()*".mp4")

-mutable struct FrameIterator
+type FrameIterator
    itr
    every::Int
    kw
@@ -54,40 +54,47 @@ end
 # -----------------------------------------------

 "Wraps the location of an animated gif so that it can be displayed"
-struct AnimatedGif
+immutable AnimatedGif
    filename::String
 end

 file_extension(fn) = Base.Filesystem.splitext(fn)[2][2:end]

 gif(anim::Animation, fn = giffn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim.dir, fn; kw...)
-mov(anim::Animation, fn = movfn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim.dir, fn, false; kw...)
-mp4(anim::Animation, fn = mp4fn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim.dir, fn, false; kw...)
+mov(anim::Animation, fn = movfn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim.dir, fn; kw...)
+mp4(anim::Animation, fn = mp4fn(); kw...) = buildanimation(anim.dir, fn; kw...)

+const _imagemagick_initialized = Ref(false)

-function buildanimation(animdir::AbstractString, fn::AbstractString,
-                        is_animated_gif::Bool=true;
-                        fps::Integer = 20, loop::Integer = 0,
-                        variable_palette::Bool=false,
-                        show_msg::Bool=true)
+function buildanimation(animdir::AbstractString, fn::AbstractString;
+                        fps::Integer = 20, loop::Integer = 0)
    fn = abspath(fn)
-
-    if is_animated_gif
-        if variable_palette
-            # generate a colorpalette for each frame for highest quality, but larger filesize
-            palette="palettegen=stats_mode=single[pal],[0:v][pal]paletteuse=new=1"
-            run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -framerate $fps -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -lavfi "$palette" -y $fn`)
-        else
-            # generate a colorpalette first so ffmpeg does not have to guess it
-            run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -vf "palettegen=stats_mode=diff" -y "$(animdir)/palette.bmp"`)
-            # then apply the palette to get better results
-            run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -framerate $fps -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -i "$(animdir)/palette.bmp" -lavfi "paletteuse=dither=sierra2_4a" -y $fn`)
+    try
+        if !_imagemagick_initialized[]
+            file = joinpath(Pkg.dir("ImageMagick"), "deps","deps.jl")
+            if isfile(file) && !haskey(ENV, "MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH")
+                include(file)
+            end
+            _imagemagick_initialized[] = true
        end
-    else
-        run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -framerate $fps -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -pix_fmt yuv420p -y $fn`)
+
+        # prefix = get(ENV, "MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH", "")
+        # high quality
+        speed = round(Int, 100 / fps)
+        run(`convert -delay $speed -loop $loop $(joinpath(animdir, "*.png")) -alpha off $fn`)
+
+    catch err
+        warn("""Tried to create gif using convert (ImageMagick), but got error: $err
+            ImageMagick can be installed by executing `Pkg.add("ImageMagick")`.
+            You may also need to install the imagemagick c++ library through your operating system.
+            Will try ffmpeg, but it's lower quality...)""")
+
+        # low quality
+        run(`ffmpeg -v 0 -framerate $fps -loop $loop -i $(animdir)/%06d.png -y $fn`)
+        # run(`ffmpeg -v warning -i  "fps=$fps,scale=320:-1:flags=lanczos"`)
    end

-    show_msg && info("Saved animation to ", fn)
+    info("Saved animation to ", fn)
    AnimatedGif(fn)
 end

@@ -116,7 +123,6 @@ function _animate(forloop::Expr, args...; callgif = false)
  # add the call to frame to the end of each iteration
  animsym = gensym("anim")
  countersym = gensym("counter")
-  freqassert = :()
  block = forloop.args[2]

  # create filter
@@ -129,7 +135,7 @@ function _animate(forloop::Expr, args...; callgif = false)
    # filter every `freq` frames (starting with the first frame)
    @assert n == 2
    freq = args[2]
-    freqassert = :(@assert isa($freq, Integer) && $freq > 0)
+    @assert isa(freq, Integer) && freq > 0
    :(mod1($countersym, $freq) == 1)

  elseif args[1] == :when
@@ -149,7 +155,6 @@ function _animate(forloop::Expr, args...; callgif = false)

  # full expression:
  esc(quote
-    $freqassert             # if filtering, check frequency is an Integer > 0
    $animsym = Animation()  # init animation object
    $countersym = 1         # init iteration counter
    $forloop                # for loop, saving a frame after each iteration
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const _arg_desc = KW(
 :markerstrokewidth 	=> "Number. Width of the marker stroke (border. in pixels)",
 :markerstrokecolor 	=> "Color Type. Color of the marker stroke (border).  `:match` will take the value from `:foreground_color_subplot`.",
 :markerstrokealpha 	=> "Number in [0,1]. The alpha/opacity override for the marker stroke (border).  `nothing` (the default) means it will take the alpha value of markerstrokecolor.",
-:bins              	=> "Integer, NTuple{2,Integer}, AbstractVector or Symbol. Default is :auto (the Freedman-Diaconis rule). For histogram-types, defines the approximate number of bins to aim for, or the auto-binning algorithm to use (:sturges, :sqrt, :rice, :scott or :fd). For fine-grained control pass a Vector of break values, e.g. `linspace(extrema(x)..., 25)`",
+:bins              	=> "Integer, NTuple{2,Integer}, AbstractVector or Symbol. Default is :auto. For histogram-types, defines the approximate number of bins to aim for, or the auto-binning algorithm to use (:sturges, :sqrt, :rice, :scott or :fd). For fine-grained control pass a Vector of break values, e.g. `linspace(extrema(x)..., 25)`",
 :smooth            	=> "Bool.  Add a regression line?",
 :group             	=> "AbstractVector. Data is split into a separate series, one for each unique value in `group`.",
 :x                 	=> "Various. Input data. First Dimension",
@@ -40,10 +40,9 @@ const _arg_desc = KW(
 :ribbon            	=> "Number or AbstractVector.  Creates a fillrange around the data points.",
 :quiver            	=> "AbstractVector or 2-Tuple of vectors.  The directional vectors U,V which specify velocity/gradient vectors for a quiver plot.",
 :arrow             	=> "nothing (no arrows), Bool (if true, default arrows), Arrow object, or arg(s) that could be style or head length/widths.  Defines arrowheads that should be displayed at the end of path line segments (just before a NaN and the last non-NaN point).  Used in quiverplot, streamplot, or similar.",
-:normalize         	=> "Bool or Symbol. Histogram normalization mode. Possible values are: false/:none (no normalization, default), true/:pdf (normalize to a discrete Probability Density Function, where the total area of the bins is 1), :probability (bin heights sum to 1) and :density (the area of each bin, rather than the height, is equal to the counts - useful for uneven bin sizes).",
+:normalize         	=> "Bool or Symbol. Histogram normalization mode. Possible values are: false/:none (no normalization, default), true/:pdf (normalize to a PDF with integral of 1) and :density (only normalize in respect to bin sizes).",
 :weights           	=> "AbstractVector. Used in histogram types for weighted counts.",
 :contours          	=> "Bool. Add contours to the side-grids of 3D plots?  Used in surface/wireframe.",
-:contour_labels     => "Bool. Show labels at the contour lines?",
 :match_dimensions  	=> "Bool. For heatmap types... should the first dimension of a matrix (rows) correspond to the first dimension of the plot (x-axis)?  The default is false, which matches the behavior of Matplotlib, Plotly, and others.  Note: when passing a function for z, the function should still map `(x,y) -> z`.",
 :subplot           	=> "Integer (subplot index) or Subplot object.  The subplot that this series belongs to.",
 :series_annotations => "AbstractVector of String or PlotText.  These are annotations which are mapped to data points/positions.",
@@ -65,20 +64,13 @@ const _arg_desc = KW(
 :html_output_format       => "Symbol.  When writing html output, what is the format?  `:png` and `:svg` are currently supported.",
 :inset_subplots 		  => "nothing or vector of 2-tuple (parent,bbox).  optionally pass a vector of (parent,bbox) tuples which are the parent layout and the relative bounding box of inset subplots",
 :dpi 					  => "Number.  Dots Per Inch of output figures",
-:thickness_scaling        => "Number. Scale for the thickness of all line elements like lines, borders, axes, grid lines, ... defaults to 1.",
 :display_type 			  => "Symbol (`:auto`, `:gui`, or `:inline`).  When supported, `display` will either open a GUI window or plot inline.",
 :extra_kwargs 			  => "KW (Dict{Symbol,Any}).  Pass a map of extra keyword args which may be specific to a backend.",
-:fontfamily               => "String or Symbol.  Default font family for title, legend entries, tick labels and guides",

 # subplot args
 :title                    => "String. Subplot title.",
 :title_location           => "Symbol. Position of subplot title. Values: `:left`, `:center`, `:right`",
-:titlefontfamily          => "String or Symbol. Font family of subplot title.",
-:titlefontsize            => "Integer. Font pointsize of subplot title.",
-:titlefonthalign          => "Symbol. Font horizontal alignment of subplot title: :hcenter, :left, :right or :center",
-:titlefontvalign          => "Symbol. Font vertical alignment of subplot title: :vcenter, :top, :bottom or :center",
-:titlefontrotation        => "Real. Font rotation of subplot title",
-:titlefontcolor           => "Color Type. Font color of subplot title",
+:titlefont                => "Font. Font of subplot title.",
 :background_color_subplot => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:background_color`).  Base background color of the subplot.",
 :background_color_legend  => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:background_color_subplot`).  Background color of the legend.",
 :background_color_inside  => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:background_color_subplot`).  Background color inside the plot area (under the grid).",
@@ -87,12 +79,7 @@ const _arg_desc = KW(
 :foreground_color_title   => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of subplot title.",
 :color_palette            => "Vector of colors (cycle through) or color gradient (generate list from gradient) or `:auto` (generate a color list using `Colors.distiguishable_colors` and custom seed colors chosen to contrast with the background).  The color palette is a color list from which series colors are automatically chosen.",
 :legend                   => "Bool (show the legend?) or Symbol (legend position).  Symbol values: `:none`, `:best`, `:right`, `:left`, `:top`, `:bottom`, `:inside`, `:legend`, `:topright`, `:topleft`, `:bottomleft`, `:bottomright` (note: only some may be supported in each backend)",
-:legendfontfamily         => "String or Symbol. Font family of legend entries.",
-:legendfontsize           => "Integer. Font pointsize of legend entries.",
-:legendfonthalign         => "Symbol. Font horizontal alignment of legend entries: :hcenter, :left, :right or :center",
-:legendfontvalign         => "Symbol. Font vertical alignment of legend entries: :vcenter, :top, :bottom or :center",
-:legendfontrotation       => "Real. Font rotation of legend entries",
-:legendfontcolor          => "Color Type. Font color of legend entries",
+:legendtitle              => "String or nothing (default). Sets the legend title.",
 :colorbar                 => "Bool (show the colorbar?) or Symbol (colorbar position).  Symbol values: `:none`, `:best`, `:right`, `:left`, `:top`, `:bottom`, `:legend` (matches legend value) (note: only some may be supported in each backend)",
 :clims 					  => "`:auto` or NTuple{2,Number}.  Fixes the limits of the colorbar.",
 :legendfont               => "Font. Font of legend items.",
@@ -107,39 +94,25 @@ const _arg_desc = KW(
 :subplot_index            => "Integer.  Internal (not set by user).  Specifies the index of this subplot in the Plot's `plt.subplot` list.",
 :colorbar_title           => "String.  Title of colorbar.",
 :framestyle               => "Symbol.  Style of the axes frame. Choose from $(_allFramestyles)",
-:camera                   => "NTuple{2, Real}. Sets the view angle (azimuthal, elevation) for 3D plots",

 # axis args
 :guide     				  => "String. Axis guide (label).",
-:lims      				  => "NTuple{2,Number} or Symbol. Force axis limits.  Only finite values are used (you can set only the right limit with `xlims = (-Inf, 2)` for example). `:round` widens the limit to the nearest round number ie. [0.1,3.6]=>[0.0,4.0]",
+:lims      				  => "NTuple{2,Number}. Force axis limits.  Only finite values are used (you can set only the right limit with `xlims = (-Inf, 2)` for example).",
 :ticks     				  => "Vector of numbers (set the tick values), Tuple of (tickvalues, ticklabels), or `:auto`",
 :scale     				  => "Symbol. Scale of the axis: `:none`, `:ln`, `:log2`, `:log10`",
 :rotation  				  => "Number. Degrees rotation of tick labels.",
 :flip      				  => "Bool.  Should we flip (reverse) the axis?",
 :formatter 				  => "Function, :scientific, or :auto. A method which converts a number to a string for tick labeling.",
-:tickfontfamily           => "String or Symbol. Font family of tick labels.",
-:tickfontsize             => "Integer. Font pointsize of tick labels.",
-:tickfonthalign           => "Symbol. Font horizontal alignment of tick labels: :hcenter, :left, :right or :center",
-:tickfontvalign           => "Symbol. Font vertical alignment of tick labels: :vcenter, :top, :bottom or :center",
-:tickfontrotation         => "Real. Font rotation of tick labels",
-:tickfontcolor            => "Color Type. Font color of tick labels",
-:guidefontfamily          => "String or Symbol. Font family of axes guides.",
-:guidefontsize            => "Integer. Font pointsize of axes guides.",
-:guidefonthalign          => "Symbol. Font horizontal alignment of axes guides: :hcenter, :left, :right or :center",
-:guidefontvalign          => "Symbol. Font vertical alignment of axes guides: :vcenter, :top, :bottom or :center",
-:guidefontrotation        => "Real. Font rotation of axes guides",
-:guidefontcolor           => "Color Type. Font color of axes guides",
+:tickfont  				  => "Font. Font of axis tick labels.",
+:guidefont 				  => "Font. Font of axis guide (label).",
 :foreground_color_axis    => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of axis ticks.",
 :foreground_color_border  => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of plot area border (spines).",
 :foreground_color_text    => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of tick labels.",
 :foreground_color_guide   => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of axis guides (axis labels).",
 :mirror                   => "Bool.  Switch the side of the tick labels (right or top).",
-:grid                     => "Bool, Symbol, String or `nothing`. Show the grid lines? `true`, `false`, `:show`, `:hide`, `:yes`, `:no`, `:x`, `:y`, `:z`, `:xy`, ..., `:all`, `:none`, `:off`",
+:grid                     => "Bool, Symbol, String or `nothing`. Show the grid lines? `:x`, `:y`, `:z`, `:xy`, ..., `:all`, `:none`, `:off`",
 :foreground_color_grid    => "Color Type or `:match` (matches `:foreground_color_subplot`). Color of grid lines.",
 :gridalpha                => "Number in [0,1]. The alpha/opacity override for the grid lines.",
 :gridstyle                => "Symbol. Style of the grid lines. Choose from $(_allStyles)",
 :gridlinewidth            => "Number. Width of the grid lines (in pixels)",
-:tick_direction           => "Symbol.  Direction of the ticks. `:in` or `:out`",
-:showaxis                 => "Bool, Symbol or String.  Show the axis. `true`, `false`, `:show`, `:hide`, `:yes`, `:no`, `:x`, `:y`, `:z`, `:xy`, ..., `:all`, `:off`",
-:widen                    => "Bool. Widen the axis limits by a small factor to avoid cut-off markers and lines at the borders. Defaults to `true`.",
 )
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ function add_non_underscore_aliases!(aliases::Dict{Symbol,Symbol})
    for (k,v) in aliases
        s = string(k)
        if '_' in s
-            aliases[Symbol(replace(s, "_" => ""))] = v
+            aliases[Symbol(replace(s, "_", ""))] = v
        end
    end
 end
@@ -80,13 +80,9 @@ const _typeAliases = Dict{Symbol,Symbol}(

 add_non_underscore_aliases!(_typeAliases)

-const _histogram_like = [:histogram, :barhist, :barbins]
-const _line_like = [:line, :path, :steppre, :steppost]
-const _surface_like = [:contour, :contourf, :contour3d, :heatmap, :surface, :wireframe, :image]
-
-like_histogram(seriestype::Symbol) = seriestype in _histogram_like
-like_line(seriestype::Symbol)      = seriestype in _line_like
-like_surface(seriestype::Symbol)   = seriestype in _surface_like
+like_histogram(seriestype::Symbol) = seriestype in (:histogram, :barhist, :barbins)
+like_line(seriestype::Symbol)      = seriestype in (:line, :path, :steppre, :steppost)
+like_surface(seriestype::Symbol)   = seriestype in (:contour, :contourf, :contour3d, :heatmap, :surface, :wireframe, :image)

 is3d(seriestype::Symbol) = seriestype in _3dTypes
 is3d(series::Series) = is3d(series.d)
@@ -159,24 +155,9 @@ const _markerAliases = Dict{Symbol,Symbol}(
    :spike        => :vline,
 )

-const _positionAliases = Dict{Symbol,Symbol}(
-    :top_left      => :topleft,
-    :tl            => :topleft,
-    :top_center    => :topcenter,
-    :tc            => :topcenter,
-    :top_right     => :topright,
-    :tr            => :topright,
-    :bottom_left   => :bottomleft,
-    :bl            => :bottomleft,
-    :bottom_center => :bottomcenter,
-    :bc            => :bottomcenter,
-    :bottom_right  => :bottomright,
-    :br            => :bottomright,
-)
-
 const _allScales = [:identity, :ln, :log2, :log10, :asinh, :sqrt]
 const _logScales = [:ln, :log2, :log10]
-const _logScaleBases = Dict(:ln => ℯ, :log2 => 2.0, :log10 => 10.0)
+const _logScaleBases = Dict(:ln => e, :log2 => 2.0, :log10 => 10.0)
 const _scaleAliases = Dict{Symbol,Symbol}(
    :none => :identity,
    :log  => :log10,
@@ -185,14 +166,14 @@ const _scaleAliases = Dict{Symbol,Symbol}(
 const _allGridSyms = [:x, :y, :z,
                    :xy, :xz, :yx, :yz, :zx, :zy,
                    :xyz, :xzy, :yxz, :yzx, :zxy, :zyx,
-                    :all, :both, :on, :yes, :show,
-                    :none, :off, :no, :hide]
+                    :all, :both, :on,
+                    :none, :off,]
 const _allGridArgs = [_allGridSyms; string.(_allGridSyms); nothing]
-hasgrid(arg::Nothing, letter) = false
+hasgrid(arg::Void, letter) = false
 hasgrid(arg::Bool, letter) = arg
 function hasgrid(arg::Symbol, letter)
    if arg in _allGridSyms
-        arg in (:all, :both, :on) || occursin(string(letter), string(arg))
+        arg in (:all, :both, :on) || contains(string(arg), string(letter))
    else
        warn("Unknown grid argument $arg; $(Symbol(letter, :grid)) was set to `true` instead.")
        true
@@ -200,25 +181,7 @@ function hasgrid(arg::Symbol, letter)
 end
 hasgrid(arg::AbstractString, letter) = hasgrid(Symbol(arg), letter)

-const _allShowaxisSyms = [:x, :y, :z,
-                    :xy, :xz, :yx, :yz, :zx, :zy,
-                    :xyz, :xzy, :yxz, :yzx, :zxy, :zyx,
-                    :all, :both, :on, :yes, :show,
-                    :off, :no, :hide]
-const _allShowaxisArgs = [_allGridSyms; string.(_allGridSyms)]
-showaxis(arg::Nothing, letter) = false
-showaxis(arg::Bool, letter) = arg
-function showaxis(arg::Symbol, letter)
-    if arg in _allGridSyms
-        arg in (:all, :both, :on, :yes) || occursin(string(letter), string(arg))
-    else
-        warn("Unknown showaxis argument $arg; $(Symbol(letter, :showaxis)) was set to `true` instead.")
-        true
-    end
-end
-showaxis(arg::AbstractString, letter) = hasgrid(Symbol(arg), letter)
-
-const _allFramestyles = [:box, :semi, :axes, :origin, :zerolines, :grid, :none]
+const _allFramestyles = [:box, :semi, :axes, :grid, :none]
 const _framestyleAliases = Dict{Symbol, Symbol}(
    :frame              => :box,
    :border             => :box,
@@ -226,8 +189,6 @@ const _framestyleAliases = Dict{Symbol, Symbol}(
    :transparent        => :semi,
    :semitransparent    => :semi,
 )
-
-const _bar_width = 0.8
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 const _series_defaults = KW(
@@ -272,7 +233,6 @@ const _series_defaults = KW(
    :normalize         => false,     # do we want a normalized histogram?
    :weights           => nothing,   # optional weights for histograms (1D and 2D)
    :contours          => false,     # add contours to 3d surface and wireframe plots
-    :contour_labels    => false,
    :match_dimensions  => false,     # do rows match x (true) or y (false) for heatmap/image/spy? see issue 196
                                     # this ONLY effects whether or not the z-matrix is transposed for a heatmap display!
    :subplot           => :auto,     # which subplot(s) does this series belong to?
@@ -280,7 +240,6 @@ const _series_defaults = KW(
    :primary            => true,     # when true, this "counts" as a series for color selection, etc.  the main use is to allow
                                     #     one logical series to be broken up (path and markers, for example)
    :hover              => nothing,  # text to display when hovering over the data points
-    :stride             => (1,1),    # array stride for wireframe/surface, the first element is the row stride and the second is the column stride.
 )


@@ -289,7 +248,6 @@ const _plot_defaults = KW(
    :background_color            => colorant"white",   # default for all backgrounds,
    :background_color_outside    => :match,            # background outside grid,
    :foreground_color            => :auto,             # default for all foregrounds, and title color,
-    :fontfamily                  => "sans-serif",
    :size                        => (600,400),
    :pos                         => (0,0),
    :window_title                 => "Plots.jl",
@@ -301,7 +259,6 @@ const _plot_defaults = KW(
    :inset_subplots              => nothing,   # optionally pass a vector of (parent,bbox) tuples which are
                                               # the parent layout and the relative bounding box of inset subplots
    :dpi                         => DPI,        # dots per inch for images, etc
-    :thickness_scaling           => 1,
    :display_type                => :auto,
    :extra_kwargs                => KW(),
 )
@@ -310,13 +267,7 @@ const _plot_defaults = KW(
 const _subplot_defaults = KW(
    :title                    => "",
    :title_location           => :center,           # also :left or :right
-    :fontfamily_subplot       => :match,
-    :titlefontfamily          => :match,
-    :titlefontsize            => 14,
-    :titlefonthalign          => :hcenter,
-    :titlefontvalign          => :vcenter,
-    :titlefontrotation        => 0.0,
-    :titlefontcolor           => :match,
+    :titlefont                => font(14),
    :background_color_subplot => :match,            # default for other bg colors... match takes plot default
    :background_color_legend  => :match,            # background of legend
    :background_color_inside  => :match,            # background inside grid
@@ -328,12 +279,7 @@ const _subplot_defaults = KW(
    :legendtitle              => nothing,
    :colorbar                 => :legend,
    :clims                    => :auto,
-    :legendfontfamily         => :match,
-    :legendfontsize           => 8,
-    :legendfonthalign         => :hcenter,
-    :legendfontvalign         => :vcenter,
-    :legendfontrotation       => 0.0,
-    :legendfontcolor          => :match,
+    :legendfont               => font(8),
    :annotations              => [],                # annotation tuples... list of (x,y,annotation)
    :projection               => :none,             # can also be :polar or :3d
    :aspect_ratio             => :none,             # choose from :none or :equal
@@ -345,7 +291,6 @@ const _subplot_defaults = KW(
    :subplot_index            => -1,
    :colorbar_title           => "",
    :framestyle               => :axes,
-    :camera                   => (30,30),
 )

 const _axis_defaults = KW(
@@ -356,18 +301,8 @@ const _axis_defaults = KW(
    :rotation  => 0,
    :flip      => false,
    :link      => [],
-    :tickfontfamily         => :match,
-    :tickfontsize           => 8,
-    :tickfonthalign         => :hcenter,
-    :tickfontvalign         => :vcenter,
-    :tickfontrotation       => 0.0,
-    :tickfontcolor          => :match,
-    :guidefontfamily         => :match,
-    :guidefontsize           => 11,
-    :guidefonthalign         => :hcenter,
-    :guidefontvalign         => :vcenter,
-    :guidefontrotation       => 0.0,
-    :guidefontcolor          => :match,
+    :tickfont  => font(8),
+    :guidefont => font(11),
    :foreground_color_axis   => :match,            # axis border/tick colors,
    :foreground_color_border => :match,            # plot area border/spines,
    :foreground_color_text   => :match,            # tick text color,
@@ -380,9 +315,6 @@ const _axis_defaults = KW(
    :gridalpha                => 0.1,
    :gridstyle                => :solid,
    :gridlinewidth            => 0.5,
-    :tick_direction           => :in,
-    :showaxis                 => true,
-    :widen                    => true,
 )

 const _suppress_warnings = Set{Symbol}([
@@ -434,14 +366,11 @@ const _all_defaults = KW[
    _axis_defaults_byletter
 ]

-const _initial_defaults = deepcopy(_all_defaults)
-const _initial_axis_defaults = deepcopy(_axis_defaults)
-
 # to be able to reset font sizes to initial values
-const _initial_fontsizes = Dict(:titlefontsize  => _subplot_defaults[:titlefontsize],
-                                :legendfontsize => _subplot_defaults[:legendfontsize],
-                                :tickfontsize   => _axis_defaults[:tickfontsize],
-                                :guidefontsize  => _axis_defaults[:guidefontsize])
+const _initial_fontsizes = Dict(:titlefont  => _subplot_defaults[:titlefont].pointsize,
+                                :legendfont => _subplot_defaults[:legendfont].pointsize,
+                                :tickfont   => _axis_defaults[:tickfont].pointsize,
+                                :guidefont  => _axis_defaults[:guidefont].pointsize)

 const _all_args = sort(collect(union(map(keys, _all_defaults)...)))

@@ -571,13 +500,10 @@ add_aliases(:series_annotations, :series_ann, :seriesann, :series_anns, :seriesa
 add_aliases(:html_output_format, :format, :fmt, :html_format)
 add_aliases(:orientation, :direction, :dir)
 add_aliases(:inset_subplots, :inset, :floating)
-add_aliases(:stride, :wirefame_stride, :surface_stride, :surf_str, :str)
 add_aliases(:gridlinewidth, :gridwidth, :grid_linewidth, :grid_width, :gridlw, :grid_lw)
 add_aliases(:gridstyle, :grid_style, :gridlinestyle, :grid_linestyle, :grid_ls, :gridls)
 add_aliases(:framestyle, :frame_style, :frame, :axesstyle, :axes_style, :boxstyle, :box_style, :box, :borderstyle, :border_style, :border)
-add_aliases(:tick_direction, :tickdirection, :tick_dir, :tickdir, :tick_orientation, :tickorientation, :tick_or, :tickor)
-add_aliases(:camera, :cam, :viewangle, :view_angle)
-add_aliases(:contour_labels, :contourlabels, :clabels, :clabs)
+

 # add all pluralized forms to the _keyAliases dict
 for arg in keys(_series_defaults)
@@ -625,8 +551,6 @@ function default(k::Symbol, v)
 end

 function default(; kw...)
-    kw = KW(kw)
-    preprocessArgs!(kw)
    for (k,v) in kw
        default(k, v)
    end
@@ -636,10 +560,6 @@ function default(d::KW, k::Symbol)
    get(d, k, default(k))
 end

-function reset_defaults()
-    foreach(merge!, _all_defaults, _initial_defaults)
-    merge!(_axis_defaults, _initial_axis_defaults)
-end

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -654,7 +574,6 @@ function handleColors!(d::KW, arg, csym::Symbol)
            d[csym] = c
        end
        return true
-    catch
    end
    false
 end
@@ -743,9 +662,6 @@ function processFillArg(d::KW, arg)
        arg.color == nothing || (d[:fillcolor] = arg.color == :auto ? :auto : plot_color(arg.color))
        arg.alpha == nothing || (d[:fillalpha] = arg.alpha)

-    elseif typeof(arg) <: Bool
-        d[:fillrange] = arg ? 0 : nothing
-
    # fillrange function
    elseif allFunctions(arg)
        d[:fillrange] = arg
@@ -754,10 +670,6 @@ function processFillArg(d::KW, arg)
    elseif allAlphas(arg)
        d[:fillalpha] = arg

-    # fillrange provided as vector or number
-    elseif typeof(arg) <: Union{AbstractArray{<:Real}, Real}
-        d[:fillrange] = arg
-
    elseif !handleColors!(d, arg, :fillcolor)

        d[:fillrange] = arg
@@ -789,44 +701,12 @@ function processGridArg!(d::KW, arg, letter)
        d[Symbol(letter, :gridlinewidth)] = arg

    # color
-    elseif !handleColors!(d, arg, Symbol(letter, :foreground_color_grid))
+elseif !handleColors!(d, arg, Symbol(letter, :foreground_color_grid))
        warn("Skipped grid arg $arg.")

    end
 end

-function processFontArg!(d::KW, fontname::Symbol, arg)
-    T = typeof(arg)
-    if T <: Font
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :family)] = arg.family
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :size)] = arg.pointsize
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :halign)] = arg.halign
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :valign)] = arg.valign
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :rotation)] = arg.rotation
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :color)] = arg.color
-    elseif arg == :center
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :halign)] = :hcenter
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :valign)] = :vcenter
-    elseif arg in (:hcenter, :left, :right)
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :halign)] = arg
-    elseif arg in (:vcenter, :top, :bottom)
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :valign)] = arg
-    elseif T <: Colorant
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :color)] = arg
-    elseif T <: Symbol || T <: AbstractString
-        try
-            d[Symbol(fontname, :color)] = parse(Colorant, string(arg))
-        catch
-            d[Symbol(fontname, :family)] = string(arg)
-        end
-    elseif typeof(arg) <: Integer
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :size)] = arg
-    elseif typeof(arg) <: Real
-        d[Symbol(fontname, :rotation)] = convert(Float64, arg)
-    else
-        warn("Skipped font arg: $arg ($(typeof(arg)))")
-    end
-end

 _replace_markershape(shape::Symbol) = get(_markerAliases, shape, shape)
 _replace_markershape(shapes::AVec) = map(_replace_markershape, shapes)
@@ -846,13 +726,13 @@ function preprocessArgs!(d::KW)
    replaceAliases!(d, _keyAliases)

    # clear all axis stuff
-    # if haskey(d, :axis) && d[:axis] in (:none, nothing, false)
-    #     d[:ticks] = nothing
-    #     d[:foreground_color_border] = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
-    #     d[:foreground_color_axis] = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
-    #     d[:grid] = false
-    #     delete!(d, :axis)
-    # end
+    if haskey(d, :axis) && d[:axis] in (:none, nothing, false)
+        d[:ticks] = nothing
+        d[:foreground_color_border] = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
+        d[:foreground_color_axis] = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
+        d[:grid] = false
+        delete!(d, :axis)
+    end
    # for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
    #     asym = Symbol(letter, :axis)
    #     if haskey(d, asym) || d[asym] in (:none, nothing, false)
@@ -861,13 +741,6 @@ function preprocessArgs!(d::KW)
    #     end
    # end

-    # handle axis args common to all axis
-    args = pop!(d, :axis, ())
-    for arg in wraptuple(args)
-        for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
-            process_axis_arg!(d, arg, letter)
-        end
-    end
    # handle axis args
    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
        asym = Symbol(letter, :axis)
@@ -895,32 +768,6 @@ function preprocessArgs!(d::KW)
        end
    end

-    # fonts
-    for fontname in (:titlefont, :legendfont)
-        args = pop!(d, fontname, ())
-        for arg in wraptuple(args)
-            processFontArg!(d, fontname, arg)
-        end
-    end
-    # handle font args common to all axes
-    for fontname in (:tickfont, :guidefont)
-        args = pop!(d, fontname, ())
-        for arg in wraptuple(args)
-            for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
-                processFontArg!(d, Symbol(letter, fontname), arg)
-            end
-        end
-    end
-    # handle individual axes font args
-    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
-        for fontname in (:tickfont, :guidefont)
-            args = pop!(d, Symbol(letter, fontname), ())
-            for arg in wraptuple(args)
-                processFontArg!(d, Symbol(letter, fontname), arg)
-            end
-        end
-    end
-
    # handle line args
    for arg in wraptuple(pop!(d, :line, ()))
        processLineArg(d, arg)
@@ -1002,7 +849,7 @@ end
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 "A special type that will break up incoming data into groups, and allow for easier creation of grouped plots"
-mutable struct GroupBy
+type GroupBy
    groupLabels::Vector           # length == numGroups
    groupIds::Vector{Vector{Int}} # list of indices for each group
 end
@@ -1019,30 +866,17 @@ function extractGroupArgs(v::AVec, args...; legendEntry = string)
    GroupBy(map(legendEntry, groupLabels), groupIds)
 end

-legendEntryFromTuple(ns::Tuple) = join(ns, ' ')
+legendEntryFromTuple(ns::Tuple) = string(("$n " for n in ns)...)

 # this is when given a tuple of vectors of values to group by
 function extractGroupArgs(vs::Tuple, args...)
-    isempty(vs) && return GroupBy([""], [1:size(args[1],1)])
-    v = map(tuple, vs...)
+    (vs == ()) && return GroupBy([""], [1:size(args[1],1)])
+    v = collect(zip(vs...))
    extractGroupArgs(v, args...; legendEntry = legendEntryFromTuple)
 end

-# allow passing NamedTuples for a named legend entry
-@require NamedTuples = "73a701b4-84e1-5df0-88ff-1968ee2ee8dc" begin
-    legendEntryFromTuple(ns::NamedTuples.NamedTuple) =
-        join(["$k = $v" for (k, v) in zip(keys(ns), values(ns))], ", ")
-
-    function extractGroupArgs(vs::NamedTuples.NamedTuple, args...)
-        isempty(vs) && return GroupBy([""], [1:size(args[1],1)])
-        NT = eval(:(NamedTuples.@NT($(keys(vs)...)))){map(eltype, vs)...}
-        v = map(NT, vs...)
-        extractGroupArgs(v, args...; legendEntry = legendEntryFromTuple)
-    end
-end
-
 # expecting a mapping of "group label" to "group indices"
-function extractGroupArgs(idxmap::Dict{T,V}, args...) where {T, V<:AVec{Int}}
+function extractGroupArgs{T, V<:AVec{Int}}(idxmap::Dict{T,V}, args...)
    groupLabels = sortedkeys(idxmap)
    groupIds = Vector{Int}[collect(idxmap[k]) for k in groupLabels]
    GroupBy(groupLabels, groupIds)
@@ -1125,15 +959,15 @@ function convertLegendValue(val::Symbol)
        :best
    elseif val in (:no, :none)
        :none
-    elseif val in (:right, :left, :top, :bottom, :inside, :best, :legend, :topright, :topleft, :bottomleft, :bottomright, :outertopright)
+    elseif val in (:right, :left, :top, :bottom, :inside, :best, :legend, :topright, :topleft, :bottomleft, :bottomright)
        val
    else
        error("Invalid symbol for legend: $val")
    end
 end
 convertLegendValue(val::Bool) = val ? :best : :none
-convertLegendValue(val::Nothing) = :none
-convertLegendValue(v::Tuple{S,T}) where {S<:Real, T<:Real} = v
+convertLegendValue(val::Void) = :none
+convertLegendValue{S<:Real, T<:Real}(v::Tuple{S,T}) = v
 convertLegendValue(v::AbstractArray) = map(convertLegendValue, v)

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1207,12 +1041,6 @@ const _match_map = KW(
    :top_margin    => :margin,
    :right_margin  => :margin,
    :bottom_margin => :margin,
-    :titlefontfamily          => :fontfamily_subplot,
-    :legendfontfamily         => :fontfamily_subplot,
-    :titlefontcolor           => :foreground_color_subplot,
-    :legendfontcolor          => :foreground_color_subplot,
-    :tickfontcolor            => :foreground_color_text,
-    :guidefontcolor           => :foreground_color_guide,
 )

 # these can match values from the parent container (axis --> subplot --> plot)
@@ -1224,9 +1052,6 @@ const _match_map2 = KW(
    :foreground_color_grid    => :foreground_color_subplot,
    :foreground_color_guide   => :foreground_color_subplot,
    :foreground_color_text    => :foreground_color_subplot,
-    :fontfamily_subplot       => :fontfamily,
-    :tickfontfamily           => :fontfamily_subplot,
-    :guidefontfamily          => :fontfamily_subplot,
 )

 # properly retrieve from plt.attr, passing `:match` to the correct key
@@ -1331,9 +1156,11 @@ end

 function _update_subplot_periphery(sp::Subplot, anns::AVec)
    # extend annotations, and ensure we always have a (x,y,PlotText) tuple
-    newanns = []
-    for ann in vcat(anns, sp[:annotations])
-        append!(newanns, process_annotation(sp, ann...))
+    newanns = vcat(anns, sp[:annotations])
+    for (i,ann) in enumerate(newanns)
+        x,y,tmp = ann
+        ptxt = isa(tmp, PlotText) ? tmp : text(tmp)
+        newanns[i] = (x,y,ptxt)
    end
    sp.attr[:annotations] = newanns

@@ -1445,26 +1272,24 @@ end

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

-has_black_border_for_default(st) = error("The seriestype attribute only accepts Symbols, you passed the $(typeof(st)) $st.")
-has_black_border_for_default(st::Function) = error("The seriestype attribute only accepts Symbols, you passed the function $st.")
 function has_black_border_for_default(st::Symbol)
    like_histogram(st) || st in (:hexbin, :bar, :shape)
 end


 # converts a symbol or string into a colorant (Colors.RGB), and assigns a color automatically
-function getSeriesRGBColor(c, sp::Subplot, n::Int)
+function getSeriesRGBColor(c, α, sp::Subplot, n::Int)
    if c == :auto
        c = autopick(sp[:color_palette], n)
    elseif isa(c, Int)
        c = autopick(sp[:color_palette], c)
    end
-    plot_color(c)
+    plot_color(c, α)
 end

 function ensure_gradient!(d::KW, csym::Symbol, asym::Symbol)
    if !isa(d[csym], ColorGradient)
-        d[csym] = typeof(d[asym]) <: AbstractVector ? cgrad() : cgrad(alpha = d[asym])
+        d[csym] = cgrad(alpha = d[asym])
    end
 end

@@ -1476,19 +1301,26 @@ function _replace_linewidth(d::KW)
 end

 function _add_defaults!(d::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, commandIndex::Int)
+    pkg = plt.backend
+    globalIndex = d[:series_plotindex]
+
    # add default values to our dictionary, being careful not to delete what we just added!
    for (k,v) in _series_defaults
        slice_arg!(d, d, k, v, commandIndex, false)
    end

-    return d
-end
-
-
-function _update_series_attributes!(d::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)
-    pkg = plt.backend
-    globalIndex = d[:series_plotindex]
-    plotIndex = _series_index(d, sp)
+    # this is how many series belong to this subplot
+    # plotIndex = count(series -> series.d[:subplot] === sp && series.d[:primary], plt.series_list)
+    plotIndex = 0
+    for series in sp.series_list
+        if series[:primary]
+            plotIndex += 1
+        end
+    end
+    # plotIndex = count(series -> series[:primary], sp.series_list)
+    if get(d, :primary, true)
+        plotIndex += 1
+    end

    aliasesAndAutopick(d, :linestyle, _styleAliases, supported_styles(pkg), plotIndex)
    aliasesAndAutopick(d, :markershape, _markerAliases, supported_markers(pkg), plotIndex)
@@ -1504,43 +1336,38 @@ function _update_series_attributes!(d::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)
    end

    # update series color
-    d[:seriescolor] = getSeriesRGBColor.(d[:seriescolor], Ref(sp), plotIndex)
+    d[:seriescolor] = getSeriesRGBColor(d[:seriescolor], d[:seriesalpha], sp, plotIndex)

    # update other colors
    for s in (:line, :marker, :fill)
        csym, asym = Symbol(s,:color), Symbol(s,:alpha)
        d[csym] = if d[csym] == :auto
-            plot_color.(if has_black_border_for_default(d[:seriestype]) && s == :line
+            plot_color(if has_black_border_for_default(d[:seriestype]) && s == :line
                sp[:foreground_color_subplot]
            else
                d[:seriescolor]
-            end)
+            end, d[asym])
        elseif d[csym] == :match
-            plot_color.(d[:seriescolor])
+            plot_color(d[:seriescolor], d[asym])
        else
-            getSeriesRGBColor.(d[csym], sp, plotIndex)
+            getSeriesRGBColor(d[csym], d[asym], sp, plotIndex)
        end
    end

    # update markerstrokecolor
    d[:markerstrokecolor] = if d[:markerstrokecolor] == :match
-        plot_color(sp[:foreground_color_subplot])
-    elseif d[:markerstrokecolor] == :auto
-        getSeriesRGBColor.(d[:markercolor], sp, plotIndex)
+        plot_color(sp[:foreground_color_subplot], d[:markerstrokealpha])
    else
-        getSeriesRGBColor.(d[:markerstrokecolor], sp, plotIndex)
+        getSeriesRGBColor(d[:markerstrokecolor], d[:markerstrokealpha], sp, plotIndex)
    end

-    # if marker_z, fill_z or line_z are set, ensure we have a gradient
+    # if marker_z or line_z are set, ensure we have a gradient
    if d[:marker_z] != nothing
        ensure_gradient!(d, :markercolor, :markeralpha)
    end
    if d[:line_z] != nothing
        ensure_gradient!(d, :linecolor, :linealpha)
    end
-    if d[:fill_z] != nothing
-        ensure_gradient!(d, :fillcolor, :fillalpha)
-    end

    # scatter plots don't have a line, but must have a shape
    if d[:seriestype] in (:scatter, :scatterbins, :scatterhist, :scatter3d)
@@ -1558,19 +1385,3 @@ function _update_series_attributes!(d::KW, plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)
    _replace_linewidth(d)
    d
 end
-
-function _series_index(d, sp)
-    idx = 0
-    for series in series_list(sp)
-        if series[:primary]
-            idx += 1
-        end
-        if series == d
-            return idx
-        end
-    end
-    if get(d, :primary, true)
-        idx += 1
-    end
-    return idx
-end
@@ -70,16 +70,13 @@ function process_axis_arg!(d::KW, arg, letter = "")
    elseif arg == nothing
        d[Symbol(letter,:ticks)] = []

-    elseif T <: Bool || arg in _allShowaxisArgs
-        d[Symbol(letter,:showaxis)] = showaxis(arg, letter)
-
    elseif typeof(arg) <: Number
        d[Symbol(letter,:rotation)] = arg

    elseif typeof(arg) <: Function
        d[Symbol(letter,:formatter)] = arg

-    elseif !handleColors!(d, arg, Symbol(letter, :foreground_color_axis))
+    else
        warn("Skipped $(letter)axis arg $arg")

    end
@@ -212,20 +209,12 @@ function optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis::Axis, ticks = nothing)
        formatter = axis[:formatter]
        if formatter == :auto
            # the default behavior is to make strings of the scaled values and then apply the labelfunc
-            map(labelfunc(scale, backend()), Showoff.showoff(scaled_ticks, :auto))
-        elseif formatter == :plain
-            # Leave the numbers in plain format
            map(labelfunc(scale, backend()), Showoff.showoff(scaled_ticks, :plain))
        elseif formatter == :scientific
            Showoff.showoff(unscaled_ticks, :scientific)
        else
            # there was an override for the formatter... use that on the unscaled ticks
            map(formatter, unscaled_ticks)
-            # if the formatter left us with numbers, still apply the default formatter
-            # However it leave us with the problem of unicode number decoding by the backend
-            # if eltype(unscaled_ticks) <: Number
-            #     Showoff.showoff(unscaled_ticks, :auto)
-            # end
        end
    else
        # no finite ticks to show...
@@ -242,35 +231,16 @@ function get_ticks(axis::Axis)
    ticks = _transform_ticks(axis[:ticks])
    ticks in (nothing, false) && return nothing

-    # treat :native ticks as :auto
-    ticks = ticks == :native ? :auto : ticks
-
    dvals = axis[:discrete_values]
-    cv, dv = if typeof(ticks) <: Symbol
-        if !isempty(dvals)
-            # discrete ticks...
-            n = length(dvals)
-            rng = if ticks == :auto
-                Int[round(Int,i) for i in range(1, stop=n, length=15)]
-            else # if ticks == :all
-                1:n
-            end
-            axis[:continuous_values][rng], dvals[rng]
-        elseif ispolar(axis.sps[1]) && axis[:letter] == :x
-            #force theta axis to be full circle
-            (collect(0:pi/4:7pi/4), string.(0:45:315))
-        else
-            # compute optimal ticks and labels
-            optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis)
-        end
+    cv, dv = if !isempty(dvals) && ticks == :auto
+        # discrete ticks...
+        axis[:continuous_values], dvals
+    elseif ticks == :auto
+        # compute optimal ticks and labels
+        optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis)
    elseif typeof(ticks) <: Union{AVec, Int}
-        if !isempty(dvals) && typeof(ticks) <: Int
-            rng = Int[round(Int,i) for i in range(1, stop=length(dvals), length=ticks)]
-            axis[:continuous_values][rng], dvals[rng]
-        else
-            # override ticks, but get the labels
-            optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis, ticks)
-        end
+        # override ticks, but get the labels
+        optimal_ticks_and_labels(axis, ticks)
    elseif typeof(ticks) <: NTuple{2, Any}
        # assuming we're passed (ticks, labels)
        ticks
@@ -279,7 +249,13 @@ function get_ticks(axis::Axis)
    end
    # @show ticks dvals cv dv

-    return cv, dv
+    # TODO: better/smarter cutoff values for sampling ticks
+    if length(cv) > 30 && ticks == :auto
+        rng = Int[round(Int,i) for i in linspace(1, length(cv), 15)]
+        cv[rng], dv[rng]
+    else
+        cv, dv
+    end
 end

 _transform_ticks(ticks) = ticks
@@ -300,8 +276,8 @@ end


 function expand_extrema!(ex::Extrema, v::Number)
-    ex.emin = isfinite(v) ? min(v, ex.emin) : ex.emin
-    ex.emax = isfinite(v) ? max(v, ex.emax) : ex.emax
+    ex.emin = NaNMath.min(v, ex.emin)
+    ex.emax = NaNMath.max(v, ex.emax)
    ex
 end

@@ -310,17 +286,17 @@ function expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, v::Number)
 end

 # these shouldn't impact the extrema
-expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, ::Nothing) = axis[:extrema]
+expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, ::Void) = axis[:extrema]
 expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, ::Bool) = axis[:extrema]


-function expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, v::Tuple{MIN,MAX}) where {MIN<:Number,MAX<:Number}
+function expand_extrema!{MIN<:Number,MAX<:Number}(axis::Axis, v::Tuple{MIN,MAX})
    ex = axis[:extrema]
-    ex.emin = isfinite(v[1]) ? min(v[1], ex.emin) : ex.emin
-    ex.emax = isfinite(v[2]) ? max(v[2], ex.emax) : ex.emax
+    ex.emin = NaNMath.min(v[1], ex.emin)
+    ex.emax = NaNMath.max(v[2], ex.emax)
    ex
 end
-function expand_extrema!(axis::Axis, v::AVec{N}) where N<:Number
+function expand_extrema!{N<:Number}(axis::Axis, v::AVec{N})
    ex = axis[:extrema]
    for vi in v
        expand_extrema!(ex, vi)
@@ -339,9 +315,6 @@ function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, d::KW)
        else
            letter == :x ? :y : letter == :y ? :x : :z
        end]
-        if letter != :z && d[:seriestype] == :straightline && any(series[:seriestype] != :straightline for series in series_list(sp)) && data[1] != data[2]
-            data = [NaN]
-        end
        axis = sp[Symbol(letter, "axis")]

        if isa(data, Volume)
@@ -374,7 +347,7 @@ function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, d::KW)
    if fr == nothing && d[:seriestype] == :bar
        fr = 0.0
    end
-    if fr != nothing && !all3D(d)
+    if fr != nothing
        axis = sp.attr[vert ? :yaxis : :xaxis]
        if typeof(fr) <: Tuple
            for fri in fr
@@ -392,22 +365,13 @@ function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, d::KW)

        bw = d[:bar_width]
        if bw == nothing
-            bw = d[:bar_width] = _bar_width * ignorenan_minimum(filter(x->x>0,diff(sort(data))))
+            bw = d[:bar_width] = ignorenan_mean(diff(data))
        end
        axis = sp.attr[Symbol(dsym, :axis)]
        expand_extrema!(axis, ignorenan_maximum(data) + 0.5maximum(bw))
        expand_extrema!(axis, ignorenan_minimum(data) - 0.5minimum(bw))
    end

-    # expand for heatmaps
-    if d[:seriestype] == :heatmap
-        for letter in (:x, :y)
-            data = d[letter]
-            axis = sp[Symbol(letter, "axis")]
-            scale = get(d, Symbol(letter, "scale"), :identity)
-            expand_extrema!(axis, heatmap_edges(data, scale))
-        end
-    end
 end

 function expand_extrema!(sp::Subplot, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
@@ -418,23 +382,21 @@ end
 # -------------------------------------------------------------------------

 # push the limits out slightly
-function widen(lmin, lmax, scale = :identity)
-    f, invf = scalefunc(scale), invscalefunc(scale)
-    span = f(lmax) - f(lmin)
+function widen(lmin, lmax)
+    span = lmax - lmin
    # eps = NaNMath.max(1e-16, min(1e-2span, 1e-10))
    eps = NaNMath.max(1e-16, 0.03span)
-    invf(f(lmin)-eps), invf(f(lmax)+eps)
+    lmin-eps, lmax+eps
 end

-# figure out if widening is a good idea.
-const _widen_seriestypes = (:line, :path, :steppre, :steppost, :sticks, :scatter, :barbins, :barhist, :histogram, :scatterbins, :scatterhist, :stepbins, :stephist, :bins2d, :histogram2d, :bar, :shape, :path3d, :scatter3d)
-
+# figure out if widening is a good idea.  if there's a scale set it's too tricky,
+# so lazy out and don't widen
 function default_should_widen(axis::Axis)
    should_widen = false
-    if !is_2tuple(axis[:lims])
+    if axis[:scale] == :identity && !is_2tuple(axis[:lims])
        for sp in axis.sps
            for series in series_list(sp)
-                if series.d[:seriestype] in _widen_seriestypes
+                if series.d[:seriestype] in (:scatter,) || series.d[:markershape] != :none
                    should_widen = true
                end
            end
@@ -443,13 +405,6 @@ function default_should_widen(axis::Axis)
    should_widen
 end

-function round_limits(amin,amax)
-    scale = 10^(1-round(log10(amax - amin)))
-    amin = floor(amin*scale)/scale
-    amax = ceil(amax*scale)/scale
-    amin, amax
-end
-
 # using the axis extrema and limit overrides, return the min/max value for this axis
 function axis_limits(axis::Axis, should_widen::Bool = default_should_widen(axis))
    ex = axis[:extrema]
@@ -469,19 +424,8 @@ function axis_limits(axis::Axis, should_widen::Bool = default_should_widen(axis)
    if !isfinite(amin) && !isfinite(amax)
        amin, amax = 0.0, 1.0
    end
-    if ispolar(axis.sps[1])
-        if axis[:letter] == :x
-            amin, amax = 0, 2pi
-        elseif lims == :auto
-            #widen max radius so ticks dont overlap with theta axis
-            amin, amax + 0.1 * abs(amax - amin)
-        else
-            amin, amax
-        end
-    elseif should_widen && axis[:widen]
-        widen(amin, amax, axis[:scale])
-    elseif lims == :round
-        round_limits(amin,amax)
+    if should_widen
+        widen(amin, amax)
    else
        amin, amax
    end
@@ -564,92 +508,44 @@ function axis_drawing_info(sp::Subplot)
    yticks = get_ticks(yaxis)
    xaxis_segs = Segments(2)
    yaxis_segs = Segments(2)
-    xtick_segs = Segments(2)
-    ytick_segs = Segments(2)
    xgrid_segs = Segments(2)
    ygrid_segs = Segments(2)
    xborder_segs = Segments(2)
    yborder_segs = Segments(2)

-    if sp[:framestyle] != :none
+    if !(sp[:framestyle] == :none)
        # xaxis
-        if xaxis[:showaxis]
-            if sp[:framestyle] != :grid
-                y1, y2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
-                    0.0, 0.0
-                else
-                    xor(xaxis[:mirror], yaxis[:flip]) ? (ymax, ymin) : (ymin, ymax)
-                end
-                push!(xaxis_segs, (xmin, y1), (xmax, y1))
-                # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
-                if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && !(xticks in (nothing,false)) && length(xticks) > 1
-                    showticks = xticks[1] .!= 0
-                    xticks = (xticks[1][showticks], xticks[2][showticks])
-                end
-            end
-            sp[:framestyle] in (:semi, :box) && push!(xborder_segs, (xmin, y2), (xmax, y2)) # top spine
-        end
+        sp[:framestyle] == :grid || push!(xaxis_segs, (xmin,ymin), (xmax,ymin)) # bottom spine / xaxis
+        sp[:framestyle] in (:semi, :box) && push!(xborder_segs, (xmin,ymax), (xmax,ymax)) # top spine
        if !(xaxis[:ticks] in (nothing, false))
            f = scalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
            invf = invscalefunc(yaxis[:scale])
-            ticks_in = xaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
-            t1 = invf(f(ymin) + 0.015 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)
-            t2 = invf(f(ymax) - 0.015 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)
-            t3 = invf(f(0) + 0.015 * (f(ymax) - f(ymin)) * ticks_in)
+            t1 = invf(f(ymin) + 0.015*(f(ymax)-f(ymin)))
+            t2 = invf(f(ymax) - 0.015*(f(ymax)-f(ymin)))

            for xtick in xticks[1]
-                if xaxis[:showaxis]
-                    tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
-                        (0, t3)
-                    else
-                        xor(xaxis[:mirror], yaxis[:flip]) ? (ymax, t2) : (ymin, t1)
-                    end
-                    push!(xtick_segs, (xtick, tick_start), (xtick, tick_stop)) # bottom tick
-                end
+                push!(xaxis_segs, (xtick, ymin), (xtick, t1)) # bottom tick
                # sp[:draw_axes_border] && push!(xaxis_segs, (xtick, ymax), (xtick, t2)) # top tick
-                xaxis[:grid] && push!(xgrid_segs, (xtick, ymin), (xtick, ymax)) # vertical grid
+                xaxis[:grid] && push!(xgrid_segs,  (xtick, t1),   (xtick, t2)) # vertical grid
            end
        end

        # yaxis
-        if yaxis[:showaxis]
-            if sp[:framestyle] != :grid
-                x1, x2 = if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
-                    0.0, 0.0
-                else
-                    xor(yaxis[:mirror], xaxis[:flip]) ? (xmax, xmin) : (xmin, xmax)
-                end
-                push!(yaxis_segs, (x1, ymin), (x1, ymax))
-                # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
-                if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && !(yticks in (nothing,false)) && length(yticks) > 1
-                    showticks = yticks[1] .!= 0
-                    yticks = (yticks[1][showticks], yticks[2][showticks])
-                end
-            end
-            sp[:framestyle] in (:semi, :box) && push!(yborder_segs, (x2, ymin), (x2, ymax)) # right spine
-        end
+        sp[:framestyle] == :grid || push!(yaxis_segs, (xmin,ymin), (xmin,ymax)) # left spine / yaxis
+        sp[:framestyle] in (:semi, :box) && push!(yborder_segs, (xmax,ymin), (xmax,ymax)) # right spine
        if !(yaxis[:ticks] in (nothing, false))
            f = scalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
            invf = invscalefunc(xaxis[:scale])
-            ticks_in = yaxis[:tick_direction] == :out ? -1 : 1
-            t1 = invf(f(xmin) + 0.015 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)
-            t2 = invf(f(xmax) - 0.015 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)
-            t3 = invf(f(0) + 0.015 * (f(xmax) - f(xmin)) * ticks_in)
+            t1 = invf(f(xmin) + 0.015*(f(xmax)-f(xmin)))
+            t2 = invf(f(xmax) - 0.015*(f(xmax)-f(xmin)))

            for ytick in yticks[1]
-                if yaxis[:showaxis]
-                    tick_start, tick_stop = if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
-                        (0, t3)
-                    else
-                        xor(yaxis[:mirror], xaxis[:flip]) ? (xmax, t2) : (xmin, t1)
-                    end
-                    push!(ytick_segs, (tick_start, ytick), (tick_stop, ytick)) # left tick
-                end
+                push!(yaxis_segs, (xmin, ytick), (t1, ytick)) # left tick
                # sp[:draw_axes_border] && push!(yaxis_segs, (xmax, ytick), (t2, ytick)) # right tick
-                yaxis[:grid] && push!(ygrid_segs, (xmin, ytick), (xmax, ytick)) # horizontal grid
+                yaxis[:grid] && push!(ygrid_segs,  (t1, ytick),   (t2, ytick)) # horizontal grid
            end
        end
    end

-    xticks, yticks, xaxis_segs, yaxis_segs, xtick_segs, ytick_segs, xgrid_segs, ygrid_segs, xborder_segs, yborder_segs
+    xticks, yticks, xaxis_segs, yaxis_segs, xgrid_segs, ygrid_segs, xborder_segs, yborder_segs
 end
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-using Pkg

-struct NoBackend <: AbstractBackend end
+immutable NoBackend <: AbstractBackend end

 const _backendType = Dict{Symbol, DataType}(:none => NoBackend)
 const _backendSymbol = Dict{DataType, Symbol}(NoBackend => :none)
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ macro init_backend(s)
    sym = Symbol(str)
    T = Symbol(string(s) * "Backend")
    esc(quote
-        struct $T <: AbstractBackend end
+        immutable $T <: AbstractBackend end
        export $sym
        $sym(; kw...) = (default(; kw...); backend(Symbol($str)))
        backend_name(::$T) = Symbol($str)
@@ -52,8 +51,8 @@ _series_updated(plt::Plot, series::Series) = nothing

 _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot) = nothing

-title_padding(sp::Subplot) = sp[:title] == "" ? 0mm : sp[:titlefontsize] * pt
-guide_padding(axis::Axis) = axis[:guide] == "" ? 0mm : axis[:guidefontsize] * pt
+title_padding(sp::Subplot) = sp[:title] == "" ? 0mm : sp[:titlefont].pointsize * pt
+guide_padding(axis::Axis) = axis[:guide] == "" ? 0mm : axis[:guidefont].pointsize * pt

 "Returns the (width,height) of a text label."
 function text_size(lablen::Int, sz::Number, rot::Number = 0)
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ function tick_padding(axis::Axis)
        # hgt

        # get the height of the rotated label
-        text_size(longest_label, axis[:tickfontsize], rot)[2]
+        text_size(longest_label, axis[:tickfont].pointsize, rot)[2]
    end
 end

@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ _update_plot_object(plt::Plot) = nothing
 # ---------------------------------------------------------


-mutable struct CurrentBackend
+type CurrentBackend
  sym::Symbol
  pkg::AbstractBackend
 end
@@ -135,7 +134,8 @@ CurrentBackend(sym::Symbol) = CurrentBackend(sym, _backend_instance(sym))
 function pickDefaultBackend()
    env_default = get(ENV, "PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND", "")
    if env_default != ""
-        if env_default in keys(Pkg.installed())
+        try
+            Pkg.installed(env_default)  # this will error if not installed
            sym = Symbol(lowercase(env_default))
            if haskey(_backendType, sym)
                return backend(sym)
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ function pickDefaultBackend()
                warn("You have set PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND=$env_default but it is not a valid backend package.  Choose from:\n\t",
                     join(sort(_backends), "\n\t"))
            end
-        else
+        catch
            warn("You have set PLOTS_DEFAULT_BACKEND=$env_default but it is not installed.")
        end
    end
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ function pickDefaultBackend()
    # which one someone will want to use if they have the package installed...accounting for
    # features, speed, and robustness
    for pkgstr in ("GR", "PyPlot", "PlotlyJS", "PGFPlots", "UnicodePlots", "InspectDR", "GLVisualize")
-        if pkgstr in keys(Pkg.installed())
+        if Pkg.installed(pkgstr) != nothing
            return backend(Symbol(lowercase(pkgstr)))
        end
    end
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ TODO
    * fix units in all visuals (e.g dotted lines, marker scale, surfaces)
 =#

-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "glvisualize.jl"))
-end
-
 const _glvisualize_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :annotations,
    :background_color_legend, :background_color_inside, :background_color_outside,
@@ -24,13 +20,10 @@ const _glvisualize_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :markerstrokewidth, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha,
    :fillrange, :fillcolor, :fillalpha,
    :bins, :bar_width, :bar_edges, :bar_position,
-    :title, :title_location,
+    :title, :title_location, :titlefont,
    :window_title,
    :guide, :lims, :ticks, :scale, :flip, :rotation,
-    :titlefontsize, :titlefontcolor,
-    :legendfontsize, :legendfontcolor,
-    :tickfontsize,
-    :guidefontsize, :guidefontcolor,
+    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
    :grid, :gridalpha, :gridstyle, :gridlinewidth,
    :legend, :colorbar,
    :marker_z,
@@ -48,10 +41,9 @@ const _glvisualize_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :dpi,
    :hover,
    :framestyle,
-    :tick_direction,
 ])
 const _glvisualize_seriestype = [
-    :path, :shape, :straightline,
+    :path, :shape,
    :scatter, :hexbin,
    :bar, :boxplot,
    :heatmap, :image, :volume,
@@ -76,11 +68,11 @@ function _initialize_backend(::GLVisualizeBackend; kw...)
        import GLVisualize: visualize
        import Plots.GL
        import UnicodeFun
-        Plots.slice_arg(img::Matrix{C}, idx::Int) where {C<:Colorant} = img
+        Plots.slice_arg{C<:Colorant}(img::Matrix{C}, idx::Int) = img
        is_marker_supported(::GLVisualizeBackend, shape::GLVisualize.AllPrimitives) = true
-        is_marker_supported(::GLVisualizeBackend, shape::Union{Vector{Matrix{C}}, Matrix{C}}) where {C<:Colorant} = true
+        is_marker_supported{C<:Colorant}(::GLVisualizeBackend, shape::Union{Vector{Matrix{C}}, Matrix{C}}) = true
        is_marker_supported(::GLVisualizeBackend, shape::Shape) = true
-        GL = Plots
+        const GL = Plots
    end
 end

@@ -221,13 +213,13 @@ function extract_limits(sp, d, kw_args)
    nothing
 end

-to_vec(::Type{T}, vec::T) where {T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector} = vec
-to_vec(::Type{T}, s::Number) where {T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector} = T(s)
+to_vec{T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector}(::Type{T}, vec::T) = vec
+to_vec{T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector}(::Type{T}, s::Number) = T(s)

-to_vec(::Type{T}, vec::StaticArrays.StaticVector{3}) where {T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector{2}} = T(vec[1], vec[2])
-to_vec(::Type{T}, vec::StaticArrays.StaticVector{2}) where {T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector{3}} = T(vec[1], vec[2], 0)
+to_vec{T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector{2}}(::Type{T}, vec::StaticArrays.StaticVector{3}) = T(vec[1], vec[2])
+to_vec{T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector{3}}(::Type{T}, vec::StaticArrays.StaticVector{2}) = T(vec[1], vec[2], 0)

-to_vec(::Type{T}, vecs::AbstractVector) where {T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector} = map(x-> to_vec(T, x), vecs)
+to_vec{T <: StaticArrays.StaticVector}(::Type{T}, vecs::AbstractVector) = map(x-> to_vec(T, x), vecs)

 function extract_marker(d, kw_args)
    dim = Plots.is3d(d) ? 3 : 2
@@ -282,21 +274,15 @@ end
 function extract_surface(d)
    map(_extract_surface, (d[:x], d[:y], d[:z]))
 end
-function topoints(::Type{P}, array) where P
+function topoints{P}(::Type{P}, array)
    [P(x) for x in zip(array...)]
 end
 function extract_points(d)
    dim = is3d(d) ? 3 : 2
-    array = if d[:seriestype] == :straightline
-        straightline_data(d)
-    elseif d[:seriestype] == :shape
-        shape_data(d)
-    else
-        (d[:x], d[:y], d[:z])[1:dim]
-    end
+    array = (d[:x], d[:y], d[:z])[1:dim]
    topoints(Point{dim, Float32}, array)
 end
-function make_gradient(grad::Vector{C}) where C <: Colorant
+function make_gradient{C <: Colorant}(grad::Vector{C})
    grad
 end
 function make_gradient(grad::ColorGradient)
@@ -342,7 +328,7 @@ end
 function extract_stroke(d, kw_args)
    extract_c(d, kw_args, :line)
    if haskey(d, :linewidth)
-        kw_args[:thickness] = Float32(d[:linewidth] * 3)
+        kw_args[:thickness] = d[:linewidth] * 3
    end
 end

@@ -351,7 +337,7 @@ function extract_color(d, sym)
 end

 gl_color(c::PlotUtils.ColorGradient) = c.colors
-gl_color(c::Vector{T}) where {T<:Colorant} = c
+gl_color{T<:Colorant}(c::Vector{T}) = c
 gl_color(c::RGBA{Float32}) = c
 gl_color(c::Colorant) = RGBA{Float32}(c)

@@ -397,7 +383,7 @@ function gappy(x, ps)
    return last(ps) - x
 end
 function ticks(points, resolution)
-    Float16[gappy(x, points) for x = range(first(points), stop=last(points), length=resolution)]
+    Float16[gappy(x, points) for x = linspace(first(points),last(points), resolution)]
 end


@@ -410,7 +396,7 @@ function extract_linestyle(d, kw_args)
    haskey(d, :linestyle) || return
    ls = d[:linestyle]
    lw = d[:linewidth]
-    kw_args[:thickness] = Float32(lw)
+    kw_args[:thickness] = lw
    if ls == :dash
        points = [0.0, lw, 2lw, 3lw, 4lw]
        insert_pattern!(points, kw_args)
@@ -582,7 +568,7 @@ function draw_grid_lines(sp, grid_segs, thickness, style, model, color)
    )
    d = Dict(
        :linestyle => style,
-        :linewidth => Float32(thickness),
+        :linewidth => thickness,
        :linecolor => color
    )
    Plots.extract_linestyle(d, kw_args)
@@ -618,10 +604,10 @@ end
 pointsize(font) = font.pointsize * 2

 function draw_ticks(
-        axis, ticks, isx, isorigin, lims, m, text = "",
+        axis, ticks, isx, lims, m, text = "",
        positions = Point2f0[], offsets=Vec2f0[]
    )
-    sz = pointsize(tickfont(axis))
+    sz = pointsize(axis[:tickfont])
    atlas = GLVisualize.get_texture_atlas()
    font = GLVisualize.defaultfont()

@@ -636,11 +622,7 @@ function draw_ticks(
    for (cv, dv) in zip(ticks...)

        x, y = cv, lims[1]
-        xy = if isorigin
-            isx ? (x, 0) : (0, x)
-        else
-            isx ? (x, y) : (y, x)
-        end
+        xy = isx ? (x, y) : (y, x)
        _pos = m * GeometryTypes.Vec4f0(xy[1], xy[2], 0, 1)
        startpos = Point2f0(_pos[1], _pos[2]) - axis_gap
        str = string(dv)
@@ -696,7 +678,7 @@ function text_model(font, pivot)
    end
 end
 function gl_draw_axes_2d(sp::Plots.Subplot{Plots.GLVisualizeBackend}, model, area)
-    xticks, yticks, xspine_segs, yspine_segs, xtick_segs, ytick_segs, xgrid_segs, ygrid_segs, xborder_segs, yborder_segs = Plots.axis_drawing_info(sp)
+    xticks, yticks, xspine_segs, yspine_segs, xgrid_segs, ygrid_segs, xborder_segs, yborder_segs = Plots.axis_drawing_info(sp)
    xaxis = sp[:xaxis]; yaxis = sp[:yaxis]

    xgc = Colors.color(Plots.gl_color(xaxis[:foreground_color_grid]))
@@ -721,55 +703,26 @@ function gl_draw_axes_2d(sp::Plots.Subplot{Plots.GLVisualizeBackend}, model, are
        spine = draw_grid_lines(sp, yspine_segs, 1f0, :solid, model, RGBA(yac, 1.0f0))
        push!(axis_vis, spine)
    end
-    if sp[:framestyle] in (:zerolines, :grid)
-        if alpha(xaxis[:foreground_color_grid]) > 0
-            spine = draw_grid_lines(sp, xtick_segs, 1f0, :solid, model, RGBA(xgc, xaxis[:gridalpha]))
-            push!(axis_vis, spine)
-        end
-        if alpha(yaxis[:foreground_color_grid]) > 0
-            spine = draw_grid_lines(sp, ytick_segs, 1f0, :solid, model, RGBA(ygc, yaxis[:gridalpha]))
-            push!(axis_vis, spine)
-        end
-    else
-        if alpha(xaxis[:foreground_color_axis]) > 0
-            spine = draw_grid_lines(sp, xtick_segs, 1f0, :solid, model, RGBA(xac, 1.0f0))
-            push!(axis_vis, spine)
-        end
-        if alpha(yaxis[:foreground_color_axis]) > 0
-            spine = draw_grid_lines(sp, ytick_segs, 1f0, :solid, model, RGBA(yac, 1.0f0))
-            push!(axis_vis, spine)
-        end
-    end
    fcolor = Plots.gl_color(xaxis[:foreground_color_axis])

    xlim = Plots.axis_limits(xaxis)
    ylim = Plots.axis_limits(yaxis)

-    if !(xaxis[:ticks] in (nothing, false, :none)) && !(sp[:framestyle] == :none) && xaxis[:showaxis]
+    if !(xaxis[:ticks] in (nothing, false, :none)) && !(sp[:framestyle] == :none)
        ticklabels = map(model) do m
            mirror = xaxis[:mirror]
-            t, positions, offsets = draw_ticks(xaxis, xticks, true, sp[:framestyle] == :origin, ylim, m)
+            t, positions, offsets = draw_ticks(xaxis, xticks, true, ylim, m)
+            mirror = xaxis[:mirror]
+            t, positions, offsets = draw_ticks(
+                yaxis, yticks, false, xlim, m,
+                t, positions, offsets
+            )
        end
        kw_args = Dict{Symbol, Any}(
            :position => map(x-> x[2], ticklabels),
            :offset => map(last, ticklabels),
            :color => fcolor,
-            :relative_scale => pointsize(tickfont(xaxis)),
-            :scale_primitive => false
-        )
-        push!(axis_vis, visualize(map(first, ticklabels), Style(:default), kw_args))
-    end
-
-    if !(yaxis[:ticks] in (nothing, false, :none)) && !(sp[:framestyle] == :none) && yaxis[:showaxis]
-        ticklabels = map(model) do m
-            mirror = yaxis[:mirror]
-            t, positions, offsets = draw_ticks(yaxis, yticks, false, sp[:framestyle] == :origin, xlim, m)
-        end
-        kw_args = Dict{Symbol, Any}(
-            :position => map(x-> x[2], ticklabels),
-            :offset => map(last, ticklabels),
-            :color => fcolor,
-            :relative_scale => pointsize(tickfont(xaxis)),
+            :relative_scale => pointsize(xaxis[:tickfont]),
            :scale_primitive => false
        )
        push!(axis_vis, visualize(map(first, ticklabels), Style(:default), kw_args))
@@ -786,8 +739,8 @@ function gl_draw_axes_2d(sp::Plots.Subplot{Plots.GLVisualizeBackend}, model, are

    area_w = GeometryTypes.widths(area)
    if sp[:title] != ""
-        tf = titlefont(sp)
-        font = Plots.Font(tf.family, tf.pointsize, :hcenter, :top, tf.rotation, tf.color)
+        tf = sp[:titlefont]; color = gl_color(sp[:foreground_color_title])
+        font = Plots.Font(tf.family, tf.pointsize, :hcenter, :top, tf.rotation, color)
        xy = Point2f0(area.w/2, area_w[2] + pointsize(tf)/2)
        kw = Dict(:model => text_model(font, xy), :scale_primitive => true)
        extract_font(font, kw)
@@ -795,9 +748,9 @@ function gl_draw_axes_2d(sp::Plots.Subplot{Plots.GLVisualizeBackend}, model, are
        push!(axis_vis, glvisualize_text(xy, t, kw))
    end
    if xaxis[:guide] != ""
-        tf = guidefont(xaxis)
+        tf = xaxis[:guidefont]; color = gl_color(xaxis[:foreground_color_guide])
        xy = Point2f0(area.w/2, - pointsize(tf)/2)
-        font = Plots.Font(tf.family, tf.pointsize, :hcenter, :bottom, tf.rotation, tf.color)
+        font = Plots.Font(tf.family, tf.pointsize, :hcenter, :bottom, tf.rotation, color)
        kw = Dict(:model => text_model(font, xy), :scale_primitive => true)
        t = PlotText(xaxis[:guide], font)
        extract_font(font, kw)
@@ -805,8 +758,8 @@ function gl_draw_axes_2d(sp::Plots.Subplot{Plots.GLVisualizeBackend}, model, are
    end

    if yaxis[:guide] != ""
-        tf = guidefont(yaxis)
-        font = Plots.Font(tf.family, tf.pointsize, :hcenter, :top, 90f0, tf.color)
+        tf = yaxis[:guidefont]; color = gl_color(yaxis[:foreground_color_guide])
+        font = Plots.Font(tf.family, tf.pointsize, :hcenter, :top, 90f0, color)
        xy = Point2f0(-pointsize(tf)/2, area.h/2)
        kw = Dict(:model => text_model(font, xy), :scale_primitive=>true)
        t = PlotText(yaxis[:guide], font)
@@ -901,12 +854,12 @@ function gl_boxplot(d, kw_args)
        # filter y
        values = y[filter(i -> _cycle(x,i) == glabel, 1:length(y))]
        # compute quantiles
-        q1,q2,q3,q4,q5 = quantile(values, range(0, stop=1, length=5))
+        q1,q2,q3,q4,q5 = quantile(values, linspace(0,1,5))
        # notch
        n = Plots.notch_width(q2, q4, length(values))
        # warn on inverted notches?
        if notch && !warning && ( (q2>(q3-n)) || (q4<(q3+n)) )
-            @warn("Boxplot's notch went outside hinges. Set notch to false.")
+            warn("Boxplot's notch went outside hinges. Set notch to false.")
            warning = true # Show the warning only one time
        end

@@ -1005,7 +958,7 @@ end

 function scale_for_annotations!(series::Series, scaletype::Symbol = :pixels)
    anns = series[:series_annotations]
-    if anns != nothing && anns.baseshape != nothing
+    if anns != nothing && !isnull(anns.baseshape)
        # we use baseshape to overwrite the markershape attribute
        # with a list of custom shapes for each
        msw, msh = anns.scalefactor
@@ -1108,7 +1061,7 @@ function _display(plt::Plot{GLVisualizeBackend}, visible = true)
                    kw_args[:stroke_width] = Float32(d[:linewidth]/100f0)
                end
                vis = GL.gl_surface(x, y, z, kw_args)
-            elseif (st in (:path, :path3d, :straightline)) && d[:linewidth] > 0
+            elseif (st in (:path, :path3d)) && d[:linewidth] > 0
                kw = copy(kw_args)
                points = Plots.extract_points(d)
                extract_linestyle(d, kw)
@@ -1221,11 +1174,11 @@ end

 function gl_image(img, kw_args)
    rect = kw_args[:primitive]
-    kw_args[:primitive] = GeometryTypes.SimpleRectangle{Float32}(rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h)
+    kw_args[:primitive] = GeometryTypes.SimpleRectangle{Float32}(rect.x, rect.y, rect.h, rect.w) # seems to be flipped
    visualize(img, Style(:default), kw_args)
 end

-function handle_segment(lines, line_segments, points::Vector{P}, segment) where P
+function handle_segment{P}(lines, line_segments, points::Vector{P}, segment)
    (isempty(segment) || length(segment) < 2) && return
    if length(segment) == 2
         append!(line_segments, view(points, segment))
@@ -1331,7 +1284,7 @@ end


 function gl_surface(x,y,z, kw_args)
-    if isa(x, AbstractRange) && isa(y, AbstractRange)
+    if isa(x, Range) && isa(y, Range)
        main = z
        kw_args[:ranges] = (x, y)
    else
@@ -1347,7 +1300,7 @@ function gl_surface(x,y,z, kw_args)
        if get(kw_args, :wireframe, false)
            points = map(Point3f0, zip(vec(x), vec(y), vec(z)))
            faces = Cuint[]
-            idx = (i,j) -> CartesianIndices(size(z), i, j) - 1
+            idx = (i,j) -> sub2ind(size(z), i, j) - 1
            for i=1:size(z,1), j=1:size(z,2)

                i < size(z,1) && push!(faces, idx(i, j), idx(i+1, j))
@@ -1356,7 +1309,7 @@ function gl_surface(x,y,z, kw_args)
            end
            color = get(kw_args, :stroke_color, RGBA{Float32}(0,0,0,1))
            kw_args[:color] = color
-            kw_args[:thickness] = Float32(get(kw_args, :stroke_width, 1f0))
+            kw_args[:thickness] = get(kw_args, :stroke_width, 1f0)
            kw_args[:indices] = faces
            delete!(kw_args, :stroke_color)
            delete!(kw_args, :stroke_width)
@@ -1466,7 +1419,7 @@ function make_label(sp, series, i)
    d = series.d
    st = d[:seriestype]
    kw_args = KW()
-    if (st in (:path, :path3d, :straightline)) && d[:linewidth] > 0
+    if (st in (:path, :path3d)) && d[:linewidth] > 0
        points = Point2f0[(0, ho), (w, ho)]
        kw = KW()
        extract_linestyle(d, kw)
@@ -1492,8 +1445,9 @@ function make_label(sp, series, i)
    else
        series[:label]
    end
-    ft = legendfont(sp)
-    font = Plots.Font(ft.family, ft.pointsize, :left, :bottom, 0.0, ft.color)
+    color = sp[:foreground_color_legend]
+    ft = sp[:legendfont]
+    font = Plots.Font(ft.family, ft.pointsize, :left, :bottom, 0.0, color)
    xy = Point2f0(w+gap, 0.0)
    kw = Dict(:model => text_model(font, xy), :scale_primitive=>false)
    extract_font(font, kw)
@@ -28,18 +28,15 @@ Read from .hdf5 file using:
    - Should be reliable for archival purposes.
 ==#

-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "hdf5.jl"))
-end

 import FixedPointNumbers: N0f8 #In core Julia

 #Dispatch types:
-struct HDF5PlotNative; end #Indentifies a data element that can natively be handled by HDF5
-struct HDF5CTuple; end #Identifies a "complex" tuple structure
+immutable HDF5PlotNative; end #Indentifies a data element that can natively be handled by HDF5
+immutable HDF5CTuple; end #Identifies a "complex" tuple structure

-mutable struct HDF5Plot_PlotRef
-	ref::Union{Plot, Nothing}
+type HDF5Plot_PlotRef
+	ref::Union{Plot, Void}
 end


@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ const _hdf5_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :colorbar_title,
  ])
 const _hdf5_seriestype = [
-        :path, :steppre, :steppost, :shape, :straightline,
+        :path, :steppre, :steppost, :shape,
        :scatter, :hexbin, #:histogram2d, :histogram,
        # :bar,
        :heatmap, :pie, :image,
@@ -131,7 +128,7 @@ function _hdf5_merge!(dest::Dict, src::Dict)
            _hdf5_merge!(dest[k].d, v.d)
        else
            dest[k] = v
-        end
+        end    
    end
    return
 end
@@ -146,9 +143,9 @@ function _initialize_backend(::HDF5Backend)
        export HDF5
        if length(HDF5PLOT_MAP_TELEM2STR) < 1
            #Possible element types of high-level data types:
-            telem2str = Dict{String, Type}(
+            const telem2str = Dict{String, Type}(
                "NATIVE" => HDF5PlotNative,
-                "VOID" => Nothing,
+                "VOID" => Void,
                "BOOL" => Bool,
                "SYMBOL" => Symbol,
                "TUPLE" => Tuple,
@@ -167,7 +164,6 @@ function _initialize_backend(::HDF5Backend)
 #                "PLOTTEXT" => PlotText,
                "COLORGRADIENT" => ColorGradient,
                "AXIS" => Axis,
-                "SURFACE" => Surface,
                "SUBPLOT" => Subplot,
                "NULLABLE" => Nullable,
            )
@@ -240,6 +236,10 @@ end

 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

+_show(io::IO, mime::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot{HDF5Backend}) = nothing #Don't show
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
 # Display/show the plot (open a GUI window, or browser page, for example).
 function _display(plt::Plot{HDF5Backend})
    msg = "HDF5 interface does not support `display()` function."
@@ -276,11 +276,11 @@ function _hdf5plot_overwritetype(grp, T::Type) #Write directly to group
    HDF5.a_delete(grp, _hdf5plot_datatypeid)
    HDF5.a_write(grp, _hdf5plot_datatypeid, tstr)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, ::Type{Array{T}}) where T<:Any
+function _hdf5plot_writetype{T<:Any}(grp, ::Type{Array{T}})
    tstr = HDF5PLOT_MAP_TELEM2STR[Array] #ANY
    HDF5.a_write(grp, _hdf5plot_datatypeid, tstr)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, ::Type{T}) where T<:BoundingBox
+function _hdf5plot_writetype{T<:BoundingBox}(grp, ::Type{T})
    tstr = HDF5PLOT_MAP_TELEM2STR[BoundingBox]
    HDF5.a_write(grp, _hdf5plot_datatypeid, tstr)
 end
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v) #Default
    grp[k] = v
    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, k, HDF5PlotNative)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Array{T}) where T<:Number #Default for arrays
+function _hdf5plot_gwrite{T<:Number}(grp, k::String, v::Array{T}) #Default for arrays
    grp[k] = v
    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, k, HDF5PlotNative)
 end
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Array{Any})
    warn("Cannot write Array: $k=$v")
 end
 =#
-function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Nothing)
+function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Void)
    grp[k] = 0
-    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, k, Nothing)
+    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, k, Void)
 end
 function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Bool)
    grp[k] = Int(v)
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ end
 function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, d::Dict)
 #    warn("Cannot write dict: $k=$d")
 end
-function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::AbstractRange)
+function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Range)
    _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k, collect(v)) #For now
 end
 function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::ARGB{N0f8})
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Colorant)
    _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k, ARGB{N0f8}(v))
 end
 #Custom vector (when not using simple numeric type):
-function _hdf5plot_gwritearray(grp, k::String, v::Array{T}) where T
+function _hdf5plot_gwritearray{T}(grp, k::String, v::Array{T})
    if "annotations" == k;
        return #Hack.  Does not yet support annotations.
    end
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwritearray(grp, k::String, v::Array{T}) where T
    sz = size(v)

    for iter in eachindex(v)
-        coord = LinearIndices(sz, iter)
+        coord = ind2sub(sz, iter)
        elem = v[iter]
        idxstr = join(coord, "_")
        _hdf5plot_gwrite(vgrp, "v$idxstr", v[iter])
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Extrema)
    grp[k] = [v.emin, v.emax]
    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, k, Extrema)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Length{T}) where T
+function _hdf5plot_gwrite{T}(grp, k::String, v::Length{T})
    grp[k] = v.value
    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, k, [HDF5PLOT_MAP_TELEM2STR[Length], string(T)])
 end
@@ -404,20 +404,15 @@ function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Axis)
    _hdf5plot_writetype(grp, Axis)
    return
 end
-function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Surface)
-	grp = HDF5.g_create(grp, k)
-	_hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, "data2d", v.surf)
-	_hdf5plot_writetype(grp, Surface)
+#TODO: "Properly" support Nullable using _hdf5plot_writetype?
+function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Nullable)
+    if isnull(v)
+        _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k, nothing)
+    else
+        _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k, v.value)
+    end
+    return
 end
-# #TODO: "Properly" support Nullable using _hdf5plot_writetype?
-# function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::Nullable)
-#     if isnull(v)
-#         _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k, nothing)
-#     else
-#         _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k, v.value)
-#     end
-#     return
-# end

 function _hdf5plot_gwrite(grp, k::String, v::SeriesAnnotations)
    #Currently no support for SeriesAnnotations
@@ -485,7 +480,7 @@ function _hdf5plot_readcount(grp) #Read directly from group
 end

 _hdf5plot_convert(T::Type{HDF5PlotNative}, v) = v
-_hdf5plot_convert(T::Type{Nothing}, v) = nothing
+_hdf5plot_convert(T::Type{Void}, v) = nothing
 _hdf5plot_convert(T::Type{Bool}, v) = (v!=0)
 _hdf5plot_convert(T::Type{Symbol}, v) = Symbol(v)
 _hdf5plot_convert(T::Type{Tuple}, v) = tuple(v...) #With Vector{T<:Number}
@@ -530,7 +525,7 @@ function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Array}, dtid) #ANY
    result = Array{Any}(sz)

    for iter in eachindex(result)
-        coord = LinearIndices(sz, iter)
+        coord = ind2sub(sz, iter)
        idxstr = join(coord, "_")
        result[iter] = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "v$idxstr")
    end
@@ -579,11 +574,6 @@ function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Axis}, dtid)
    _hdf5plot_read(grp, kwlist)
    return Axis([], kwlist)
 end
-function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Surface}, dtid)
-    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)
-    data2d = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "data2d")
-    return Surface(data2d)
-end
 function _hdf5plot_read(grp, k::String, T::Type{Subplot}, dtid)
    grp = HDF5.g_open(grp, k)
    idx = _hdf5plot_read(grp, "index")
@@ -13,10 +13,6 @@ Add in functionality to Plots.jl:
    :aspect_ratio,
 =#

-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "inspectdr.jl"))
-end
-
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #TODO: remove features
 const _inspectdr_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
@@ -32,13 +28,10 @@ const _inspectdr_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :markerstrokestyle, #Causes warning not to have it... what is this?
    :fillcolor, :fillalpha, #:fillrange,
 #    :bins, :bar_width, :bar_edges, :bar_position,
-    :title, :title_location,
+    :title, :title_location, :titlefont,
    :window_title,
    :guide, :lims, :scale, #:ticks, :flip, :rotation,
-    :titlefontfamily, :titlefontsize, :titlefontcolor,
-    :legendfontfamily, :legendfontsize, :legendfontcolor,
-    :tickfontfamily, :tickfontsize, :tickfontcolor,
-    :guidefontfamily, :guidefontsize, :guidefontcolor,
+    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
    :grid, :legend, #:colorbar,
 #    :marker_z,
 #    :line_z,
@@ -57,7 +50,7 @@ const _inspectdr_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
  ])
 const _inspectdr_style = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot]
 const _inspectdr_seriestype = [
-        :path, :scatter, :shape, :straightline, #, :steppre, :steppost
+        :path, :scatter, :shape #, :steppre, :steppost
    ]
 #see: _allMarkers, _shape_keys
 const _inspectdr_marker = Symbol[
@@ -90,24 +83,24 @@ end

 # py_marker(markers::AVec) = map(py_marker, markers)
 function _inspectdr_mapglyph(markers::AVec)
-    @warn("Vectors of markers are currently unsupported in InspectDR.")
+    warn("Vectors of markers are currently unsupported in InspectDR.")
    _inspectdr_mapglyph(markers[1])
 end

 _inspectdr_mapglyphsize(v::Real) = v
 function _inspectdr_mapglyphsize(v::Vector)
-    @warn("Vectors of marker sizes are currently unsupported in InspectDR.")
+    warn("Vectors of marker sizes are currently unsupported in InspectDR.")
    _inspectdr_mapglyphsize(v[1])
 end

 _inspectdr_mapcolor(v::Colorant) = v
 function _inspectdr_mapcolor(g::PlotUtils.ColorGradient)
-    @warn("Color gradients are currently unsupported in InspectDR.")
+    warn("Color gradients are currently unsupported in InspectDR.")
    #Pick middle color:
    _inspectdr_mapcolor(g.colors[div(1+end,2)])
 end
 function _inspectdr_mapcolor(v::AVec)
-    @warn("Vectors of colors are currently unsupported in InspectDR.")
+    warn("Vectors of colors are currently unsupported in InspectDR.")
    #Pick middle color:
    _inspectdr_mapcolor(v[div(1+end,2)])
 end
@@ -138,7 +131,7 @@ end

 function _inspectdr_getscale(s::Symbol, yaxis::Bool)
 #TODO: Support :asinh, :sqrt
-    kwargs = yaxis ? (:tgtmajor=>8, :tgtminor=>2) : () #More grid lines on y-axis
+    kwargs = yaxis? (:tgtmajor=>8, :tgtminor=>2): () #More grid lines on y-axis
    if :log2 == s
        return InspectDR.AxisScale(:log2; kwargs...)
    elseif :log10 == s
@@ -166,20 +159,20 @@ function _initialize_backend(::InspectDRBackend; kw...)
        export InspectDR

        #Glyph used when plotting "Shape"s:
-        INSPECTDR_GLYPH_SHAPE = InspectDR.GlyphPolyline(
+        const INSPECTDR_GLYPH_SHAPE = InspectDR.GlyphPolyline(
            2*InspectDR.GLYPH_SQUARE.x, InspectDR.GLYPH_SQUARE.y
        )

-        mutable struct InspecDRPlotRef
-            mplot::Union{Nothing, InspectDR.Multiplot}
-            gui::Union{Nothing, InspectDR.GtkPlot}
+        type InspecDRPlotRef
+            mplot::Union{Void, InspectDR.Multiplot}
+            gui::Union{Void, InspectDR.GtkPlot}
        end

        _inspectdr_getmplot(::Any) = nothing
        _inspectdr_getmplot(r::InspecDRPlotRef) = r.mplot

        _inspectdr_getgui(::Any) = nothing
-        _inspectdr_getgui(gplot::InspectDR.GtkPlot) = (gplot.destroyed ? nothing : gplot)
+        _inspectdr_getgui(gplot::InspectDR.GtkPlot) = (gplot.destroyed? nothing: gplot)
        _inspectdr_getgui(r::InspecDRPlotRef) = _inspectdr_getgui(r.gui)
    end
 end
@@ -242,17 +235,13 @@ function _series_added(plt::Plot{InspectDRBackend}, series::Series)
    #Don't do anything without a "subplot" object:  Will process later.
    if nothing == plot; return; end

-    _vectorize(v) = isa(v, Vector) ? v : collect(v) #InspectDR only supports vectors
-    x, y = if st == :straightline
-        straightline_data(series)
-    else
-        _vectorize(series[:x]), _vectorize(series[:y])
-    end
+    _vectorize(v) = isa(v, Vector)? v: collect(v) #InspectDR only supports vectors
+    x = _vectorize(series[:x]); y = _vectorize(series[:y])

    #No support for polar grid... but can still perform polar transformation:
    if ispolar(sp)
        Θ = x; r = y
-        x = r.*cos.(Θ); y = r.*sin.(Θ)
+        x = r.*cos(Θ); y = r.*sin(Θ)
    end

    # doesn't handle mismatched x/y - wrap data (pyplot behaviour):
@@ -272,7 +261,6 @@ For st in :shape:
 =#

    if st in (:shape,)
-        x, y = shape_data(series)
        nmax = 0
        for (i,rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(x, y))
            nmax = i
@@ -290,7 +278,7 @@ For st in :shape:
            end
        end

-        i = (nmax >= 2 ? div(nmax, 2) : nmax) #Must pick one set of colors for legend
+        i = (nmax >= 2? div(nmax, 2): nmax) #Must pick one set of colors for legend
        if i > 1 #Add dummy waveform for legend entry:
            linewidth = series[:linewidth]
            linecolor = _inspectdr_mapcolor(_cycle(series[:linecolor], i))
@@ -304,11 +292,11 @@ For st in :shape:
                color = linecolor, fillcolor = fillcolor
            )
        end
-   elseif st in (:path, :scatter, :straightline) #, :steppre, :steppost)
+   elseif st in (:path, :scatter) #, :steppre, :steppost)
        #NOTE: In Plots.jl, :scatter plots have 0-linewidths (I think).
        linewidth = series[:linewidth]
        #More efficient & allows some support for markerstrokewidth:
-        _style = (0==linewidth ? :none : series[:linestyle])
+        _style = (0==linewidth? :none: series[:linestyle])
        wfrm = InspectDR.add(plot, x, y, id=series[:label])
        wfrm.line = InspectDR.line(
            style = _style,
@@ -347,8 +335,8 @@ end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 function _inspectdr_setupsubplot(sp::Subplot{InspectDRBackend})
-    plot = sp.o
-    strip = plot.strips[1] #Only 1 strip supported with Plots.jl
+    const plot = sp.o
+    const strip = plot.strips[1] #Only 1 strip supported with Plots.jl

    xaxis = sp[:xaxis]; yaxis = sp[:yaxis]
    xgrid_show = xaxis[:grid]
@@ -381,24 +369,24 @@ function _inspectdr_setupsubplot(sp::Subplot{InspectDRBackend})
        l[:frame_canvas].fillcolor = _inspectdr_mapcolor(sp[:background_color_subplot])
        l[:frame_data].fillcolor = _inspectdr_mapcolor(sp[:background_color_inside])
        l[:frame_data].line.color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(xaxis[:foreground_color_axis])
-        l[:font_title] = InspectDR.Font(sp[:titlefontfamily],
-            _inspectdr_mapptsize(sp[:titlefontsize]),
-            color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(sp[:titlefontcolor])
+        l[:font_title] = InspectDR.Font(sp[:titlefont].family,
+            _inspectdr_mapptsize(sp[:titlefont].pointsize),
+            color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(sp[:foreground_color_title])
        )
        #Cannot independently control fonts of axes with InspectDR:
-        l[:font_axislabel] = InspectDR.Font(xaxis[:guidefontfamily],
-            _inspectdr_mapptsize(xaxis[:guidefontsize]),
-            color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(xaxis[:guidefontcolor])
+        l[:font_axislabel] = InspectDR.Font(xaxis[:guidefont].family,
+            _inspectdr_mapptsize(xaxis[:guidefont].pointsize),
+            color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(xaxis[:foreground_color_guide])
        )
-        l[:font_ticklabel] = InspectDR.Font(xaxis[:tickfontfamily],
-            _inspectdr_mapptsize(xaxis[:tickfontsize]),
-            color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(xaxis[:tickfontcolor])
+        l[:font_ticklabel] = InspectDR.Font(xaxis[:tickfont].family,
+            _inspectdr_mapptsize(xaxis[:tickfont].pointsize),
+            color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(xaxis[:foreground_color_text])
        )
        l[:enable_legend] = (sp[:legend] != :none)
        #l[:halloc_legend] = 150 #TODO: compute???
-        l[:font_legend] = InspectDR.Font(sp[:legendfontfamily],
-            _inspectdr_mapptsize(sp[:legendfontsize]),
-            color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(sp[:legendfontcolor])
+        l[:font_legend] = InspectDR.Font(sp[:legendfont].family,
+            _inspectdr_mapptsize(sp[:legendfont].pointsize),
+            color = _inspectdr_mapcolor(sp[:foreground_color_legend])
        )
        l[:frame_legend].fillcolor = _inspectdr_mapcolor(sp[:background_color_legend])
 end
@@ -406,7 +394,7 @@ end
 # called just before updating layout bounding boxes... in case you need to prep
 # for the calcs
 function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{InspectDRBackend})
-    mplot = _inspectdr_getmplot(plt.o)
+    const mplot = _inspectdr_getmplot(plt.o)
    if nothing == mplot; return; end

    mplot.title = plt[:plot_title]
@@ -506,7 +494,7 @@ const _inspectdr_mimeformats_nodpi = Dict(
 #    "application/postscript"  => "ps", #TODO: support once Cairo supports PSSurface
    "application/pdf"         => "pdf"
 )
-_inspectdr_show(io::IO, mime::MIME, ::Nothing, w, h) =
+_inspectdr_show(io::IO, mime::MIME, ::Void, w, h) =
    throw(ErrorException("Cannot show(::IO, ...) plot - not yet generated"))
 function _inspectdr_show(io::IO, mime::MIME, mplot, w, h)
    InspectDR._show(io, mime, mplot, Float64(w), Float64(h))
@@ -523,6 +511,7 @@ for (mime, fmt) in _inspectdr_mimeformats_nodpi
        _inspectdr_show(io, mime, _inspectdr_getmplot(plt.o), plt[:size]...)
    end
 end
+_show(io::IO, mime::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot{InspectDRBackend}) = nothing #Don't show

 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -2,18 +2,13 @@

 # significant contributions by: @pkofod

-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "pgfplots.jl"))
-end
-
 const _pgfplots_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :annotations,
-    :background_color_legend,
+    # :background_color_legend,
    :background_color_inside,
    # :background_color_outside,
-    # :foreground_color_legend,
-    :foreground_color_grid, :foreground_color_axis,
-    :foreground_color_text, :foreground_color_border,
+    # :foreground_color_legend, :foreground_color_grid, :foreground_color_axis,
+    #     :foreground_color_text, :foreground_color_border,
    :label,
    :seriescolor, :seriesalpha,
    :linecolor, :linestyle, :linewidth, :linealpha,
@@ -28,7 +23,7 @@ const _pgfplots_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
    :grid, :legend,
    :colorbar,
-    :fill_z, :line_z, :marker_z, :levels,
+    :marker_z, #:levels,
    # :ribbon, :quiver, :arrow,
    # :orientation,
    # :overwrite_figure,
@@ -36,14 +31,10 @@ const _pgfplots_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    # :normalize, :weights, :contours,
    :aspect_ratio,
    # :match_dimensions,
-    :tick_direction,
-    :framestyle,
-    :camera,
-    :contour_labels,
  ])
-const _pgfplots_seriestype = [:path, :path3d, :scatter, :steppre, :stepmid, :steppost, :histogram2d, :ysticks, :xsticks, :contour, :shape, :straightline,]
+const _pgfplots_seriestype = [:path, :path3d, :scatter, :steppre, :stepmid, :steppost, :histogram2d, :ysticks, :xsticks, :contour, :shape]
 const _pgfplots_style = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot]
-const _pgfplots_marker = [:none, :auto, :circle, :rect, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle, :cross, :xcross, :star5, :pentagon, :hline] #vcat(_allMarkers, Shape)
+const _pgfplots_marker = [:none, :auto, :circle, :rect, :diamond, :utriangle, :dtriangle, :cross, :xcross, :star5, :pentagon] #vcat(_allMarkers, Shape)
 const _pgfplots_scale = [:identity, :ln, :log2, :log10]


@@ -88,7 +79,6 @@ const _pgfplots_markers = KW(
    :star6 => "asterisk",
    :diamond => "diamond*",
    :pentagon => "pentagon*",
-    :hline => "-"
 )

 const _pgfplots_legend_pos = KW(
@@ -96,7 +86,6 @@ const _pgfplots_legend_pos = KW(
    :bottomright => "south east",
    :topright => "north east",
    :topleft => "north west",
-    :outertopright => "outer north east",
 )


@@ -117,18 +106,6 @@ const _pgf_annotation_halign = KW(
    :right => "left"
 )

-const _pgf_framestyles = [:box, :axes, :origin, :zerolines, :grid, :none]
-const _pgf_framestyle_defaults = Dict(:semi => :box)
-function pgf_framestyle(style::Symbol)
-    if style in _pgf_framestyles
-        return style
-    else
-        default_style = get(_pgf_framestyle_defaults, style, :axes)
-        warn("Framestyle :$style is not (yet) supported by the PGFPlots backend. :$default_style was cosen instead.")
-        default_style
-    end
-end
-
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 # takes in color,alpha, and returns color and alpha appropriate for pgf style
@@ -150,69 +127,47 @@ function pgf_colormap(grad::ColorGradient)
    end,", ")
 end

-pgf_thickness_scaling(plt::Plot) = plt[:thickness_scaling]
-pgf_thickness_scaling(sp::Subplot) = pgf_thickness_scaling(sp.plt)
-pgf_thickness_scaling(series) = pgf_thickness_scaling(series[:subplot])
-
-function pgf_fillstyle(d, i = 1)
-    cstr,a = pgf_color(get_fillcolor(d, i))
-    fa = get_fillalpha(d, i)
-    if fa != nothing
-        a = fa
-    end
+function pgf_fillstyle(d::KW)
+    cstr,a = pgf_color(d[:fillcolor])
    "fill = $cstr, fill opacity=$a"
 end

-function pgf_linestyle(linewidth::Real, color, α = 1, linestyle = "solid")
-    cstr, a = pgf_color(plot_color(color, α))
+function pgf_linestyle(d::KW)
+    cstr,a = pgf_color(d[:linecolor])
    """
    color = $cstr,
-    draw opacity = $a,
-    line width = $linewidth,
-    $(get(_pgfplots_linestyles, linestyle, "solid"))"""
+    draw opacity=$a,
+    line width=$(d[:linewidth]),
+    $(get(_pgfplots_linestyles, d[:linestyle], "solid"))"""
 end

-function pgf_linestyle(d, i = 1)
-    lw = pgf_thickness_scaling(d) * get_linewidth(d, i)
-    lc = get_linecolor(d, i)
-    la = get_linealpha(d, i)
-    ls = get_linestyle(d, i)
-    return pgf_linestyle(lw, lc, la, ls)
-end
-
-function pgf_font(fontsize, thickness_scaling = 1, font = "\\selectfont")
-    fs = fontsize * thickness_scaling
-    return string("{\\fontsize{", fs, " pt}{", 1.3fs, " pt}", font, "}")
-end
-
-function pgf_marker(d, i = 1)
-    shape = _cycle(d[:markershape], i)
-    cstr, a = pgf_color(plot_color(get_markercolor(d, i), get_markeralpha(d, i)))
-    cstr_stroke, a_stroke = pgf_color(plot_color(get_markerstrokecolor(d, i), get_markerstrokealpha(d, i)))
+function pgf_marker(d::KW)
+    shape = d[:markershape]
+    cstr, a = pgf_color(d[:markercolor])
+    cstr_stroke, a_stroke = pgf_color(d[:markerstrokecolor])
    """
    mark = $(get(_pgfplots_markers, shape, "*")),
-    mark size = $(pgf_thickness_scaling(d) * 0.5 * _cycle(d[:markersize], i)),
+    mark size = $(0.5 * d[:markersize]),
    mark options = {
        color = $cstr_stroke, draw opacity = $a_stroke,
        fill = $cstr, fill opacity = $a,
-        line width = $(pgf_thickness_scaling(d) * _cycle(d[:markerstrokewidth], i)),
+        line width = $(d[:markerstrokewidth]),
        rotate = $(shape == :dtriangle ? 180 : 0),
-        $(get(_pgfplots_linestyles, _cycle(d[:markerstrokestyle], i), "solid"))
+        $(get(_pgfplots_linestyles, d[:markerstrokestyle], "solid"))
    }"""
 end

-function pgf_add_annotation!(o, x, y, val, thickness_scaling = 1)
+function pgf_add_annotation!(o,x,y,val)
    # Construct the style string.
    # Currently supports color and orientation
    cstr,a = pgf_color(val.font.color)
    push!(o, PGFPlots.Plots.Node(val.str, # Annotation Text
-        x, y,
-        style="""
-        $(get(_pgf_annotation_halign,val.font.halign,"")),
-        color=$cstr, draw opacity=$(convert(Float16,a)),
-        rotate=$(val.font.rotation),
-        font=$(pgf_font(val.font.pointsize, thickness_scaling))
-        """))
+                                 x, y,
+                                 style="""
+                                 $(get(_pgf_annotation_halign,val.font.halign,"")),
+                                 color=$cstr, draw opacity=$(convert(Float16,a)),
+                                 rotate=$(val.font.rotation)
+                                 """))
 end

 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -220,20 +175,31 @@ end
 function pgf_series(sp::Subplot, series::Series)
    d = series.d
    st = d[:seriestype]
-    series_collection = PGFPlots.Plot[]
+    style = []
+    kw = KW()
+    push!(style, pgf_linestyle(d))
+    push!(style, pgf_marker(d))
+
+    if d[:fillrange] != nothing || st in (:shape,)
+        push!(style, pgf_fillstyle(d))
+    end
+
+    # add to legend?
+    if sp[:legend] != :none && should_add_to_legend(series)
+        kw[:legendentry] = d[:label]
+    else
+        push!(style, "forget plot")
+    end

    # function args
-    args = if st == :contour
+    args = if st  == :contour
        d[:z].surf, d[:x], d[:y]
    elseif is3d(st)
        d[:x], d[:y], d[:z]
-    elseif st == :straightline
-        straightline_data(series)
-    elseif st == :shape
-        shape_data(series)
-    elseif ispolar(sp)
-        theta, r = filter_radial_data(d[:x], d[:y], axis_limits(sp[:yaxis]))
-        rad2deg.(theta), r
+    elseif d[:marker_z] != nothing
+        # If a marker_z is used pass it as third coordinate to a 2D plot.
+        # See "Scatter Plots" in PGFPlots documentation
+        d[:x], d[:y], d[:marker_z]
    else
        d[:x], d[:y]
    end
@@ -244,131 +210,34 @@ function pgf_series(sp::Subplot, series::Series)
        else
            a
        end, args)
+    # for (i,a) in enumerate(args)
+    #     if typeof(a) <: AbstractVector && typeof(a) != Vector
+    #         args[i] = collect(a)
+    #     end
+    # end

-    if st in (:contour, :histogram2d)
-        style = []
-        kw = KW()
-        push!(style, pgf_linestyle(d))
-        push!(style, pgf_marker(d))
-        push!(style, "forget plot")
-
-        kw[:style] = join(style, ',')
-        func = if st == :histogram2d
-            PGFPlots.Histogram2
-        else
-            kw[:labels] = series[:contour_labels]
-            kw[:levels] = series[:levels]
-            PGFPlots.Contour
-        end
-        push!(series_collection, func(args...; kw...))
-
-    else
-        # series segments
-        segments = iter_segments(series)
-        for (i, rng) in enumerate(segments)
-            style = []
-            kw = KW()
-            push!(style, pgf_linestyle(d, i))
-            push!(style, pgf_marker(d, i))
-
-            if st == :shape
-                push!(style, pgf_fillstyle(d, i))
-            end
-
-            # add to legend?
-            if i == 1 && sp[:legend] != :none && should_add_to_legend(series)
-                if d[:fillrange] != nothing
-                    push!(style, "forget plot")
-                    push!(series_collection, pgf_fill_legend_hack(d, args))
-                else
-                    kw[:legendentry] = d[:label]
-                    if st == :shape # || d[:fillrange] != nothing
-                        push!(style, "area legend")
-                    end
-                end
-            else
-                push!(style, "forget plot")
-            end
-
-            seg_args = (arg[rng] for arg in args)
-
-            # include additional style, then add to the kw
-            if haskey(_pgf_series_extrastyle, st)
-                push!(style, _pgf_series_extrastyle[st])
-            end
-            kw[:style] = join(style, ',')
-
-            # add fillrange
-            if series[:fillrange] != nothing && st != :shape
-                push!(series_collection, pgf_fillrange_series(series, i, _cycle(series[:fillrange], rng), seg_args...))
-            end
-
-            # build/return the series object
-            func = if st == :path3d
-                PGFPlots.Linear3
-            elseif st == :scatter
-                PGFPlots.Scatter
-            else
-                PGFPlots.Linear
-            end
-            push!(series_collection, func(seg_args...; kw...))
-        end
-    end
-    series_collection
-end
-
-function pgf_fillrange_series(series, i, fillrange, args...)
-    st = series[:seriestype]
-    style = []
-    kw = KW()
-    push!(style, "line width = 0")
-    push!(style, "draw opacity = 0")
-    push!(style, pgf_fillstyle(series, i))
-    push!(style, pgf_marker(series, i))
-    push!(style, "forget plot")
+    # include additional style, then add to the kw
    if haskey(_pgf_series_extrastyle, st)
        push!(style, _pgf_series_extrastyle[st])
    end
    kw[:style] = join(style, ',')
-    func = is3d(series) ? PGFPlots.Linear3 : PGFPlots.Linear
-    return func(pgf_fillrange_args(fillrange, args...)...; kw...)
-end

-function pgf_fillrange_args(fillrange, x, y)
-    n = length(x)
-    x_fill = [x; x[n:-1:1]; x[1]]
-    y_fill = [y; _cycle(fillrange, n:-1:1); y[1]]
-    return x_fill, y_fill
-end
-
-function pgf_fillrange_args(fillrange, x, y, z)
-    n = length(x)
-    x_fill = [x; x[n:-1:1]; x[1]]
-    y_fill = [y; y[n:-1:1]; x[1]]
-    z_fill = [z; _cycle(fillrange, n:-1:1); z[1]]
-    return x_fill, y_fill, z_fill
-end
-
-function pgf_fill_legend_hack(d, args)
-    style = []
-    kw = KW()
-    push!(style, pgf_linestyle(d, 1))
-    push!(style, pgf_marker(d, 1))
-    push!(style, pgf_fillstyle(d, 1))
-    push!(style, "area legend")
-    kw[:legendentry] = d[:label]
-    kw[:style] = join(style, ',')
-    st = d[:seriestype]
+    # build/return the series object
    func = if st == :path3d
        PGFPlots.Linear3
    elseif st == :scatter
        PGFPlots.Scatter
+    elseif st == :histogram2d
+        PGFPlots.Histogram2
+    elseif st == :contour
+        PGFPlots.Contour
    else
        PGFPlots.Linear
    end
-    return func(([arg[1]] for arg in args)...; kw...)
+    func(args...; kw...)
 end

+
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

 function pgf_axis(sp::Subplot, letter)
@@ -376,18 +245,11 @@ function pgf_axis(sp::Subplot, letter)
    style = []
    kw = KW()

-    # turn off scaled ticks
-    push!(style, "scaled $(letter) ticks = false")
-
-    # set to supported framestyle
-    framestyle = pgf_framestyle(sp[:framestyle])
-
    # axis guide
    kw[Symbol(letter,:label)] = axis[:guide]

-    # Add label font
-    cstr, α = pgf_color(plot_color(axis[:guidefontcolor]))
-    push!(style, string(letter, "label style = {font = ", pgf_font(axis[:guidefontsize], pgf_thickness_scaling(sp)), ", color = ", cstr, ", draw opacity = ", α, ", rotate = ", axis[:guidefontrotation], "}"))
+    # Add ticklabel rotations
+    push!(style, "$(letter)ticklabel style={rotate = $(axis[:rotation])}")

    # flip/reverse?
    axis[:flip] && push!(style, "$letter dir=reverse")
@@ -400,75 +262,27 @@ function pgf_axis(sp::Subplot, letter)
    end

    # ticks on or off
-    if axis[:ticks] in (nothing, false, :none) || framestyle == :none
+    if axis[:ticks] in (nothing, false)
        push!(style, "$(letter)majorticks=false")
    end

    # grid on or off
-    if axis[:grid] && framestyle != :none
+    if axis[:grid]
        push!(style, "$(letter)majorgrids = true")
-    else
-        push!(style, "$(letter)majorgrids = false")
    end

    # limits
    # TODO: support zlims
    if letter != :z
-        lims = ispolar(sp) && letter == :x ? rad2deg.(axis_limits(axis)) : axis_limits(axis)
+        lims = axis_limits(axis)
        kw[Symbol(letter,:min)] = lims[1]
        kw[Symbol(letter,:max)] = lims[2]
    end

-    if !(axis[:ticks] in (nothing, false, :none, :native)) && framestyle != :none
+    if !(axis[:ticks] in (nothing, false, :none, :auto))
        ticks = get_ticks(axis)
-        #pgf plot ignores ticks with angle below 90 when xmin = 90 so shift values
-        tick_values = ispolar(sp) && letter == :x ? [rad2deg.(ticks[1])[3:end]..., 360, 405] : ticks[1]
-        push!(style, string(letter, "tick = {", join(tick_values,","), "}"))
-        if axis[:showaxis] && axis[:scale] in (:ln, :log2, :log10) && axis[:ticks] == :auto
-            # wrap the power part of label with }
-            tick_labels = Vector{String}(length(ticks[2]))
-            for (i, label) in enumerate(ticks[2])
-                base, power = split(label, "^")
-                power = string("{", power, "}")
-                tick_labels[i] = string(base, "^", power)
-            end
-            push!(style, string(letter, "ticklabels = {\$", join(tick_labels,"\$,\$"), "\$}"))
-        elseif axis[:showaxis]
-            tick_labels = ispolar(sp) && letter == :x ? [ticks[2][3:end]..., "0", "45"] : ticks[2]
-            if axis[:formatter] in (:scientific, :auto)
-                tick_labels = string.("\$", convert_sci_unicode.(tick_labels), "\$")
-                tick_labels = replace.(tick_labels, "×", "\\times")
-            end
-            push!(style, string(letter, "ticklabels = {", join(tick_labels,","), "}"))
-        else
-            push!(style, string(letter, "ticklabels = {}"))
-        end
-        push!(style, string(letter, "tick align = ", (axis[:tick_direction] == :out ? "outside" : "inside")))
-        cstr, α = pgf_color(plot_color(axis[:tickfontcolor]))
-        push!(style, string(letter, "ticklabel style = {font = ", pgf_font(axis[:tickfontsize], pgf_thickness_scaling(sp)), ", color = ", cstr, ", draw opacity = ", α, ", rotate = ", axis[:tickfontrotation], "}"))
-        push!(style, string(letter, " grid style = {", pgf_linestyle(pgf_thickness_scaling(sp) * axis[:gridlinewidth], axis[:foreground_color_grid], axis[:gridalpha], axis[:gridstyle]), "}"))
-    end
-
-    # framestyle
-    if framestyle in (:axes, :origin)
-        axispos = framestyle == :axes ? "left" : "middle"
-        # the * after lines disables the arrows at the axes
-        push!(style, string("axis lines* = ", axispos))
-    end
-
-    if framestyle == :zerolines
-        push!(style, string("extra ", letter, " ticks = 0"))
-        push!(style, string("extra ", letter, " tick labels = "))
-        push!(style, string("extra ", letter, " tick style = {grid = major, major grid style = {", pgf_linestyle(pgf_thickness_scaling(sp), axis[:foreground_color_axis], 1.0), "}}"))
-    end
-
-    if !axis[:showaxis]
-        push!(style, "separate axis lines")
-    end
-    if !axis[:showaxis] || framestyle in (:zerolines, :grid, :none)
-        push!(style, string(letter, " axis line style = {draw opacity = 0}"))
-    else
-        push!(style, string(letter, " axis line style = {", pgf_linestyle(pgf_thickness_scaling(sp), axis[:foreground_color_axis], 1.0), "}"))
+        push!(style, string(letter, "tick = {", join(ticks[1],","), "}"))
+        push!(style, string(letter, "ticklabels = {", join(ticks[2],","), "}"))
    end

    # return the style list and KW args
@@ -505,7 +319,7 @@ function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
        bb = bbox(sp)
        push!(style, """
            xshift = $(left(bb).value)mm,
-            yshift = $(round((total_height - (bottom(bb))).value, digits=2))mm,
+            yshift = $(round((total_height - (bottom(bb))).value,2))mm,
            axis background/.style={fill=$(pgf_color(sp[:background_color_inside])[1])}
        """)
        kw[:width] = "$(width(bb).value)mm"
@@ -513,8 +327,6 @@ function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})

        if sp[:title] != ""
            kw[:title] = "$(sp[:title])"
-            cstr, α = pgf_color(plot_color(sp[:titlefontcolor]))
-            push!(style, string("title style = {font = ", pgf_font(sp[:titlefontsize], pgf_thickness_scaling(sp)), ", color = ", cstr, ", draw opacity = ", α, ", rotate = ", sp[:titlefontrotation], "}"))
        end

        if sp[:aspect_ratio] in (1, :equal)
@@ -525,23 +337,10 @@ function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
        if haskey(_pgfplots_legend_pos, legpos)
            kw[:legendPos] = _pgfplots_legend_pos[legpos]
        end
-        cstr, a = pgf_color(plot_color(sp[:background_color_legend]))
-        push!(style, string("legend style = {", pgf_linestyle(pgf_thickness_scaling(sp), sp[:foreground_color_legend], 1.0, "solid"), ",", "fill = $cstr,", "font = ", pgf_font(sp[:legendfontsize], pgf_thickness_scaling(sp)), "}"))
-
-        if any(s[:seriestype] == :contour for s in series_list(sp))
-            kw[:view] = "{0}{90}"
-            kw[:colorbar] = !(sp[:colorbar] in (:none, :off, :hide, false))
-        elseif is3d(sp)
-            azim, elev = sp[:camera]
-            kw[:view] = "{$(azim)}{$(elev)}"
-        end

        axisf = PGFPlots.Axis
        if sp[:projection] == :polar
            axisf = PGFPlots.PolarAxis
-            #make radial axis vertical
-            kw[:xmin] = 90
-            kw[:xmax] = 450
        end

        # Search series for any gradient. In case one series uses a gradient set
@@ -555,7 +354,7 @@ function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
        # As it is likely that all series within the same axis use the same
        # colormap this should not cause any problem.
        for series in series_list(sp)
-            for col in (:markercolor, :fillcolor, :linecolor)
+            for col in (:markercolor, :fillcolor)
                if typeof(series.d[col]) == ColorGradient
                    push!(style,"colormap={plots}{$(pgf_colormap(series.d[col]))}")

@@ -571,22 +370,22 @@ function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
        end
        @label colorbar_end

-        o = axisf(; style = join(style, ","), kw...)
+        o = axisf(; style = style, kw...)

        # add the series object to the PGFPlots.Axis
        for series in series_list(sp)
-            push!.(o, pgf_series(sp, series))
+            push!(o, pgf_series(sp, series))

            # add series annotations
            anns = series[:series_annotations]
            for (xi,yi,str,fnt) in EachAnn(anns, series[:x], series[:y])
-                pgf_add_annotation!(o, xi, yi, PlotText(str, fnt), pgf_thickness_scaling(series))
+                pgf_add_annotation!(o, xi, yi, PlotText(str, fnt))
            end
        end

        # add the annotations
        for ann in sp[:annotations]
-            pgf_add_annotation!(o, locate_annotation(sp, ann...)..., pgf_thickness_scaling(sp))
+            pgf_add_annotation!(o,ann...)
        end


@@ -608,7 +407,7 @@ function _show(io::IO, mime::MIME"application/pdf", plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
    PGFPlots.save(PGFPlots.PDF(fn), pgfplt)

    # read it into io
-    write(io, read(open(fn), String))
+    write(io, readstring(open(fn)))

    # cleanup
    PGFPlots.cleanup(plt.o)
@@ -617,7 +416,7 @@ end
 function _show(io::IO, mime::MIME"application/x-tex", plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
    fn = tempname()*".tex"
    PGFPlots.save(fn, backend_object(plt), include_preamble=false)
-    write(io, read(open(fn), String))
+    write(io, readstring(open(fn)))
 end

 function _display(plt::Plot{PGFPlotsBackend})
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@

 # https://plot.ly/javascript/getting-started

-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "plotly.jl"))
-end
-
 const _plotly_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :annotations,
    :background_color_legend, :background_color_inside, :background_color_outside,
@@ -19,18 +15,13 @@ const _plotly_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :markerstrokewidth, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha, :markerstrokestyle,
    :fillrange, :fillcolor, :fillalpha,
    :bins,
-    :title, :title_location,
-    :titlefontfamily, :titlefontsize, :titlefonthalign, :titlefontvalign,
-    :titlefontcolor,
-    :legendfontfamily, :legendfontsize, :legendfontcolor,
-    :tickfontfamily, :tickfontsize, :tickfontcolor,
-    :guidefontfamily, :guidefontsize, :guidefontcolor,
+    :title, :title_location, :titlefont,
    :window_title,
    :guide, :lims, :ticks, :scale, :flip, :rotation,
    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
    :grid, :gridalpha, :gridlinewidth,
    :legend, :colorbar, :colorbar_title,
-    :marker_z, :fill_z, :line_z, :levels,
+    :marker_z, :fill_z, :levels,
    :ribbon, :quiver,
    :orientation,
    # :overwrite_figure,
@@ -42,16 +33,11 @@ const _plotly_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :inset_subplots,
    :bar_width,
    :clims,
-    :framestyle,
-    :tick_direction,
-    :camera,
-    :contour_labels,
  ])

 const _plotly_seriestype = [
-    :path, :scatter, :pie, :heatmap,
+    :path, :scatter, :bar, :pie, :heatmap,
    :contour, :surface, :wireframe, :path3d, :scatter3d, :shape, :scattergl,
-    :straightline
 ]
 const _plotly_style = [:auto, :solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot]
 const _plotly_marker = [
@@ -61,17 +47,6 @@ const _plotly_marker = [
 const _plotly_scale = [:identity, :log10]
 is_subplot_supported(::PlotlyBackend) = true
 # is_string_supported(::PlotlyBackend) = true
-const _plotly_framestyles = [:box, :axes, :zerolines, :grid, :none]
-const _plotly_framestyle_defaults = Dict(:semi => :box, :origin => :zerolines)
-function _plotly_framestyle(style::Symbol)
-    if style in _plotly_framestyles
-        return style
-    else
-        default_style = get(_plotly_framestyle_defaults, style, :axes)
-        warn("Framestyle :$style is not supported by Plotly and PlotlyJS. :$default_style was cosen instead.")
-        default_style
-    end
-end


 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -88,6 +63,8 @@ const _plotly_js_path_remote = "https://cdn.plot.ly/plotly-latest.min.js"

 function _initialize_backend(::PlotlyBackend; kw...)
  @eval begin
+    import JSON
+
    _js_code = open(readstring, _plotly_js_path, "r")

    # borrowed from https://github.com/plotly/plotly.py/blob/2594076e29584ede2d09f2aa40a8a195b3f3fc66/plotly/offline/offline.py#L64-L71 c/o @spencerlyon2
@@ -131,7 +108,7 @@ const _plotly_legend_pos = KW(
    )

 plotly_legend_pos(pos::Symbol) = get(_plotly_legend_pos, pos, [1.,1.])
-plotly_legend_pos(v::Tuple{S,T}) where {S<:Real, T<:Real} = v
+plotly_legend_pos{S<:Real, T<:Real}(v::Tuple{S,T}) = v

 function plotly_font(font::Font, color = font.color)
    KW(
@@ -147,7 +124,7 @@ function plotly_annotation_dict(x, y, val; xref="paper", yref="paper")
        :text => val,
        :xref => xref,
        :x => x,
-        :yref => yref,
+        :yref => xref,
        :y => y,
        :showarrow => false,
    )
@@ -233,57 +210,45 @@ function plotly_domain(sp::Subplot, letter)
 end


-function plotly_axis(plt::Plot, axis::Axis, sp::Subplot)
+function plotly_axis(axis::Axis, sp::Subplot)
    letter = axis[:letter]
-    framestyle = sp[:framestyle]
    ax = KW(
-        :visible    => framestyle != :none,
        :title      => axis[:guide],
        :showgrid   => axis[:grid],
        :gridcolor  => rgba_string(plot_color(axis[:foreground_color_grid], axis[:gridalpha])),
        :gridwidth  => axis[:gridlinewidth],
-        :zeroline   => framestyle == :zerolines,
-        :zerolinecolor => rgba_string(axis[:foreground_color_axis]),
-        :showline   => framestyle in (:box, :axes) && axis[:showaxis],
-        :linecolor  => rgba_string(plot_color(axis[:foreground_color_axis])),
-        :ticks      => axis[:tick_direction] == :out ? "outside" : "inside",
-        :mirror     => framestyle == :box,
-        :showticklabels => axis[:showaxis],
+        :zeroline   => false,
+        :ticks      => "inside",
    )

    if letter in (:x,:y)
        ax[:domain] = plotly_domain(sp, letter)
-        if is3d(sp)
-            # don't link 3d axes for synchronized interactivity
-            x_idx = y_idx = sp[:subplot_index]
-        else
-            x_idx, y_idx = plotly_link_indicies(plt, sp)
-        end
-        ax[:anchor] = "$(letter==:x ? "y$(y_idx)" : "x$(x_idx)")"
+        ax[:anchor] = "$(letter==:x ? :y : :x)$(plotly_subplot_index(sp))"
    end

    ax[:tickangle] = -axis[:rotation]
-    ax[:type] = plotly_scale(axis[:scale])
-    lims = axis_limits(axis)

-    if axis[:ticks] != :native || axis[:lims] != :auto
-        ax[:range] = map(scalefunc(axis[:scale]), lims)
-    end
-
-    if !(axis[:ticks] in (nothing, :none, false))
-        ax[:titlefont] = plotly_font(guidefont(axis))
-        ax[:tickfont] = plotly_font(tickfont(axis))
-        ax[:tickcolor] = framestyle in (:zerolines, :grid) || !axis[:showaxis] ? rgba_string(invisible()) : rgb_string(axis[:foreground_color_axis])
+    if !(axis[:ticks] in (nothing, :none))
+        ax[:titlefont] = plotly_font(axis[:guidefont], axis[:foreground_color_guide])
+        ax[:type] = plotly_scale(axis[:scale])
+        ax[:tickfont] = plotly_font(axis[:tickfont], axis[:foreground_color_text])
+        ax[:tickcolor] = rgba_string(axis[:foreground_color_axis])
        ax[:linecolor] = rgba_string(axis[:foreground_color_axis])

+        # lims
+        lims = axis[:lims]
+        if lims != :auto && limsType(lims) == :limits
+            ax[:range] = map(scalefunc(axis[:scale]), lims)
+        end
+
        # flip
        if axis[:flip]
-            ax[:range] = reverse(ax[:range])
+            ax[:autorange] = "reversed"
        end

        # ticks
-        if axis[:ticks] != :native
-            ticks = get_ticks(axis)
+        ticks = get_ticks(axis)
+        if ticks != :auto
            ttype = ticksType(ticks)
            if ttype == :ticks
                ax[:tickmode] = "array"
@@ -298,23 +263,6 @@ function plotly_axis(plt::Plot, axis::Axis, sp::Subplot)
        ax[:showgrid] = false
    end

-
-    ax
-end
-
-function plotly_polaraxis(axis::Axis)
-    ax = KW(
-        :visible => axis[:showaxis],
-        :showline => axis[:grid],
-    )
-
-    if axis[:letter] == :x
-        ax[:range] = rad2deg.(axis_limits(axis))
-    else
-        ax[:range] = axis_limits(axis)
-        ax[:orientation] = -90
-    end
-
    ax
 end

@@ -328,11 +276,10 @@ function plotly_layout(plt::Plot)

    d_out[:annotations] = KW[]

-    multiple_subplots = length(plt.subplots) > 1
-
    for sp in plt.subplots
-        spidx = multiple_subplots ? sp[:subplot_index] : ""
-        x_idx, y_idx = multiple_subplots ? plotly_link_indicies(plt, sp) : ("", "")
+        spidx = plotly_subplot_index(sp)
+
+
        # add an annotation for the title... positioned horizontally relative to plotarea,
        # but vertically just below the top of the subplot bounding box
        if sp[:title] != ""
@@ -346,40 +293,22 @@ function plotly_layout(plt::Plot)
                0.5 * (left(bb) + right(bb))
            end
            titlex, titley = xy_mm_to_pcts(xmm, top(bbox(sp)), w*px, h*px)
-            title_font = font(titlefont(sp), :top)
-            push!(d_out[:annotations], plotly_annotation_dict(titlex, titley, text(sp[:title], title_font)))
+            titlefont = font(sp[:titlefont], :top, sp[:foreground_color_title])
+            push!(d_out[:annotations], plotly_annotation_dict(titlex, titley, text(sp[:title], titlefont)))
        end

        d_out[:plot_bgcolor] = rgba_string(sp[:background_color_inside])

-        # set to supported framestyle
-        sp[:framestyle] = _plotly_framestyle(sp[:framestyle])
-
        # if any(is3d, seriesargs)
        if is3d(sp)
-            azim = sp[:camera][1] - 90 #convert azimuthal to match GR behaviour
-            theta = 90 - sp[:camera][2] #spherical coordinate angle from z axis
            d_out[:scene] = KW(
-                Symbol("xaxis$(spidx)") => plotly_axis(plt, sp[:xaxis], sp),
-                Symbol("yaxis$(spidx)") => plotly_axis(plt, sp[:yaxis], sp),
-                Symbol("zaxis$(spidx)") => plotly_axis(plt, sp[:zaxis], sp),
-
-                #2.6 multiplier set camera eye such that whole plot can be seen
-                :camera => KW(
-                    :eye => KW(
-                        :x => cosd(azim)*sind(theta)*2.6,
-                        :y => sind(azim)*sind(theta)*2.6,
-                        :z => cosd(theta)*2.6,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                Symbol("xaxis$spidx") => plotly_axis(sp[:xaxis], sp),
+                Symbol("yaxis$spidx") => plotly_axis(sp[:yaxis], sp),
+                Symbol("zaxis$spidx") => plotly_axis(sp[:zaxis], sp),
            )
-        elseif ispolar(sp)
-            d_out[Symbol("angularaxis$(spidx)")] = plotly_polaraxis(sp[:xaxis])
-            d_out[Symbol("radialaxis$(spidx)")] = plotly_polaraxis(sp[:yaxis])
        else
-            d_out[Symbol("xaxis$(x_idx)")] = plotly_axis(plt, sp[:xaxis], sp)
-            # don't allow yaxis to be reupdated/reanchored in a linked subplot
-            spidx == y_idx ? d_out[Symbol("yaxis$(y_idx)")] = plotly_axis(plt, sp[:yaxis], sp) : nothing
+            d_out[Symbol("xaxis$spidx")] = plotly_axis(sp[:xaxis], sp)
+            d_out[Symbol("yaxis$spidx")] = plotly_axis(sp[:yaxis], sp)
        end

        # legend
@@ -389,17 +318,15 @@ function plotly_layout(plt::Plot)
            d_out[:legend] = KW(
                :bgcolor  => rgba_string(sp[:background_color_legend]),
                :bordercolor => rgba_string(sp[:foreground_color_legend]),
-                :font     => plotly_font(legendfont(sp)),
-                :tracegroupgap => 0,
+                :font     => plotly_font(sp[:legendfont], sp[:foreground_color_legend]),
                :x => xpos,
                :y => ypos
            )
        end

        # annotations
-        for ann in sp[:annotations]
-            append!(d_out[:annotations], KW[plotly_annotation_dict(locate_annotation(sp, ann...)...; xref = "x$(x_idx)", yref = "y$(y_idx)")])
-        end
+        append!(d_out[:annotations], KW[plotly_annotation_dict(ann...; xref = "x$spidx", yref = "y$spidx") for ann in sp[:annotations]])
+
        # series_annotations
        for series in series_list(sp)
            anns = series[:series_annotations]
@@ -407,7 +334,7 @@ function plotly_layout(plt::Plot)
                push!(d_out[:annotations], plotly_annotation_dict(
                    xi,
                    yi,
-                    PlotText(str,fnt); xref = "x$(x_idx)", yref = "y$(y_idx)")
+                    PlotText(str,fnt); xref = "x$spidx", yref = "y$spidx")
                )
            end
        end
@@ -443,17 +370,9 @@ end


 function plotly_colorscale(grad::ColorGradient, α)
-    [[grad.values[i], rgba_string(plot_color(grad.colors[i], α))] for i in 1:length(grad.colors)]
+    [[grad.values[i], rgb_string(grad.colors[i])] for i in 1:length(grad.colors)]
 end
 plotly_colorscale(c, α) = plotly_colorscale(cgrad(alpha=α), α)
-function plotly_colorscale(c::AbstractVector{<:RGBA}, α)
-    if length(c) == 1
-        return [[0.0, rgba_string(plot_color(c[1], α))], [1.0, rgba_string(plot_color(c[1], α))]]
-    else
-        vals = range(0.0, stop=1.0, length=length(c))
-        return [[vals[i], rgba_string(plot_color(c[i], α))] for i in eachindex(c)]
-    end
-end
 # plotly_colorscale(c, alpha = nothing) = plotly_colorscale(cgrad(), alpha)


@@ -468,15 +387,9 @@ const _plotly_markers = KW(
    :hline      => "line-ew",
 )

-# find indicies of axes to which the supblot links to
-function plotly_link_indicies(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot)
-    if plt[:link] in (:x, :y, :both)
-        x_idx = sp[:xaxis].sps[1][:subplot_index]
-        y_idx = sp[:yaxis].sps[1][:subplot_index]
-    else
-        x_idx = y_idx = sp[:subplot_index]
-    end
-    x_idx, y_idx
+function plotly_subplot_index(sp::Subplot)
+    spidx = sp[:subplot_index]
+    spidx == 1 ? "" : spidx
 end


@@ -491,51 +404,14 @@ function plotly_close_shapes(x, y)
    nanvcat(xs), nanvcat(ys)
 end

-function plotly_data(series::Series, letter::Symbol, data)
-    axis = series[:subplot][Symbol(letter, :axis)]
-
-    data = if axis[:ticks] == :native && data != nothing
-        plotly_native_data(axis, data)
-    else
-       data
-    end
-
-    if series[:seriestype] in (:heatmap, :contour, :surface, :wireframe)
-        plotly_surface_data(series, data)
-    else
-        plotly_data(data)
-    end
-end
-plotly_data(v) = v != nothing ? collect(v) : v
+plotly_data(v) = collect(v)
 plotly_data(surf::Surface) = surf.surf
-plotly_data(v::AbstractArray{R}) where {R<:Rational} = float(v)
+plotly_data{R<:Rational}(v::AbstractArray{R}) = float(v)

 plotly_surface_data(series::Series, a::AbstractVector) = a
 plotly_surface_data(series::Series, a::AbstractMatrix) = transpose_z(series, a, false)
 plotly_surface_data(series::Series, a::Surface) = plotly_surface_data(series, a.surf)

-function plotly_native_data(axis::Axis, data::AbstractArray)
-    if !isempty(axis[:discrete_values])
-        construct_categorical_data(data, axis)
-    elseif axis[:formatter] in (datetimeformatter, dateformatter, timeformatter)
-        plotly_convert_to_datetime(data, axis[:formatter])
-    else
-        data
-    end
-end
-plotly_native_data(axis::Axis, a::Surface) = Surface(plotly_native_data(axis, a.surf))
-
-function plotly_convert_to_datetime(x::AbstractArray, formatter::Function)
-    if formatter == datetimeformatter
-        map(xi -> replace(formatter(xi), "T", " "), x)
-    elseif formatter == dateformatter
-        map(xi -> string(formatter(xi), " 00:00:00"), x)
-    elseif formatter == timeformatter
-        map(xi -> string(Dates.Date(Dates.now()), " ", formatter(xi)), x)
-    else
-        error("Invalid DateTime formatter. Expected Plots.datetime/date/time formatter but got $formatter")
-    end
-end
 #ensures that a gradient is called if a single color is supplied where a gradient is needed (e.g. if a series recipe defines marker_z)
 as_gradient(grad::ColorGradient, α) = grad
 as_gradient(grad, α) = cgrad(alpha = α)
@@ -551,30 +427,27 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)
    d_out = KW()

    # these are the axes that the series should be mapped to
-    x_idx, y_idx = plotly_link_indicies(plt, sp)
-    d_out[:xaxis] = "x$(x_idx)"
-    d_out[:yaxis] = "y$(y_idx)"
+    spidx = plotly_subplot_index(sp)
+    d_out[:xaxis] = "x$spidx"
+    d_out[:yaxis] = "y$spidx"
    d_out[:showlegend] = should_add_to_legend(series)

-    if st == :straightline
-        x, y = straightline_data(series)
-        z = series[:z]
-    else
-        x, y, z  = series[:x], series[:y], series[:z]
-    end
-
-    x, y, z = (plotly_data(series, letter, data)
-        for (letter, data) in zip((:x, :y, :z), (x, y, z))
-    )
-
+    x, y = plotly_data(series[:x]), plotly_data(series[:y])
    d_out[:name] = series[:label]

    isscatter = st in (:scatter, :scatter3d, :scattergl)
    hasmarker = isscatter || series[:markershape] != :none
-    hasline = st in (:path, :path3d, :straightline)
-    hasfillrange = st in (:path, :scatter, :scattergl, :straightline) &&
+    hasline = st in (:path, :path3d)
+    hasfillrange = st in (:path, :scatter, :scattergl) &&
        (isa(series[:fillrange], AbstractVector) || isa(series[:fillrange], Tuple))

+    # for surface types, set the data
+    if st in (:heatmap, :contour, :surface, :wireframe)
+        for letter in [:x,:y,:z]
+            d_out[letter] = plotly_surface_data(series, series[letter])
+        end
+    end
+
    d_out[:colorbar] = KW(:title => sp[:colorbar_title])

    clims = sp[:clims]
@@ -583,34 +456,56 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)
    end

    # set the "type"
-    if st in (:path, :scatter, :scattergl, :straightline, :path3d, :scatter3d)
-        return plotly_series_segments(series, d_out, x, y, z)
+    if st in (:path, :scatter, :scattergl)
+        d_out[:type] = st==:scattergl ? "scattergl" : "scatter"
+        d_out[:mode] = if hasmarker
+            hasline ? "lines+markers" : "markers"
+        else
+            hasline ? "lines" : "none"
+        end
+        if series[:fillrange] == true || series[:fillrange] == 0 || isa(series[:fillrange], Tuple)
+            d_out[:fill] = "tozeroy"
+            d_out[:fillcolor] = rgba_string(series[:fillcolor])
+        elseif isa(series[:fillrange], AbstractVector)
+            d_out[:fill] = "tonexty"
+            d_out[:fillcolor] = rgba_string(series[:fillcolor])
+        elseif !(series[:fillrange] in (false, nothing))
+            warn("fillrange ignored... plotly only supports filling to zero and to a vector of values. fillrange: $(series[:fillrange])")
+        end
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y] = x, y
+
+    elseif st == :bar
+        d_out[:type] = "bar"
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:orientation] = if isvertical(series)
+            x, y, "v"
+        else
+            y, x, "h"
+        end
+        d_out[:marker] = KW(:color => rgba_string(series[:fillcolor]))

    elseif st == :heatmap
-        x = heatmap_edges(x, sp[:xaxis][:scale])
-        y = heatmap_edges(y, sp[:yaxis][:scale])
        d_out[:type] = "heatmap"
-        d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = x, y, z
+        # d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = series[:x], series[:y], transpose_z(series, series[:z].surf, false)
        d_out[:colorscale] = plotly_colorscale(series[:fillcolor], series[:fillalpha])
-        d_out[:showscale] = hascolorbar(sp)
+        d_out[:showscale] = sp[:legend] != :none

    elseif st == :contour
        d_out[:type] = "contour"
-        d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = x, y, z
+        # d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = series[:x], series[:y], transpose_z(series, series[:z].surf, false)
        # d_out[:showscale] = series[:colorbar] != :none
        d_out[:ncontours] = series[:levels]
-        d_out[:contours] = KW(:coloring => series[:fillrange] != nothing ? "fill" : "lines", :showlabels => series[:contour_labels] == true)
+        d_out[:contours] = KW(:coloring => series[:fillrange] != nothing ? "fill" : "lines")
        d_out[:colorscale] = plotly_colorscale(series[:linecolor], series[:linealpha])
-        d_out[:showscale] = hascolorbar(sp)
+        d_out[:showscale] = sp[:legend] != :none

    elseif st in (:surface, :wireframe)
        d_out[:type] = "surface"
-        d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = x, y, z
+        # d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = series[:x], series[:y], transpose_z(series, series[:z].surf, false)
        if st == :wireframe
            d_out[:hidesurface] = true
            wirelines = KW(
                :show => true,
-                :color => rgba_string(plot_color(series[:linecolor], series[:linealpha])),
+                :color => rgba_string(series[:linecolor]),
                :highlightwidth => series[:linewidth],
            )
            d_out[:contours] = KW(:x => wirelines, :y => wirelines, :z => wirelines)
@@ -621,7 +516,7 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)
            if series[:fill_z] != nothing
                d_out[:surfacecolor] = plotly_surface_data(series, series[:fill_z])
            end
-            d_out[:showscale] = hascolorbar(sp)
+            d_out[:showscale] = sp[:legend] != :none
        end

    elseif st == :pie
@@ -630,6 +525,16 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)
        d_out[:values] = y
        d_out[:hoverinfo] = "label+percent+name"

+    elseif st in (:path3d, :scatter3d)
+        d_out[:type] = "scatter3d"
+        d_out[:mode] = if hasmarker
+            hasline ? "lines+markers" : "markers"
+        else
+            hasline ? "lines" : "none"
+        end
+        d_out[:x], d_out[:y] = x, y
+        d_out[:z] = plotly_data(series[:z])
+
    else
        warn("Plotly: seriestype $st isn't supported.")
        return KW()
@@ -637,235 +542,121 @@ function plotly_series(plt::Plot, series::Series)

    # add "marker"
    if hasmarker
-        inds = eachindex(x)
        d_out[:marker] = KW(
            :symbol => get(_plotly_markers, series[:markershape], string(series[:markershape])),
            # :opacity => series[:markeralpha],
-            :size => 2 * _cycle(series[:markersize], inds),
-            :color => rgba_string.(plot_color.(get_markercolor.(series, inds), get_markeralpha.(series, inds))),
+            :size => 2 * series[:markersize],
+            # :color => rgba_string(series[:markercolor]),
            :line => KW(
-                :color => rgba_string.(plot_color.(get_markerstrokecolor.(series, inds), get_markerstrokealpha.(series, inds))),
-                :width => _cycle(series[:markerstrokewidth], inds),
+                :color => rgba_string(series[:markerstrokecolor]),
+                :width => series[:markerstrokewidth],
            ),
        )
+
+        # gotta hack this (for now?) since plotly can't handle rgba values inside the gradient
+        d_out[:marker][:color] = if series[:marker_z] == nothing
+            rgba_string(series[:markercolor])
+        else
+            # grad = ColorGradient(series[:markercolor], alpha=series[:markeralpha])
+            grad = as_gradient(series[:markercolor], series[:markeralpha])
+            zmin, zmax = ignorenan_extrema(series[:marker_z])
+            zrange = zmax == zmin ? 1 : zmax - zmin # if all marker_z values are the same, plot all markers same color (avoids division by zero in next line)
+            [rgba_string(grad[(zi - zmin) / zrange]) for zi in series[:marker_z]]
+        end
+    end
+
+    # add "line"
+    if hasline
+        d_out[:line] = KW(
+            :color => rgba_string(series[:linecolor]),
+            :width => series[:linewidth],
+            :shape => if st == :steppre
+                "vh"
+            elseif st == :steppost
+                "hv"
+            else
+                "linear"
+            end,
+            :dash => string(series[:linestyle]),
+            # :dash => "solid",
+        )
    end

    plotly_polar!(d_out, series)
    plotly_hover!(d_out, series[:hover])

-    return [d_out]
+    if hasfillrange
+        # if hasfillrange is true, return two dictionaries (one for original
+        # series, one for series being filled to) instead of one
+        d_out_fillrange = deepcopy(d_out)
+        d_out_fillrange[:showlegend] = false
+        if isa(series[:fillrange], AbstractVector)
+            d_out_fillrange[:y] = series[:fillrange]
+            delete!(d_out_fillrange, :fill)
+            delete!(d_out_fillrange, :fillcolor)
+        else
+            # if fillrange is a tuple with upper and lower limit, d_out_fillrange
+            # is the series that will do the filling
+            d_out_fillrange[:x], d_out_fillrange[:y] =
+                concatenate_fillrange(series[:x], series[:fillrange])
+            d_out_fillrange[:line][:width] = 0
+            delete!(d_out, :fill)
+            delete!(d_out, :fillcolor)
+        end
+
+        return [d_out_fillrange, d_out]
+    else
+        return [d_out]
+    end
 end

 function plotly_series_shapes(plt::Plot, series::Series)
-    segments = iter_segments(series)
-    d_outs = Vector{KW}(length(segments))
+    d_outs = []

    # TODO: create a d_out for each polygon
    # x, y = series[:x], series[:y]

    # these are the axes that the series should be mapped to
-    x_idx, y_idx = plotly_link_indicies(plt, series[:subplot])
-    d_base = KW(
-        :xaxis => "x$(x_idx)",
-        :yaxis => "y$(y_idx)",
-        :name => series[:label],
-        :legendgroup => series[:label],
-    )
+    spidx = plotly_subplot_index(series[:subplot])
+    base_d = KW()
+    base_d[:xaxis] = "x$spidx"
+    base_d[:yaxis] = "y$spidx"
+    base_d[:name] = series[:label]
+    # base_d[:legendgroup] = series[:label]

-    x, y = (plotly_data(series, letter, data)
-        for (letter, data) in zip((:x, :y), shape_data(series))
-    )
-
-    for (i,rng) in enumerate(segments)
+    x, y = plotly_data(series[:x]), plotly_data(series[:y])
+    for (i,rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(x,y))
        length(rng) < 2 && continue

        # to draw polygons, we actually draw lines with fill
-        d_out = merge(d_base, KW(
+        d_out = merge(base_d, KW(
            :type => "scatter",
            :mode => "lines",
            :x => vcat(x[rng], x[rng[1]]),
            :y => vcat(y[rng], y[rng[1]]),
            :fill => "tozeroy",
-            :fillcolor => rgba_string(plot_color(get_fillcolor(series, i), get_fillalpha(series, i))),
+            :fillcolor => rgba_string(_cycle(series[:fillcolor], i)),
        ))
        if series[:markerstrokewidth] > 0
            d_out[:line] = KW(
-                :color => rgba_string(plot_color(get_linecolor(series, i), get_linealpha(series, i))),
-                :width => get_linewidth(series, i),
-                :dash => string(get_linestyle(series, i)),
+                :color => rgba_string(_cycle(series[:linecolor], i)),
+                :width => series[:linewidth],
+                :dash => string(series[:linestyle]),
            )
        end
        d_out[:showlegend] = i==1 ? should_add_to_legend(series) : false
        plotly_polar!(d_out, series)
        plotly_hover!(d_out, _cycle(series[:hover], i))
-        d_outs[i] = d_out
-    end
-    if series[:fill_z] != nothing
-        push!(d_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, d_base, :fill))
-    elseif series[:line_z] != nothing
-        push!(d_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, d_base, :line))
-    elseif series[:marker_z] != nothing
-        push!(d_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, d_base, :marker))
+        push!(d_outs, d_out)
    end
    d_outs
 end

-function plotly_series_segments(series::Series, d_base::KW, x, y, z)
-    st = series[:seriestype]
-    sp = series[:subplot]
-    isscatter = st in (:scatter, :scatter3d, :scattergl)
-    hasmarker = isscatter || series[:markershape] != :none
-    hasline = st in (:path, :path3d, :straightline)
-    hasfillrange = st in (:path, :scatter, :scattergl, :straightline) &&
-        (isa(series[:fillrange], AbstractVector) || isa(series[:fillrange], Tuple))
-
-    segments = iter_segments(series)
-    d_outs = Vector{KW}((hasfillrange ? 2 : 1 ) * length(segments))
-
-    for (i,rng) in enumerate(segments)
-        !isscatter && length(rng) < 2 && continue
-
-        d_out = deepcopy(d_base)
-        d_out[:showlegend] = i==1 ? should_add_to_legend(series) : false
-        d_out[:legendgroup] = series[:label]
-
-        # set the type
-        if st in (:path, :scatter, :scattergl, :straightline)
-            d_out[:type] = st==:scattergl ? "scattergl" : "scatter"
-            d_out[:mode] = if hasmarker
-                hasline ? "lines+markers" : "markers"
-            else
-                hasline ? "lines" : "none"
-            end
-            if series[:fillrange] == true || series[:fillrange] == 0 || isa(series[:fillrange], Tuple)
-                d_out[:fill] = "tozeroy"
-                d_out[:fillcolor] = rgba_string(plot_color(get_fillcolor(series, i), get_fillalpha(series, i)))
-            elseif typeof(series[:fillrange]) <: Union{AbstractVector{<:Real}, Real}
-                d_out[:fill] = "tonexty"
-                d_out[:fillcolor] = rgba_string(plot_color(get_fillcolor(series, i), get_fillalpha(series, i)))
-            elseif !(series[:fillrange] in (false, nothing))
-                warn("fillrange ignored... plotly only supports filling to zero and to a vector of values. fillrange: $(series[:fillrange])")
-            end
-            d_out[:x], d_out[:y] = x[rng], y[rng]
-
-        elseif st in (:path3d, :scatter3d)
-            d_out[:type] = "scatter3d"
-            d_out[:mode] = if hasmarker
-                hasline ? "lines+markers" : "markers"
-            else
-                hasline ? "lines" : "none"
-            end
-            d_out[:x], d_out[:y], d_out[:z] = x[rng], y[rng], z[rng]
-        end
-
-        # add "marker"
-        if hasmarker
-            d_out[:marker] = KW(
-                :symbol => get(_plotly_markers, _cycle(series[:markershape], i), string(_cycle(series[:markershape], i))),
-                # :opacity => series[:markeralpha],
-                :size => 2 * _cycle(series[:markersize], i),
-                :color => rgba_string(plot_color(get_markercolor(series, i), get_markeralpha(series, i))),
-                :line => KW(
-                    :color => rgba_string(plot_color(get_markerstrokecolor(series, i), get_markerstrokealpha(series, i))),
-                    :width => _cycle(series[:markerstrokewidth], i),
-                ),
-            )
-        end
-
-        # add "line"
-        if hasline
-            d_out[:line] = KW(
-                :color => rgba_string(plot_color(get_linecolor(series, i), get_linealpha(series, i))),
-                :width => get_linewidth(series, i),
-                :shape => if st == :steppre
-                    "vh"
-                elseif st == :steppost
-                    "hv"
-                else
-                    "linear"
-                end,
-                :dash => string(get_linestyle(series, i)),
-            )
-        end
-
-        plotly_polar!(d_out, series)
-        plotly_hover!(d_out, _cycle(series[:hover], rng))
-
-        if hasfillrange
-            # if hasfillrange is true, return two dictionaries (one for original
-            # series, one for series being filled to) instead of one
-            d_out_fillrange = deepcopy(d_out)
-            d_out_fillrange[:showlegend] = false
-            # if fillrange is provided as real or tuple of real, expand to array
-            if typeof(series[:fillrange]) <: Real
-                series[:fillrange] = fill(series[:fillrange], length(rng))
-            elseif typeof(series[:fillrange]) <: Tuple
-                f1 = typeof(series[:fillrange][1]) <: Real ? fill(series[:fillrange][1], length(rng)) : series[:fillrange][1][rng]
-                f2 = typeof(series[:fillrange][2]) <: Real ? fill(series[:fillrange][2], length(rng)) : series[:fillrange][2][rng]
-                series[:fillrange] = (f1, f2)
-            end
-            if isa(series[:fillrange], AbstractVector)
-                d_out_fillrange[:y] = series[:fillrange][rng]
-                delete!(d_out_fillrange, :fill)
-                delete!(d_out_fillrange, :fillcolor)
-            else
-                # if fillrange is a tuple with upper and lower limit, d_out_fillrange
-                # is the series that will do the filling
-                fillrng = Tuple(series[:fillrange][i][rng] for i in 1:2)
-                d_out_fillrange[:x], d_out_fillrange[:y] = concatenate_fillrange(x[rng], fillrng)
-                d_out_fillrange[:line][:width] = 0
-                delete!(d_out, :fill)
-                delete!(d_out, :fillcolor)
-            end
-
-            d_outs[(2 * i - 1):(2 * i)] = [d_out_fillrange, d_out]
-        else
-            d_outs[i] = d_out
-        end
-    end
-
-    if series[:line_z] != nothing
-        push!(d_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, d_base, :line))
-    elseif series[:fill_z] != nothing
-        push!(d_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, d_base, :fill))
-    elseif series[:marker_z] != nothing
-        push!(d_outs, plotly_colorbar_hack(series, d_base, :marker))
-    end
-
-    d_outs
-end
-
-function plotly_colorbar_hack(series::Series, d_base::KW, sym::Symbol)
-    d_out = deepcopy(d_base)
-    cmin, cmax = get_clims(series[:subplot])
-    d_out[:showlegend] = false
-    d_out[:type] = is3d(series) ? :scatter3d : :scatter
-    d_out[:hoverinfo] = :none
-    d_out[:mode] = :markers
-    d_out[:x], d_out[:y] = [series[:x][1]], [series[:y][1]]
-    if is3d(series)
-        d_out[:z] = [series[:z][1]]
-    end
-    # zrange = zmax == zmin ? 1 : zmax - zmin # if all marker_z values are the same, plot all markers same color (avoids division by zero in next line)
-    d_out[:marker] = KW(
-        :size => 0,
-        :opacity => 0,
-        :color => [0.5],
-        :cmin => cmin,
-        :cmax => cmax,
-        :colorscale => plotly_colorscale(series[Symbol("$(sym)color")], 1),
-        :showscale => hascolorbar(series[:subplot]),
-    )
-    return d_out
-end
-
-
 function plotly_polar!(d_out::KW, series::Series)
    # convert polar plots x/y to theta/radius
    if ispolar(series[:subplot])
-        theta, r = filter_radial_data(pop!(d_out, :x), pop!(d_out, :y), axis_limits(series[:subplot][:yaxis]))
-        d_out[:t] = rad2deg.(theta)
-        d_out[:r] = r
+        d_out[:t] = rad2deg(pop!(d_out, :x))
+        d_out[:r] = pop!(d_out, :y)
    end
 end

@@ -880,23 +671,21 @@ function plotly_hover!(d_out::KW, hover)
 end

 # get a list of dictionaries, each representing the series params
-function plotly_series(plt::Plot)
+function plotly_series_json(plt::Plot)
    slist = []
    for series in plt.series_list
        append!(slist, plotly_series(plt, series))
    end
-    slist
+    JSON.json(slist)
+    # JSON.json(map(series -> plotly_series(plt, series), plt.series_list))
 end

-# get json string for a list of dictionaries, each representing the series params
-plotly_series_json(plt::Plot) = JSON.json(plotly_series(plt))
-
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

 const _use_remote = Ref(false)

 function html_head(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
-    jsfilename = _use_remote[] ? _plotly_js_path_remote : ("file://" * _plotly_js_path)
+    jsfilename = _use_remote[] ? _plotly_js_path_remote : _plotly_js_path
    # "<script src=\"$(joinpath(dirname(@__FILE__),"..","..","deps","plotly-latest.min.js"))\"></script>"
    "<script src=\"$jsfilename\"></script>"
 end
@@ -928,7 +717,12 @@ end
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------


-function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
+    # show_png_from_html(io, plt)
+    error("png output from the plotly backend is not supported.  Please use plotlyjs instead.")
+end
+
+function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/svg+xml", plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend})
    write(io, html_head(plt) * html_body(plt))
 end

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "plotlyjs.jl"))
-end

 # https://github.com/spencerlyon2/PlotlyJS.jl

@@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ end

 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

-function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
+function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/svg+xml", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
    if isijulia() && !_use_remote[]
        write(io, PlotlyJS.html_body(PlotlyJS.JupyterPlot(plt.o)))
    else
@@ -101,7 +98,6 @@ function plotlyjs_save_hack(io::IO, plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}, ext::String)
    PlotlyJS.savefig(plt.o, tmpfn)
    write(io, read(open(tmpfn)))
 end
-_show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/svg+xml", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = plotlyjs_save_hack(io, plt, "svg")
 _show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = plotlyjs_save_hack(io, plt, "png")
 _show(io::IO, ::MIME"application/pdf", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = plotlyjs_save_hack(io, plt, "pdf")
 _show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/eps", plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}) = plotlyjs_save_hack(io, plt, "eps")
@@ -120,12 +116,6 @@ function _display(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
    end
 end

-@require WebIO = "0f1e0344-ec1d-5b48-a673-e5cf874b6c29" begin
-    function WebIO.render(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
-        prepare_output(plt)
-        WebIO.render(plt.o)
-    end
-end

 function closeall(::PlotlyJSBackend)
    if !isplotnull() && isa(current().o, PlotlyJS.SyncPlot)
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@

 # https://github.com/stevengj/PyPlot.jl

-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "pyplot.jl"))
-end

 const _pyplot_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :annotations,
@@ -19,10 +16,7 @@ const _pyplot_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :title, :title_location, :titlefont,
    :window_title,
    :guide, :lims, :ticks, :scale, :flip, :rotation,
-    :titlefontfamily, :titlefontsize, :titlefontcolor,
-    :legendfontfamily, :legendfontsize, :legendfontcolor,
-    :tickfontfamily, :tickfontsize, :tickfontcolor,
-    :guidefontfamily, :guidefontsize, :guidefontcolor,
+    :tickfont, :guidefont, :legendfont,
    :grid, :gridalpha, :gridstyle, :gridlinewidth,
    :legend, :legendtitle, :colorbar,
    :marker_z, :line_z, :fill_z,
@@ -38,14 +32,10 @@ const _pyplot_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :inset_subplots,
    :dpi,
    :colorbar_title,
-    :stride,
    :framestyle,
-    :tick_direction,
-    :camera,
-    :contour_labels,
  ])
 const _pyplot_seriestype = [
-        :path, :steppre, :steppost, :shape, :straightline,
+        :path, :steppre, :steppost, :shape,
        :scatter, :hexbin, #:histogram2d, :histogram,
        # :bar,
        :heatmap, :pie, :image,
@@ -82,21 +72,21 @@ function _initialize_backend(::PyPlotBackend)
        append!(Base.Multimedia.displays, otherdisplays)

        export PyPlot
-        pycolors = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.colors")
-        pypath = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.path")
-        mplot3d = PyPlot.pyimport("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d")
-        pypatches = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.patches")
-        pyfont = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.font_manager")
-        pyticker = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.ticker")
-        pycmap = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.cm")
-        pynp = PyPlot.pyimport("numpy")
+        const pycolors = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.colors")
+        const pypath = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.path")
+        const mplot3d = PyPlot.pyimport("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d")
+        const pypatches = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.patches")
+        const pyfont = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.font_manager")
+        const pyticker = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.ticker")
+        const pycmap = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.cm")
+        const pynp = PyPlot.pyimport("numpy")
        pynp["seterr"](invalid="ignore")
-        pytransforms = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.transforms")
-        pycollections = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.collections")
-        pyart3d = PyPlot.art3D
+        const pytransforms = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.transforms")
+        const pycollections = PyPlot.pyimport("matplotlib.collections")
+        const pyart3d = PyPlot.pyimport("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d")

        # "support" matplotlib v1.5
-        set_facecolor_sym = if PyPlot.version < v"2"
+        const set_facecolor_sym = if PyPlot.version < v"2"
            warn("You are using Matplotlib $(PyPlot.version), which is no longer officialy supported by the Plots community. To ensure smooth Plots.jl integration update your Matplotlib library to a version >= 2.0.0")
            :set_axis_bgcolor
        else
@@ -132,11 +122,9 @@ end
 # # anything else just gets a bluesred gradient
 # py_colormap(c, α=nothing) = py_colormap(default_gradient(), α)

-py_color(s) = py_color(parse(Colorant, string(s)))
 py_color(c::Colorant) = (red(c), green(c), blue(c), alpha(c))
 py_color(cs::AVec) = map(py_color, cs)
 py_color(grad::ColorGradient) = py_color(grad.colors)
-py_color(c::Colorant, α) = py_color(plot_color(c, α))

 function py_colormap(grad::ColorGradient)
    pyvals = [(z, py_color(grad[z])) for z in grad.values]
@@ -217,8 +205,6 @@ function py_marker(marker::Symbol)
    marker == :hexagon && return "h"
    marker == :octagon && return "8"
    marker == :pixel && return ","
-    marker == :hline && return "_"
-    marker == :vline && return "|"
    haskey(_shapes, marker) && return py_marker(_shapes[marker])

    warn("Unknown marker $marker")
@@ -395,14 +381,14 @@ function py_bbox_title(ax)
 end

 function py_dpi_scale(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, ptsz)
-    ptsz
+    ptsz * plt[:dpi] / DPI
 end

 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 # Create the window/figure for this backend.
 function _create_backend_figure(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
-    w,h = map(px2inch, Tuple(s * plt[:dpi] / Plots.DPI for s in plt[:size]))
+    w,h = map(px2inch, plt[:size])

    # # reuse the current figure?
    fig = if plt[:overwrite_figure]
@@ -454,24 +440,14 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)

    # ax = getAxis(plt, series)
    x, y, z = series[:x], series[:y], series[:z]
-    if st == :straightline
-        x, y = straightline_data(series)
-    elseif st == :shape
-        x, y = shape_data(series)
-    end
    xyargs = (st in _3dTypes ? (x,y,z) : (x,y))

    # handle zcolor and get c/cmap
-    needs_colorbar = hascolorbar(sp)
-    extrakw = if needs_colorbar || is_2tuple(sp[:clims])
-        vmin, vmax = get_clims(sp)
-        KW(:vmin => vmin, :vmax => vmax)
-    else
-        KW()
-    end
+    extrakw = KW()

    # holds references to any python object representing the matplotlib series
    handles = []
+    needs_colorbar = false
    discrete_colorbar_values = nothing


@@ -492,52 +468,68 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
    # for each plotting command, optionally build and add a series handle to the list

    # line plot
-    if st in (:path, :path3d, :steppre, :steppost, :straightline)
-        if maximum(series[:linewidth]) > 0
-            segments = iter_segments(series)
-            # TODO: check LineCollection alternative for speed
-            # if length(segments) > 1 && (any(typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractVector for attr in (:fillcolor, :fillalpha)) || series[:fill_z] != nothing) && !(typeof(series[:linestyle]) <: AbstractVector)
-            #     # multicolored line segments
-            #     n = length(segments)
-            #     # segments = Array(Any,n)
-            #     segments = []
-            #     kw = KW(
-            #         :label => series[:label],
-            #         :zorder => plt.n,
-            #         :cmap => py_linecolormap(series),
-            #         :linewidths => py_dpi_scale(plt, get_linewidth.(series, 1:n)),
-            #         :linestyle => py_linestyle(st, get_linestyle.(series)),
-            #         :norm => pycolors["Normalize"](; extrakw...)
-            #     )
-            #     lz = _cycle(series[:line_z], 1:n)
-            #     handle = if is3d(st)
-            #         line_segments = [[(x[j], y[j], z[j]) for j in rng] for rng in segments]
-            #         lc = pyart3d["Line3DCollection"](line_segments; kw...)
-            #         lc[:set_array](lz)
-            #         ax[:add_collection3d](lc, zs=z) #, zdir='y')
-            #         lc
-            #     else
-            #         line_segments = [[(x[j], y[j]) for j in rng] for rng in segments]
-            #         lc = pycollections["LineCollection"](line_segments; kw...)
-            #         lc[:set_array](lz)
-            #         ax[:add_collection](lc)
-            #         lc
-            #     end
-            #     push!(handles, handle)
-            # else
-                for (i, rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(series))
-                    handle = ax[:plot]((arg[rng] for arg in xyargs)...;
-                        label = i == 1 ? series[:label] : "",
-                        zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
-                        color = py_color(get_linecolor(series, i), get_linealpha(series, i)),
-                        linewidth = py_dpi_scale(plt, get_linewidth(series, i)),
-                        linestyle = py_linestyle(st, get_linestyle(series, i)),
-                        solid_capstyle = "round",
-                        drawstyle = py_stepstyle(st)
-                    )[1]
-                    push!(handles, handle)
+    if st in (:path, :path3d, :steppre, :steppost)
+        if series[:linewidth] > 0
+            if series[:line_z] == nothing
+                handle = ax[:plot](xyargs...;
+                    label = series[:label],
+                    zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
+                    color = py_linecolor(series),
+                    linewidth = py_dpi_scale(plt, series[:linewidth]),
+                    linestyle = py_linestyle(st, series[:linestyle]),
+                    solid_capstyle = "round",
+                    drawstyle = py_stepstyle(st)
+                )[1]
+                push!(handles, handle)
+
+            else
+                # multicolored line segments
+                n = length(x) - 1
+                # segments = Array(Any,n)
+                segments = []
+                kw = KW(
+                    :label => series[:label],
+                    :zorder => plt.n,
+                    :cmap => py_linecolormap(series),
+                    :linewidth => py_dpi_scale(plt, series[:linewidth]),
+                    :linestyle => py_linestyle(st, series[:linestyle])
+                )
+                clims = sp[:clims]
+                if is_2tuple(clims)
+                    extrakw = KW()
+                    isfinite(clims[1]) && (extrakw[:vmin] = clims[1])
+                    isfinite(clims[2]) && (extrakw[:vmax] = clims[2])
+                    kw[:norm] = pycolors["Normalize"](; extrakw...)
                end
-            # end
+                lz = collect(series[:line_z])
+                handle = if is3d(st)
+                    for rng in iter_segments(x, y, z)
+                        length(rng) < 2 && continue
+                        push!(segments, [(_cycle(x,i),_cycle(y,i),_cycle(z,i)) for i in rng])
+                    end
+                    # for i=1:n
+                    #     segments[i] = [(_cycle(x,i), _cycle(y,i), _cycle(z,i)), (_cycle(x,i+1), _cycle(y,i+1), _cycle(z,i+1))]
+                    # end
+                    lc = pyart3d["Line3DCollection"](segments; kw...)
+                    lc[:set_array](lz)
+                    ax[:add_collection3d](lc, zs=z) #, zdir='y')
+                    lc
+                else
+                    for rng in iter_segments(x, y)
+                        length(rng) < 2 && continue
+                        push!(segments, [(_cycle(x,i),_cycle(y,i)) for i in rng])
+                    end
+                    # for i=1:n
+                    #     segments[i] = [(_cycle(x,i), _cycle(y,i)), (_cycle(x,i+1), _cycle(y,i+1))]
+                    # end
+                    lc = pycollections["LineCollection"](segments; kw...)
+                    lc[:set_array](lz)
+                    ax[:add_collection](lc)
+                    lc
+                end
+                push!(handles, handle)
+                needs_colorbar = true
+            end

            a = series[:arrow]
            if a != nothing && !is3d(st)  # TODO: handle 3d later
@@ -550,8 +542,8 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
                        :shrinkB => 0,
                        :edgecolor => py_linecolor(series),
                        :facecolor => py_linecolor(series),
-                        :linewidth => py_dpi_scale(plt, get_linewidth(series)),
-                        :linestyle => py_linestyle(st, get_linestyle(series)),
+                        :linewidth => py_dpi_scale(plt, series[:linewidth]),
+                        :linestyle => py_linestyle(st, series[:linestyle]),
                    )
                    add_arrows(x, y) do xyprev, xy
                        ax[:annotate]("",
@@ -570,12 +562,19 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
    if series[:markershape] != :none && st in (:path, :scatter, :path3d,
                                          :scatter3d, :steppre, :steppost,
                                          :bar)
-        markercolor = if any(typeof(series[arg]) <: AVec for arg in (:markercolor, :markeralpha)) || series[:marker_z] != nothing
-            py_color(plot_color.(get_markercolor.(series, eachindex(x)), get_markeralpha.(series, eachindex(x))))
+        extrakw = KW()
+        if series[:marker_z] == nothing
+            extrakw[:c] = py_color_fix(py_markercolor(series), x)
        else
-            py_color(plot_color(series[:markercolor], series[:markeralpha]))
+            extrakw[:c] = convert(Vector{Float64}, series[:marker_z])
+            extrakw[:cmap] = py_markercolormap(series)
+            clims = sp[:clims]
+            if is_2tuple(clims)
+                isfinite(clims[1]) && (extrakw[:vmin] = clims[1])
+                isfinite(clims[2]) && (extrakw[:vmax] = clims[2])
+            end
+            needs_colorbar = true
        end
-        extrakw[:c] = py_color_fix(markercolor, x)
        xyargs = if st == :bar && !isvertical(series)
            (y, x)
        else
@@ -591,7 +590,11 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            msc = py_markerstrokecolor(series)
            lw = py_dpi_scale(plt, series[:markerstrokewidth])
            for i=1:length(y)
-                extrakw[:c] = _cycle(markercolor, i)
+                extrakw[:c] = if series[:marker_z] == nothing
+                    py_color_fix(py_color(_cycle(series[:markercolor],i)), x)
+                else
+                    extrakw[:c]
+                end

                push!(handle, ax[:scatter](_cycle(x,i), _cycle(y,i);
                    label = series[:label],
@@ -620,6 +623,11 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
    end

    if st == :hexbin
+        clims = sp[:clims]
+        if is_2tuple(clims)
+            isfinite(clims[1]) && (extrakw[:vmin] = clims[1])
+            isfinite(clims[2]) && (extrakw[:vmax] = clims[2])
+        end
        handle = ax[:hexbin](x, y;
            label = series[:label],
            zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
@@ -630,38 +638,32 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            extrakw...
        )
        push!(handles, handle)
+        needs_colorbar = true
    end

    if st in (:contour, :contour3d)
        z = transpose_z(series, z.surf)
-	if typeof(x)<:Plots.Surface
-            x = Plots.transpose_z(series, x.surf)
-        end
-        if typeof(y)<:Plots.Surface
-            y = Plots.transpose_z(series, y.surf)
+        needs_colorbar = true
+
+        clims = sp[:clims]
+        if is_2tuple(clims)
+            isfinite(clims[1]) && (extrakw[:vmin] = clims[1])
+            isfinite(clims[2]) && (extrakw[:vmax] = clims[2])
        end

        if st == :contour3d
            extrakw[:extend3d] = true
        end

-        if typeof(series[:linecolor]) <: AbstractArray
-            extrakw[:colors] = py_color.(series[:linecolor])
-        else
-            extrakw[:cmap] = py_linecolormap(series)
-        end
-
        # contour lines
        handle = ax[:contour](x, y, z, levelargs...;
            label = series[:label],
            zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
            linewidths = py_dpi_scale(plt, series[:linewidth]),
            linestyles = py_linestyle(st, series[:linestyle]),
+            cmap = py_linecolormap(series),
            extrakw...
        )
-        if series[:contour_labels] == true
-            PyPlot.clabel(handle, handle[:levels])
-        end
        push!(handles, handle)

        # contour fills
@@ -669,6 +671,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            handle = ax[:contourf](x, y, z, levelargs...;
                label = series[:label],
                zorder = series[:series_plotindex] + 0.5,
+                cmap = py_fillcolormap(series),
                extrakw...
            )
            push!(handles, handle)
@@ -679,11 +682,16 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
        if typeof(z) <: AbstractMatrix || typeof(z) <: Surface
            x, y, z = map(Array, (x,y,z))
            if !ismatrix(x) || !ismatrix(y)
-                x = repeat(x', length(y), 1)
-                y = repeat(y, 1, length(series[:x]))
+                x = repmat(x', length(y), 1)
+                y = repmat(y, 1, length(series[:x]))
            end
            z = transpose_z(series, z)
            if st == :surface
+                clims = sp[:clims]
+                if is_2tuple(clims)
+                    isfinite(clims[1]) && (extrakw[:vmin] = clims[1])
+                    isfinite(clims[2]) && (extrakw[:vmax] = clims[2])
+                end
                if series[:fill_z] != nothing
                    # the surface colors are different than z-value
                    extrakw[:facecolors] = py_shading(series[:fillcolor], transpose_z(series, series[:fill_z].surf))
@@ -691,12 +699,13 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
                else
                    extrakw[:cmap] = py_fillcolormap(series)
                end
+                needs_colorbar = true
            end
            handle = ax[st == :surface ? :plot_surface : :plot_wireframe](x, y, z;
                label = series[:label],
                zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
-                rstride = series[:stride][1],
-                cstride = series[:stride][2],
+                rstride = 1,
+                cstride = 1,
                linewidth = py_dpi_scale(plt, series[:linewidth]),
                edgecolor = py_linecolor(series),
                extrakw...
@@ -713,9 +722,14 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
                        offset = (zdir == "y" ? ignorenan_maximum : ignorenan_minimum)(mat)  # where to draw the contour plane
                    )
                    push!(handles, handle)
+                    needs_colorbar = true
                end
            end

+            # no colorbar if we are creating a surface LightSource
+            if haskey(extrakw, :facecolors)
+                needs_colorbar = false
+            end

        elseif typeof(z) <: AbstractVector
            # tri-surface plot (http://matplotlib.org/mpl_toolkits/mplot3d/tutorial.html#tri-surface-plots)
@@ -733,6 +747,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
                extrakw...
            )
            push!(handles, handle)
+            needs_colorbar = true
        else
            error("Unsupported z type $(typeof(z)) for seriestype=$st")
        end
@@ -740,12 +755,11 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)

    if st == :image
        # @show typeof(z)
-        xmin, xmax = ignorenan_extrema(series[:x]); ymin, ymax = ignorenan_extrema(series[:y])
        img = Array(transpose_z(series, z.surf))
        z = if eltype(img) <: Colors.AbstractGray
            float(img)
        elseif eltype(img) <: Colorant
-            map(c -> Float64[red(c),green(c),blue(c),alpha(c)], img)
+            map(c -> Float64[red(c),green(c),blue(c)], img)
        else
            z  # hopefully it's in a data format that will "just work" with imshow
        end
@@ -753,8 +767,7 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
            cmap = py_colormap([:black, :white]),
            vmin = 0.0,
-            vmax = 1.0,
-            extent = (xmin, xmax, ymax, ymin)
+            vmax = 1.0
        )
        push!(handles, handle)

@@ -774,30 +787,34 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
            discrete_colorbar_values = dvals
        end

+        clims = sp[:clims]
+        zmin, zmax = ignorenan_extrema(z)
+        extrakw[:vmin] = (is_2tuple(clims) && isfinite(clims[1])) ? clims[1] : zmin
+        extrakw[:vmax] = (is_2tuple(clims) && isfinite(clims[2])) ? clims[2] : zmax
+
        handle = ax[:pcolormesh](x, y, py_mask_nans(z);
            label = series[:label],
            zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
            cmap = py_fillcolormap(series),
-            alpha = series[:fillalpha],
            # edgecolors = (series[:linewidth] > 0 ? py_linecolor(series) : "face"),
            extrakw...
        )
        push!(handles, handle)
+        needs_colorbar = true
    end

    if st == :shape
        handle = []
-        for (i, rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(series))
+        for (i,rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(x, y))
            if length(rng) > 1
                path = pypath["Path"](hcat(x[rng], y[rng]))
                patches = pypatches["PathPatch"](
                    path;
                    label = series[:label],
                    zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
-                    edgecolor = py_color(get_linecolor(series, i), get_linealpha(series, i)),
-                    facecolor = py_color(get_fillcolor(series, i), get_fillalpha(series, i)),
-                    linewidth = py_dpi_scale(plt, get_linewidth(series, i)),
-                    linestyle = py_linestyle(st, get_linestyle(series, i)),
+                    edgecolor = py_color(_cycle(series[:linecolor], i)),
+                    facecolor = py_color(_cycle(series[:fillcolor], i)),
+                    linewidth = py_dpi_scale(plt, series[:linewidth]),
                    fill = true
                )
                push!(handle, ax[:add_patch](patches))
@@ -826,29 +843,51 @@ function py_add_series(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend}, series::Series)
    # # smoothing
    # handleSmooth(plt, ax, series, series[:smooth])

+    # add the colorbar legend
+    if needs_colorbar && sp[:colorbar] != :none
+        # add keyword args for a discrete colorbar
+        handle = handles[end]
+        kw = KW()
+        if discrete_colorbar_values != nothing
+            locator, formatter = get_locator_and_formatter(discrete_colorbar_values)
+            # kw[:values] = 1:length(discrete_colorbar_values)
+            kw[:values] = sp[:zaxis][:continuous_values]
+            kw[:ticks] = locator
+            kw[:format] = formatter
+            kw[:boundaries] = vcat(0, kw[:values] + 0.5)
+        end
+
+        # create and store the colorbar object (handle) and the axis that it is drawn on.
+        # note: the colorbar axis is positioned independently from the subplot axis
+        fig = plt.o
+        cbax = fig[:add_axes]([0.8,0.1,0.03,0.8], label = string(gensym()))
+        cb = fig[:colorbar](handle; cax = cbax, kw...)
+        cb[:set_label](sp[:colorbar_title])
+        sp.attr[:cbar_handle] = cb
+        sp.attr[:cbar_ax] = cbax
+    end
+
    # handle area filling
    fillrange = series[:fillrange]
    if fillrange != nothing && st != :contour
-        for (i, rng) in enumerate(iter_segments(series))
-            f, dim1, dim2 = if isvertical(series)
-                :fill_between, x[rng], y[rng]
-            else
-                :fill_betweenx, y[rng], x[rng]
-            end
-            n = length(dim1)
-            args = if typeof(fillrange) <: Union{Real, AVec}
-                dim1, _cycle(fillrange, rng), dim2
-            elseif is_2tuple(fillrange)
-                dim1, _cycle(fillrange[1], rng), _cycle(fillrange[2], rng)
-            end
-
-            handle = ax[f](args..., trues(n), false, py_fillstepstyle(st);
-                zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
-                facecolor = py_color(get_fillcolor(series, i), get_fillalpha(series, i)),
-                linewidths = 0
-            )
-            push!(handles, handle)
+        f, dim1, dim2 = if isvertical(series)
+            :fill_between, x, y
+        else
+            :fill_betweenx, y, x
        end
+        n = length(dim1)
+        args = if typeof(fillrange) <: Union{Real, AVec}
+            dim1, expand_data(fillrange, n), dim2
+        elseif is_2tuple(fillrange)
+            dim1, expand_data(fillrange[1], n), expand_data(fillrange[2], n)
+        end
+
+        handle = ax[f](args..., trues(n), false, py_fillstepstyle(st);
+            zorder = series[:series_plotindex],
+            facecolor = py_fillcolor(series),
+            linewidths = 0
+        )
+        push!(handles, handle)
    end

    # this is all we need to add the series_annotations text
@@ -919,30 +958,29 @@ function py_set_scale(ax, axis::Axis)
        "linear"
    else
        kw[Symbol(:base,letter)] = if scale == :ln
-            ℯ
+            e
        elseif scale == :log2
            2
        elseif scale == :log10
            10
        end
-        kw[Symbol(:linthresh,letter)] = NaNMath.min(1e-16, py_compute_axis_minval(axis))
+        kw[Symbol(:linthresh,letter)] = NaNMath.max(1e-16, py_compute_axis_minval(axis))
        "symlog"
    end
    func(arg; kw...)
 end


-function py_set_axis_colors(sp, ax, a::Axis)
+function py_set_axis_colors(ax, a::Axis)
    for (loc, spine) in ax[:spines]
        spine[:set_color](py_color(a[:foreground_color_border]))
    end
    axissym = Symbol(a[:letter], :axis)
    if haskey(ax, axissym)
-        tickcolor = sp[:framestyle] in (:zerolines, :grid) ? py_color(plot_color(a[:foreground_color_grid], a[:gridalpha])) : py_color(a[:foreground_color_axis])
        ax[:tick_params](axis=string(a[:letter]), which="both",
-                         colors=tickcolor,
-                         labelcolor=py_color(a[:tickfontcolor]))
-        ax[axissym][:label][:set_color](py_color(a[:guidefontcolor]))
+                         colors=py_color(a[:foreground_color_axis]),
+                         labelcolor=py_color(a[:foreground_color_text]))
+        ax[axissym][:label][:set_color](py_color(a[:foreground_color_guide]))
    end
 end

@@ -955,10 +993,10 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
    w, h = plt[:size]
    fig = plt.o
    fig[:clear]()
-    dpi = plt[:thickness_scaling] * plt[:dpi]
-    fig[:set_size_inches](w/DPI/plt[:thickness_scaling], h/DPI/plt[:thickness_scaling], forward = true)
+    dpi = plt[:dpi]
+    fig[:set_size_inches](w/dpi, h/dpi, forward = true)
    fig[set_facecolor_sym](py_color(plt[:background_color_outside]))
-    fig[:set_dpi](plt[:dpi])
+    fig[:set_dpi](dpi)

    # resize the window
    PyPlot.plt[:get_current_fig_manager]()[:resize](w, h)
@@ -982,7 +1020,7 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})

        # add the annotations
        for ann in sp[:annotations]
-            py_add_annotations(sp, locate_annotation(sp, ann...)...)
+            py_add_annotations(sp, ann...)
        end

        # title
@@ -996,82 +1034,12 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
                :title
            end
            ax[func][:set_text](sp[:title])
-            ax[func][:set_fontsize](py_dpi_scale(plt, sp[:titlefontsize]))
-            ax[func][:set_family](sp[:titlefontfamily])
-            ax[func][:set_color](py_color(sp[:titlefontcolor]))
+            ax[func][:set_fontsize](py_dpi_scale(plt, sp[:titlefont].pointsize))
+            ax[func][:set_family](sp[:titlefont].family)
+            ax[func][:set_color](py_color(sp[:foreground_color_title]))
            # ax[:set_title](sp[:title], loc = loc)
        end

-        # add the colorbar legend
-        if hascolorbar(sp)
-            # add keyword args for a discrete colorbar
-            slist = series_list(sp)
-            colorbar_series = slist[findfirst(hascolorbar.(slist))]
-            handle = colorbar_series[:serieshandle][end]
-            kw = KW()
-            if !isempty(sp[:zaxis][:discrete_values]) && colorbar_series[:seriestype] == :heatmap
-                locator, formatter = get_locator_and_formatter(sp[:zaxis][:discrete_values])
-                # kw[:values] = 1:length(sp[:zaxis][:discrete_values])
-                kw[:values] = sp[:zaxis][:continuous_values]
-                kw[:ticks] = locator
-                kw[:format] = formatter
-                kw[:boundaries] = vcat(0, kw[:values] + 0.5)
-            elseif any(colorbar_series[attr] != nothing for attr in (:line_z, :fill_z, :marker_z))
-                cmin, cmax = get_clims(sp)
-                norm = pycolors[:Normalize](vmin = cmin, vmax = cmax)
-                f = if colorbar_series[:line_z] != nothing
-                    py_linecolormap
-                elseif colorbar_series[:fill_z] != nothing
-                    py_fillcolormap
-                else
-                    py_markercolormap
-                end
-                cmap = pycmap[:ScalarMappable](norm = norm, cmap = f(colorbar_series))
-                cmap[:set_array]([])
-                handle = cmap
-            end
-
-            # create and store the colorbar object (handle) and the axis that it is drawn on.
-            # note: the colorbar axis is positioned independently from the subplot axis
-            fig = plt.o
-            cbax = fig[:add_axes]([0.8,0.1,0.03,0.8], label = string(gensym()))
-            cb = fig[:colorbar](handle; cax = cbax, kw...)
-            cb[:set_label](sp[:colorbar_title],size=py_dpi_scale(plt, sp[:yaxis][:guidefontsize]),family=sp[:yaxis][:guidefontfamily], color = py_color(sp[:yaxis][:guidefontcolor]))
-            for lab in cb[:ax][:yaxis][:get_ticklabels]()
-                  lab[:set_fontsize](py_dpi_scale(plt, sp[:yaxis][:tickfontsize]))
-                  lab[:set_family](sp[:yaxis][:tickfontfamily])
-                  lab[:set_color](py_color(sp[:yaxis][:tickfontcolor]))
-            end
-            sp.attr[:cbar_handle] = cb
-            sp.attr[:cbar_ax] = cbax
-        end
-
-        # framestyle
-        if !ispolar(sp) && !is3d(sp)
-            if sp[:framestyle] == :semi
-                intensity = 0.5
-                ax[:spines]["right"][:set_alpha](intensity)
-                ax[:spines]["top"][:set_alpha](intensity)
-                ax[:spines]["right"][:set_linewidth](intensity)
-                ax[:spines]["top"][:set_linewidth](intensity)
-            elseif sp[:framestyle] in (:axes, :origin)
-                ax[:spines]["right"][:set_visible](false)
-                ax[:spines]["top"][:set_visible](false)
-                if sp[:framestyle] == :origin
-                    ax[:spines]["bottom"][:set_position]("zero")
-                    ax[:spines]["left"][:set_position]("zero")
-                end
-            elseif sp[:framestyle] in (:grid, :none, :zerolines)
-                for (loc, spine) in ax[:spines]
-                    spine[:set_visible](false)
-                end
-                if sp[:framestyle] == :zerolines
-                    ax[:axhline](y = 0, color = py_color(sp[:xaxis][:foreground_color_axis]), lw = 0.75)
-                    ax[:axvline](x = 0, color = py_color(sp[:yaxis][:foreground_color_axis]), lw = 0.75)
-                end
-            end
-        end
-
        # axis attributes
        for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
            axissym = Symbol(letter, :axis)
@@ -1085,26 +1053,18 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
                pyaxis[Symbol(:tick_, pos)]()        # the tick labels
            end
            py_set_scale(ax, axis)
-            axis[:ticks] != :native ? py_set_lims(ax, axis) : nothing
-            if ispolar(sp) && letter == :y
-                ax[:set_rlabel_position](90)
-            end
+            py_set_lims(ax, axis)
            ticks = sp[:framestyle] == :none ? nothing : get_ticks(axis)
-            # don't show the 0 tick label for the origin framestyle
-            if sp[:framestyle] == :origin && length(ticks) > 1
-                ticks[2][ticks[1] .== 0] = ""
-            end
-            axis[:ticks] != :native ? py_set_ticks(ax, ticks, letter) : nothing
-            pyaxis[:set_tick_params](direction = axis[:tick_direction] == :out ? "out" : "in")
+            py_set_ticks(ax, ticks, letter)
            ax[Symbol("set_", letter, "label")](axis[:guide])
            if get(axis.d, :flip, false)
                ax[Symbol("invert_", letter, "axis")]()
            end
-            pyaxis[:label][:set_fontsize](py_dpi_scale(plt, axis[:guidefontsize]))
-            pyaxis[:label][:set_family](axis[:guidefontfamily])
+            pyaxis[:label][:set_fontsize](py_dpi_scale(plt, axis[:guidefont].pointsize))
+            pyaxis[:label][:set_family](axis[:guidefont].family)
            for lab in ax[Symbol("get_", letter, "ticklabels")]()
-                lab[:set_fontsize](py_dpi_scale(plt, axis[:tickfontsize]))
-                lab[:set_family](axis[:tickfontfamily])
+                lab[:set_fontsize](py_dpi_scale(plt, axis[:tickfont].pointsize))
+                lab[:set_family](axis[:tickfont].family)
                lab[:set_rotation](axis[:rotation])
            end
            if axis[:grid] && !(ticks in (:none, nothing, false))
@@ -1115,34 +1075,8 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
                    linewidth = axis[:gridlinewidth],
                    alpha = axis[:gridalpha])
                ax[:set_axisbelow](true)
-            else
-                pyaxis[:grid](false)
            end
-            py_set_axis_colors(sp, ax, axis)
-        end
-
-        # showaxis
-        if !sp[:xaxis][:showaxis]
-            kw = KW()
-            for dir in (:top, :bottom)
-                if ispolar(sp)
-                    ax[:spines]["polar"][:set_visible](false)
-                else
-                    ax[:spines][string(dir)][:set_visible](false)
-                end
-                kw[dir] = kw[Symbol(:label,dir)] = "off"
-            end
-            ax[:xaxis][:set_tick_params](; which="both", kw...)
-        end
-        if !sp[:yaxis][:showaxis]
-            kw = KW()
-            for dir in (:left, :right)
-                if !ispolar(sp)
-                    ax[:spines][string(dir)][:set_visible](false)
-                end
-                kw[dir] = kw[Symbol(:label,dir)] = "off"
-            end
-            ax[:yaxis][:set_tick_params](; which="both", kw...)
+            py_set_axis_colors(ax, axis)
        end

        # aspect ratio
@@ -1151,23 +1085,29 @@ function _before_layout_calcs(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
            ax[:set_aspect](isa(aratio, Symbol) ? string(aratio) : aratio, anchor = "C")
        end

-        #camera/view angle
-        if is3d(sp)
-            #convert azimuthal to match GR behaviour
-            #view_init(elevation, azimuthal) so reverse :camera args
-            ax[:view_init]((sp[:camera].-(90,0))[end:-1:1]...)
-        end
-
        # legend
        py_add_legend(plt, sp, ax)

        # this sets the bg color inside the grid
        ax[set_facecolor_sym](py_color(sp[:background_color_inside]))

-        # link axes
-        x_ax_link, y_ax_link = sp[:xaxis].sps[1].o, sp[:yaxis].sps[1].o
-        ax != x_ax_link && ax[:get_shared_x_axes]()[:join](ax, sp[:xaxis].sps[1].o)
-        ax != y_ax_link && ax[:get_shared_y_axes]()[:join](ax, sp[:yaxis].sps[1].o)
+        # framestyle
+        if !ispolar(sp) && !is3d(sp)
+            if sp[:framestyle] == :semi
+                intensity = 0.5
+                ax[:spines]["right"][:set_alpha](intensity)
+                ax[:spines]["top"][:set_alpha](intensity)
+                ax[:spines]["right"][:set_linewidth](intensity)
+                ax[:spines]["top"][:set_linewidth](intensity)
+            elseif sp[:framestyle] == :axes
+                ax[:spines]["right"][:set_visible](false)
+                ax[:spines]["top"][:set_visible](false)
+            elseif sp[:framestyle] in (:grid, :none)
+                for (loc, spine) in ax[:spines]
+                    spine[:set_visible](false)
+                end
+            end
+        end
    end
    py_drawfig(fig)
 end
@@ -1209,9 +1149,7 @@ function _update_min_padding!(sp::Subplot{PyPlotBackend})
    rightpad  += sp[:right_margin]
    bottompad += sp[:bottom_margin]

-    dpi_factor = sp.plt[:thickness_scaling] * Plots.DPI / sp.plt[:dpi]
-
-    sp.minpad = Tuple(dpi_factor .* [leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad])
+    sp.minpad = (leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad)
 end


@@ -1259,21 +1197,10 @@ function py_add_legend(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, ax)
        for series in series_list(sp)
            if should_add_to_legend(series)
                # add a line/marker and a label
-                push!(handles, if series[:seriestype] == :shape || series[:fillrange] != nothing
-                    pypatches[:Patch](
-                        edgecolor = py_color(get_linecolor(series), get_linealpha(series)),
-                        facecolor = py_color(get_fillcolor(series), get_fillalpha(series)),
-                        linewidth = py_dpi_scale(plt, clamp(get_linewidth(series), 0, 5)),
-                        linestyle = py_linestyle(series[:seriestype], get_linestyle(series))
-                    )
-                elseif series[:seriestype] in (:path, :straightline)
+                push!(handles, if series[:seriestype] == :shape
                    PyPlot.plt[:Line2D]((0,1),(0,0),
-                        color = py_color(get_linecolor(series), get_linealpha(series)),
-                        linewidth = py_dpi_scale(plt, clamp(get_linewidth(series), 0, 5)),
-                        linestyle = py_linestyle(:path, get_linestyle(series)),
-                        marker = py_marker(series[:markershape]),
-                        markeredgecolor = py_color(get_markerstrokecolor(series), get_markerstrokealpha(series)),
-                        markerfacecolor = series[:marker_z] == nothing ? py_color(get_markercolor(series), get_markeralpha(series)) : py_color(series[:markercolor][0.5])
+                        color = py_color(_cycle(series[:fillcolor],1)),
+                        linewidth = py_dpi_scale(plt, 4)
                    )
                else
                    series[:serieshandle][1]
@@ -1288,17 +1215,22 @@ function py_add_legend(plt::Plot, sp::Subplot, ax)
                labels,
                loc = get(_pyplot_legend_pos, leg, "best"),
                scatterpoints = 1,
-                fontsize = py_dpi_scale(plt, sp[:legendfontsize]),
-                facecolor = py_color(sp[:background_color_legend]),
-                edgecolor = py_color(sp[:foreground_color_legend]),
-                framealpha = alpha(plot_color(sp[:background_color_legend])),
+                fontsize = py_dpi_scale(plt, sp[:legendfont].pointsize)
+                # family = sp[:legendfont].family
+                # framealpha = 0.6
            )
            leg[:set_zorder](1000)
            sp[:legendtitle] != nothing && leg[:set_title](sp[:legendtitle])

+            fgcolor = py_color(sp[:foreground_color_legend])
            for txt in leg[:get_texts]()
-                PyPlot.plt[:setp](txt, color = py_color(sp[:legendfontcolor]), family = sp[:legendfontfamily])
+                PyPlot.plt[:setp](txt, color = fgcolor, family = sp[:legendfont].family)
            end
+
+            # set some legend properties
+            frame = leg[:get_frame]()
+            frame[set_facecolor_sym](py_color(sp[:background_color_legend]))
+            frame[:set_edgecolor](fgcolor)
        end
    end
 end
@@ -1321,8 +1253,7 @@ function _update_plot_object(plt::Plot{PyPlotBackend})
        if haskey(sp.attr, :cbar_ax)
            cbw = sp.attr[:cbar_width]
            # this is the bounding box of just the colors of the colorbar (not labels)
-            ex = sp[:zaxis][:extrema]
-            has_toplabel = !(1e-7 < max(abs(ex.emax), abs(ex.emin)) < 1e7)
+            has_toplabel = sp[:zaxis][:extrema].emax >= 1e7
            cb_bbox = BoundingBox(right(sp.bbox)-cbw+1mm, top(sp.bbox) +  (has_toplabel ? 4mm : 2mm), _cbar_width-1mm, height(sp.bbox) - (has_toplabel ? 6mm : 4mm))
            pcts = bbox_to_pcts(cb_bbox, figw, figh)
            sp.attr[:cbar_ax][:set_position](pcts)
@@ -1360,7 +1291,7 @@ for (mime, fmt) in _pyplot_mimeformats
            # figsize = map(px2inch, plt[:size]),
            facecolor = fig[:get_facecolor](),
            edgecolor = "none",
-            dpi = plt[:dpi] * plt[:thickness_scaling]
+            dpi = plt[:dpi]
        )
    end
 end
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@

 # https://github.com/Evizero/UnicodePlots.jl

-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "unicodeplots.jl"))
-end
-
 const _unicodeplots_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :label,
    :legend,
@@ -17,7 +13,7 @@ const _unicodeplots_attr = merge_with_base_supported([
    :guide, :lims,
  ])
 const _unicodeplots_seriestype = [
-    :path, :scatter, :straightline,
+    :path, :scatter,
    # :bar,
    :shape,
    :histogram2d,
@@ -142,7 +138,7 @@ function addUnicodeSeries!(o, d::KW, addlegend::Bool, xlim, ylim)
        return
    end

-    if st in (:path, :straightline)
+    if st == :path
        func = UnicodePlots.lineplot!
    elseif st == :scatter || d[:markershape] != :none
        func = UnicodePlots.scatterplot!
@@ -155,20 +151,14 @@ function addUnicodeSeries!(o, d::KW, addlegend::Bool, xlim, ylim)
    end

    # get the series data and label
-    x, y = if st == :straightline
-        straightline_data(d)
-    elseif st == :shape
-        shape_data(series)
-    else
-        [collect(float(d[s])) for s in (:x, :y)]
-    end
+    x, y = [collect(float(d[s])) for s in (:x, :y)]
    label = addlegend ? d[:label] : ""

    # if we happen to pass in allowed color symbols, great... otherwise let UnicodePlots decide
    color = d[:linecolor] in UnicodePlots.color_cycle ? d[:linecolor] : :auto

    # add the series
-    x, y = Plots.unzip(collect(Base.Iterators.filter(xy->isfinite(xy[1])&&isfinite(xy[2]), zip(x,y))))
+    x, y = Plots.unzip(collect(filter(xy->isfinite(xy[1])&&isfinite(xy[2]), zip(x,y))))
    func(o, x, y; color = color, name = label)
 end

@@ -183,7 +173,7 @@ function png(plt::AbstractPlot{UnicodePlotsBackend}, fn::AbstractString)
    gui(plt)

    # @osx_only begin
-    @static if Sys.isapple()
+    @static if is_apple()
        # BEGIN HACK

        # wait while the plot gets drawn
@@ -212,7 +202,7 @@ end

 function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot{UnicodePlotsBackend})
    unicodeplots_rebuild(plt)
-    foreach(x -> show(io, x), plt.o)
+    map(show, plt.o)
    nothing
 end

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 # NOTE:  backend should implement `html_body` and `html_head`

 # CREDIT: parts of this implementation were inspired by @joshday's PlotlyLocal.jl
-@require Revise = "295af30f-e4ad-537b-8983-00126c2a3abe" begin
-    Revise.track(Plots, joinpath(Pkg.dir("Plots"), "src", "backends", "web.jl"))
-end
+

 function standalone_html(plt::AbstractPlot; title::AbstractString = get(plt.attr, :window_title, "Plots.jl"))
    """
@@ -12,7 +10,6 @@ function standalone_html(plt::AbstractPlot; title::AbstractString = get(plt.attr
    <html>
        <head>
            <title>$title</title>
-            <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
            $(html_head(plt))
        </head>
        <body>
@@ -23,16 +20,16 @@ function standalone_html(plt::AbstractPlot; title::AbstractString = get(plt.attr
 end

 function open_browser_window(filename::AbstractString)
-    @static if Sys.isapple()
+    @static if is_apple()
        return run(`open $(filename)`)
    end
-    @static if Sys.islinux() || Sys.isbsd()    # Sys.isbsd() addition is as yet untested, but based on suggestion in https://github.com/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl/issues/681
+    @static if is_linux() || is_bsd()    # is_bsd() addition is as yet untested, but based on suggestion in https://github.com/JuliaPlots/Plots.jl/issues/681
        return run(`xdg-open $(filename)`)
    end
-    @static if Sys.iswindows()
+    @static if is_windows()
        return run(`$(ENV["COMSPEC"]) /c start "" "$(filename)"`)
    end
-    @warn("Unknown OS... cannot open browser window.")
+    warn("Unknown OS... cannot open browser window.")
 end

 function write_temp_html(plt::AbstractPlot)
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ compute_angle(v::P2) = (angle = atan2(v[2], v[1]); angle < 0 ? 2π - angle : ang

 # -------------------------------------------------------------

-struct Shape
+immutable Shape
    x::Vector{Float64}
    y::Vector{Float64}
    # function Shape(x::AVec, y::AVec)
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ end

 "get an array of tuples of points on a circle with radius `r`"
 function partialcircle(start_θ, end_θ, n = 20, r=1)
-    Tuple{Float64,Float64}[(r*cos(u),r*sin(u)) for u in range(start_θ, stop=end_θ, length=n)]
+    Tuple{Float64,Float64}[(r*cos(u),r*sin(u)) for u in linspace(start_θ, end_θ, n)]
 end

 "interleave 2 vectors into each other (like a zipper's teeth)"
@@ -68,8 +68,7 @@ function weave(x,y; ordering = Vector[x,y])
  while !done
    for o in ordering
      try
-          push!(ret, popfirst!(o))
-      catch
+          push!(ret, shift!(o))
      end
    end
    done = isempty(x) && isempty(y)
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ end
 "create a shape by picking points around the unit circle.  `n` is the number of point/sides, `offset` is the starting angle"
 function makeshape(n; offset = -0.5, radius = 1.0)
    z = offset * π
-    Shape(partialcircle(z, z + 2π, n+1, radius))
+    Shape(partialcircle(z, z + 2π, n+1., radius))
 end


@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ end
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------


-mutable struct Font
+type Font
  family::AbstractString
  pointsize::Int
  halign::Symbol
@@ -306,7 +305,7 @@ end

 function scalefontsize(k::Symbol, factor::Number)
    f = default(k)
-    f = round(Int, factor * f)
+    f.pointsize = round(Int, factor * f.pointsize)
    default(k, f)
 end

@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ end
 Scales all **current** font sizes by `factor`. For example `scalefontsizes(1.1)` increases all current font sizes by 10%. To reset to initial sizes, use `scalefontsizes()`
 """
 function scalefontsizes(factor::Number)
-    for k in (:titlefontsize, :guidefontsize, :tickfontsize, :legendfontsize)
+    for k in (:titlefont, :guidefont, :tickfont, :legendfont)
        scalefontsize(k, factor)
    end
 end
@@ -327,17 +326,17 @@ end
 Resets font sizes to initial default values.
 """
 function scalefontsizes()
-  for k in (:titlefontsize, :guidefontsize, :tickfontsize, :legendfontsize)
+  for k in (:titlefont, :guidefont, :tickfont, :legendfont)
      f = default(k)
      if k in keys(_initial_fontsizes)
-        factor = f / _initial_fontsizes[k]
+        factor = f.pointsize / _initial_fontsizes[k]
        scalefontsize(k, 1.0/factor)
      end
  end
 end

 "Wrap a string with font info"
-struct PlotText
+immutable PlotText
  str::AbstractString
  font::Font
 end
@@ -349,7 +348,6 @@ PlotText(str) = PlotText(string(str), font())
 Create a PlotText object wrapping a string with font info, for plot annotations
 """
 text(t::PlotText) = t
-text(t::PlotText, font::Font) = PlotText(t.str, font)
 text(str::AbstractString, f::Font) = PlotText(str, f)
 function text(str, args...)
  PlotText(string(str), font(args...))
@@ -361,7 +359,7 @@ Base.length(t::PlotText) = length(t.str)

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------

-struct Stroke
+immutable Stroke
  width
  color
  alpha
@@ -389,7 +387,6 @@ function stroke(args...; alpha = nothing)
    elseif T <: Symbol || T <: AbstractString
      try
        color = parse(Colorant, string(arg))
-      catch
      end
    elseif allAlphas(arg)
      alpha = arg
@@ -404,7 +401,7 @@ function stroke(args...; alpha = nothing)
 end


-struct Brush
+immutable Brush
  size  # fillrange, markersize, or any other sizey attribute
  color
  alpha
@@ -422,7 +419,6 @@ function brush(args...; alpha = nothing)
    elseif T <: Symbol || T <: AbstractString
      try
        color = parse(Colorant, string(arg))
-      catch
      end
    elseif allAlphas(arg)
      alpha = arg
@@ -438,19 +434,19 @@ end

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------

-mutable struct SeriesAnnotations
+type SeriesAnnotations
    strs::AbstractVector  # the labels/names
    font::Font
-    baseshape::Union{Shape, AbstractVector{Shape}, Nothing}
+    baseshape::Nullable
    scalefactor::Tuple
 end
 function series_annotations(strs::AbstractVector, args...)
    fnt = font()
-    shp = nothing
+    shp = Nullable{Any}()
    scalefactor = (1,1)
    for arg in args
        if isa(arg, Shape) || (isa(arg, AbstractVector) && eltype(arg) == Shape)
-            shp = arg
+            shp = Nullable(arg)
        elseif isa(arg, Font)
            fnt = arg
        elseif isa(arg, Symbol) && haskey(_shapes, arg)
@@ -471,7 +467,7 @@ function series_annotations(strs::AbstractVector, args...)
    SeriesAnnotations(strs, fnt, shp, scalefactor)
 end
 series_annotations(anns::SeriesAnnotations) = anns
-series_annotations(::Nothing) = nothing
+series_annotations(::Void) = nothing

 function series_annotations_shapes!(series::Series, scaletype::Symbol = :pixels)
    anns = series[:series_annotations]
@@ -486,13 +482,12 @@ function series_annotations_shapes!(series::Series, scaletype::Symbol = :pixels)
    # end

    # @show msw msh
-    if anns != nothing && anns.baseshape != nothing
+    if anns != nothing && !isnull(anns.baseshape)
        # we use baseshape to overwrite the markershape attribute
        # with a list of custom shapes for each
        msw,msh = anns.scalefactor
        msize = Float64[]
-        shapes = Vector{Shape}(length(anns.strs))
-        for i in eachindex(anns.strs)
+        shapes = Shape[begin
            str = _cycle(anns.strs,i)

            # get the width and height of the string (in mm)
@@ -510,15 +505,15 @@ function series_annotations_shapes!(series::Series, scaletype::Symbol = :pixels)
            maxscale = max(xscale, yscale)
            push!(msize, maxscale)
            baseshape = _cycle(get(anns.baseshape),i)
-            shapes[i] = scale(baseshape, msw*xscale/maxscale, msh*yscale/maxscale, (0,0))
-        end
+            shape = scale(baseshape, msw*xscale/maxscale, msh*yscale/maxscale, (0,0))
+        end for i=1:length(anns.strs)]
        series[:markershape] = shapes
        series[:markersize] = msize
    end
    return
 end

-mutable struct EachAnn
+type EachAnn
    anns
    x
    y
@@ -535,68 +530,20 @@ function Base.next(ea::EachAnn, i)
    ((_cycle(ea.x,i), _cycle(ea.y,i), str, fnt), i+1)
 end

-annotations(::Nothing) = []
+annotations(::Void) = []
 annotations(anns::AVec) = anns
 annotations(anns) = Any[anns]
 annotations(sa::SeriesAnnotations) = sa

-# Expand arrays of coordinates, positions and labels into induvidual annotations
-# and make sure labels are of type PlotText
-function process_annotation(sp::Subplot, xs, ys, labs, font = font())
-    anns = []
-    labs = makevec(labs)
-    for i in 1:max(length(xs), length(ys), length(labs))
-        x, y, lab = _cycle(xs, i), _cycle(ys, i), _cycle(labs, i)
-        if lab == :auto
-            alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-            push!(anns, (x, y, text(string("(", alphabet[sp[:subplot_index]], ")"), font)))
-        else
-            push!(anns, (x, y, isa(lab, PlotText) ? lab : text(lab, font)))
-        end
-    end
-    anns
-end
-function process_annotation(sp::Subplot, positions::Union{AVec{Symbol},Symbol}, labs, font = font())
-    anns = []
-    positions, labs = makevec(positions), makevec(labs)
-    for i in 1:max(length(positions), length(labs))
-        pos, lab = _cycle(positions, i), _cycle(labs, i)
-        pos = get(_positionAliases, pos, pos)
-        if lab == :auto
-            alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-            push!(anns, (pos, text(string("(", alphabet[sp[:subplot_index]], ")"), font)))
-        else
-            push!(anns, (pos, isa(lab, PlotText) ? lab : text(lab, font)))
-        end
-    end
-    anns
-end
-
-# Give each annotation coordinates based on specified position
-function locate_annotation(sp::Subplot, pos::Symbol, lab::PlotText)
-    position_multiplier = Dict{Symbol, Tuple{Float64,Float64}}(
-        :topleft       => (0.1, 0.9),
-        :topcenter     => (0.5, 0.9),
-        :topright      => (0.9, 0.9),
-        :bottomleft    => (0.1, 0.1),
-        :bottomcenter  => (0.5, 0.1),
-        :bottomright   => (0.9, 0.1),
-    )
-    xmin, xmax = ignorenan_extrema(sp[:xaxis])
-    ymin, ymax = ignorenan_extrema(sp[:yaxis])
-    x, y = (xmin, ymin).+ position_multiplier[pos].* (xmax - xmin, ymax - ymin)
-    (x, y, lab)
-end
-locate_annotation(sp::Subplot, x, y, label::PlotText) = (x, y, label)
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------

 "type which represents z-values for colors and sizes (and anything else that might come up)"
-struct ZValues
+immutable ZValues
  values::Vector{Float64}
  zrange::Tuple{Float64,Float64}
 end

-function zvalues(values::AVec{T}, zrange::Tuple{T,T} = (ignorenan_minimum(values), ignorenan_maximum(values))) where T<:Real
+function zvalues{T<:Real}(values::AVec{T}, zrange::Tuple{T,T} = (ignorenan_minimum(values), ignorenan_maximum(values)))
  ZValues(collect(float(values)), map(Float64, zrange))
 end

@@ -605,7 +552,7 @@ end
 abstract type AbstractSurface end

 "represents a contour or surface mesh"
-struct Surface{M<:AMat} <: AbstractSurface
+immutable Surface{M<:AMat} <: AbstractSurface
  surf::M
 end

@@ -617,7 +564,7 @@ for f in (:length, :size)
  @eval Base.$f(surf::Surface, args...) = $f(surf.surf, args...)
 end
 Base.copy(surf::Surface) = Surface(copy(surf.surf))
-Base.eltype(surf::Surface{T}) where {T} = eltype(T)
+Base.eltype{T}(surf::Surface{T}) = eltype(T)

 function expand_extrema!(a::Axis, surf::Surface)
    ex = a[:extrema]
@@ -628,7 +575,7 @@ function expand_extrema!(a::Axis, surf::Surface)
 end

 "For the case of representing a surface as a function of x/y... can possibly avoid allocations."
-struct SurfaceFunction <: AbstractSurface
+immutable SurfaceFunction <: AbstractSurface
    f::Function
 end

@@ -638,19 +585,19 @@ end
 # # I don't want to clash with ValidatedNumerics, but this would be nice:
 # ..(a::T, b::T) = (a,b)

-struct Volume{T}
+immutable Volume{T}
    v::Array{T,3}
    x_extents::Tuple{T,T}
    y_extents::Tuple{T,T}
    z_extents::Tuple{T,T}
 end

-default_extents(::Type{T}) where {T} = (zero(T), one(T))
+default_extents{T}(::Type{T}) = (zero(T), one(T))

-function Volume(v::Array{T,3},
-                x_extents = default_extents(T),
-                y_extents = default_extents(T),
-                z_extents = default_extents(T)) where T
+function Volume{T}(v::Array{T,3},
+                   x_extents = default_extents(T),
+                   y_extents = default_extents(T),
+                   z_extents = default_extents(T))
    Volume(v, x_extents, y_extents, z_extents)
 end

@@ -658,13 +605,13 @@ Base.Array(vol::Volume) = vol.v
 for f in (:length, :size)
  @eval Base.$f(vol::Volume, args...) = $f(vol.v, args...)
 end
-Base.copy(vol::Volume{T}) where {T} = Volume{T}(copy(vol.v), vol.x_extents, vol.y_extents, vol.z_extents)
-Base.eltype(vol::Volume{T}) where {T} = T
+Base.copy{T}(vol::Volume{T}) = Volume{T}(copy(vol.v), vol.x_extents, vol.y_extents, vol.z_extents)
+Base.eltype{T}(vol::Volume{T}) = T

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------

 # style is :open or :closed (for now)
-struct Arrow
+immutable Arrow
    style::Symbol
    side::Symbol  # :head (default), :tail, or :both
    headlength::Float64
@@ -726,14 +673,14 @@ end
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------

 "Represents data values with formatting that should apply to the tick labels."
-struct Formatted{T}
+immutable Formatted{T}
    data::T
    formatter::Function
 end

 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 "create a BezierCurve for plotting"
-mutable struct BezierCurve{T <: FixedSizeArrays.Vec}
+type BezierCurve{T <: FixedSizeArrays.Vec}
    control_points::Vector{T}
 end

@@ -751,7 +698,7 @@ end

@deprecate curve_points coords

-coords(curve::BezierCurve, n::Integer = 30; range = [0,1]) = map(curve, range(range..., stop=n, length=50))
+coords(curve::BezierCurve, n::Integer = 30; range = [0,1]) = map(curve, linspace(range..., n))

 # build a BezierCurve which leaves point p vertically upwards and arrives point q vertically upwards.
 # may create a loop if necessary.  Assumes the view is [0,1]
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ is_subplot_supported(::BokehBackend) = false

 function _initialize_backend(::BokehBackend; kw...)
  @eval begin
-    @warn("Bokeh is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
+    warn("Bokeh is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
    import Bokeh
    export Bokeh
  end
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ end

 function Base.show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::AbstractPlot{BokehBackend})
  # TODO: write a png to io
-  @warn("mime png not implemented")
+  warn("mime png not implemented")
 end

 function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Plot{BokehBackend})
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ function addToGadflyLegend(plt::Plot, d::KW)

        # add the legend if needed
        if all(g -> !isa(g, Gadfly.Guide.ManualColorKey), gplt.guides)
-            pushfirst!(gplt.guides, Gadfly.Guide.manual_color_key("", AbstractString[], Color[]))
+            unshift!(gplt.guides, Gadfly.Guide.manual_color_key("", AbstractString[], Color[]))
        end

        # now add the series to the legend
@@ -334,8 +334,8 @@ end
 #     # create a list of vertices that go: [x1,x2,x2,x3,x3, ... ,xi,xi, ... xn,xn] (same for y)
 #     # then the vector passed to the "color" keyword should be a vector: [1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4, ..., i,i, ... , n,n]
 #     csindices = Int[mod1(i,length(cscheme.v)) for i in 1:length(d[:y])]
-#     cs = collect(repeat(csindices', 2, 1))[1:end-1]
-#     grp = collect(repeat((1:length(d[:y]))', 2, 1))[1:end-1]
+#     cs = collect(repmat(csindices', 2, 1))[1:end-1]
+#     grp = collect(repmat((1:length(d[:y]))', 2, 1))[1:end-1]
 #     d[:x], d[:y] = map(createSegments, (d[:x], d[:y]))
 #     colorgroup = [(:linecolor, cs), (:group, grp)]

@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ function createGadflyAnnotationObject(x, y, txt::PlotText)
                            ))
 end

-function _add_annotations(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, anns::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,V}}) where {X,Y,V}
+function _add_annotations{X,Y,V}(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, anns::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,V}})
    for ann in anns
        push!(plt.o.guides, createGadflyAnnotationObject(ann...))
    end
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ function getxy(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, i::Integer)
    mapping[:x], mapping[:y]
 end

-function setxy!(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer) where {X,Y}
+function setxy!{X,Y}(plt::Plot{GadflyBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer)
    for mapping in getGadflyMappings(plt, i)
        mapping[:x], mapping[:y] = xy
    end
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ setGadflyDisplaySize(plt::Plot) = setGadflyDisplaySize(plt.attr[:size]...)
 # -------------------------------------------------------------------------


-function doshow(io::IO, func, plt::AbstractPlot{P}) where P<:Union{GadflyBackend,ImmerseBackend}
+function doshow{P<:Union{GadflyBackend,ImmerseBackend}}(io::IO, func, plt::AbstractPlot{P})
    gplt = getGadflyContext(plt)
    setGadflyDisplaySize(plt)
    Gadfly.draw(func(io, Compose.default_graphic_width, Compose.default_graphic_height), gplt)
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ getGadflyWriteFunc(::MIME"application/x-tex") = Gadfly.PGF
 getGadflyWriteFunc(m::MIME) = error("Unsupported in Gadfly/Immerse: ", m)

 for mime in (MIME"image/png", MIME"image/svg+xml", MIME"application/pdf", MIME"application/postscript", MIME"application/x-tex")
-    @eval function Base.show(io::IO, ::$mime, plt::AbstractPlot{P}) where P<:Union{GadflyBackend,ImmerseBackend}
+    @eval function Base.show{P<:Union{GadflyBackend,ImmerseBackend}}(io::IO, ::$mime, plt::AbstractPlot{P})
        func = getGadflyWriteFunc($mime())
        doshow(io, func, plt)
    end
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 # Geometry which displays arbitrary shapes at given (x, y) positions.
 # note: vertices is a list of shapes
-struct ShapeGeometry <: Gadfly.GeometryElement
+immutable ShapeGeometry <: Gadfly.GeometryElement
    vertices::AbstractVector #{Tuple{Float64,Float64}}
    tag::Symbol

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ end

 # ----------------------------------------------------------------

-function _add_annotations(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, anns::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,V}}) where {X,Y,V}
+function _add_annotations{X,Y,V}(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, anns::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,V}})
  for ann in anns
    push!(getGadflyContext(plt).guides, createGadflyAnnotationObject(ann...))
  end
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ function getxy(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, i::Integer)
  mapping[:x], mapping[:y]
 end

-function setxy!(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer) where {X,Y}
+function setxy!{X,Y}(plt::Plot{ImmerseBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer)
  for mapping in getGadflyMappings(plt, i)
    mapping[:x], mapping[:y] = xy
  end
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ is_subplot_supported(::QwtBackend) = true

 function _initialize_backend(::QwtBackend; kw...)
  @eval begin
-    @warn("Qwt is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
+    warn("Qwt is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
    import Qwt
    export Qwt
  end
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ function updateLimsAndTicks(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, d::KW, isx::Bool)
    w[:setAxisScale](axisid, lims...)
  end

-  if typeof(ticks) <: AbstractRange
+  if typeof(ticks) <: Range
    if isx
      plt.o.autoscale_x = false
    else
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ function createQwtAnnotation(plt::Plot, x, y, val::AbstractString)
  marker[:attach](plt.o.widget)
 end

-function _add_annotations(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, anns::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,V}}) where {X,Y,V}
+function _add_annotations{X,Y,V}(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, anns::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,V}})
  for ann in anns
    createQwtAnnotation(plt, ann...)
  end
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ function getxy(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, i::Int)
  series.x, series.y
 end

-function setxy!(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer) where {X,Y}
+function setxy!{X,Y}(plt::Plot{QwtBackend}, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer)
  series = plt.o.lines[i]
  series.x, series.y = xy
  plt
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ is_subplot_supported(::WinstonBackend) = false
 function _initialize_backend(::WinstonBackend; kw...)
  @eval begin
    # ENV["WINSTON_OUTPUT"] = "gtk"
-    @warn("Winston is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
+    warn("Winston is no longer supported... many features will likely be broken.")
    import Winston, Gtk
    export Winston, Gtk
  end
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ function createWinstonAnnotationObject(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend}, x, y, val::Abs
  Winston.text(x, y, val)
 end

-function _add_annotations(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend}, anns::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,V}}) where {X,Y,V}
+function _add_annotations{X,Y,V}(plt::Plot{WinstonBackend}, anns::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,V}})
  for ann in anns
    createWinstonAnnotationObject(plt, ann...)
  end
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
    # work.  If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.

 function sample_evenly(v::AVec, n::Integer = length(v))
-    idx = Int[round(Int, x) for x in range(1, stop=length(v), length=n)]
+    idx = Int[round(Int, x) for x in linspace(1, length(v), n)]
    v[idx]
 end

@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ function cgrad(arg, values = nothing; alpha = nothing, scale = :identity)
    values = if values != nothing
        values
    elseif scale in (:log, :log10)
-        log10(range(1, stop=10, length=30))
+        log10(linspace(1,10,30))
    elseif scale == :log2
-        log2(range(1, stop=2, length=30))
+        log2(linspace(1,2,30))
    elseif scale == :ln
-        log(range(1, stop=pi, length=30))
+        log(linspace(1,pi,30))
    elseif scale in (:exp, :exp10)
-        (exp10(range(0, stop=1, length=30)) - 1) / 9
+        (exp10(linspace(0,1,30)) - 1) / 9
    else
-        range(0, stop=1, length=length(colors))
+        linspace(0, 1, length(colors))
    end
    ColorGradient(colors, values)
 end
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ getColorVector(scheme::ColorScheme) = [getColor(scheme)]
 colorscheme(scheme::ColorScheme) = scheme
 colorscheme(s::AbstractString; kw...) = colorscheme(Symbol(s); kw...)
 colorscheme(s::Symbol; kw...) = haskey(_gradients, s) ? ColorGradient(s; kw...) : ColorWrapper(convertColor(s); kw...)
-colorscheme(s::Symbol, vals::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Real} = ColorGradient(s, vals; kw...)
+colorscheme{T<:Real}(s::Symbol, vals::AVec{T}; kw...) = ColorGradient(s, vals; kw...)
 colorscheme(cs::AVec, vs::AVec; kw...) = ColorGradient(cs, vs; kw...)
-colorscheme(cs::AVec{T}; kw...) where {T<:Colorant} = ColorGradient(cs; kw...)
+colorscheme{T<:Colorant}(cs::AVec{T}; kw...) = ColorGradient(cs; kw...)
 colorscheme(f::Function; kw...) = ColorFunction(f; kw...)
 colorscheme(v::AVec; kw...) = ColorVector(v; kw...)
 colorscheme(m::AMat; kw...) = size(m,1) == 1 ? map(c->colorscheme(c; kw...), m) : [colorscheme(m[:,i]; kw...) for i in 1:size(m,2)]'
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ convertColor(c::Symbol) = parse(Colorant, string(c))
 convertColor(c::Colorant) = c
 convertColor(cvec::AbstractVector) = map(convertColor, cvec)
 convertColor(c::ColorScheme) = c
-convertColor(v::Nothing) = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
+convertColor(v::Void) = RGBA(0,0,0,0)
 convertColor(b::Bool) = b ? RGBA(0,0,0,1) : RGBA(0,0,0,0)

 function convertColor(c, α::Real)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ function convertColor(c, α::Real)
  RGBA(RGB(getColor(c)), α)
 end
 convertColor(cs::AVec, α::Real) = map(c -> convertColor(c, α), cs)
-convertColor(c, α::Nothing) = convertColor(c)
+convertColor(c, α::Void) = convertColor(c)

 # backup... try to convert
 getColor(c) = convertColor(c)
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ const _gradients = KW(
    :lighttest    => map(c -> lighten(c, 0.3), _testColors),
  )

-function register_gradient_colors(name::Symbol, colors::AVec{C}) where C<:Colorant
+function register_gradient_colors{C<:Colorant}(name::Symbol, colors::AVec{C})
    _gradients[name] = colors
 end

@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ default_gradient() = ColorGradient(:inferno)
 # --------------------------------------------------------------

 "Continuous gradient between values.  Wraps a list of bounding colors and the values they represent."
-struct ColorGradient <: ColorScheme
+immutable ColorGradient <: ColorScheme
  colors::Vector
  values::Vector

-  function ColorGradient(cs::AVec, vals::AVec{S} = range(0, stop=1, length=length(cs)); alpha = nothing) where S<:Real
+  function ColorGradient{S<:Real}(cs::AVec, vals::AVec{S} = linspace(0, 1, length(cs)); alpha = nothing)
    if length(cs) == length(vals)
      return new(convertColor(cs,alpha), collect(vals))
    end
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ struct ColorGradient <: ColorScheme
    # new(convertColor(cs,alpha), vs)

    # interpolate the colors for each value
-    vals = merge(range(0, stop=1, length=length(cs)), vals)
+    vals = merge(linspace(0, 1, length(cs)), vals)
    grad = ColorGradient(cs)
-    cs = [getColorZ(grad, z) for z in range(0, stop=1, length=length(vals))]
+    cs = [getColorZ(grad, z) for z in linspace(0, 1, length(vals))]
    new(convertColor(cs, alpha), vals)
  end
 end
@@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ Base.getindex(cs::ColorGradient, z::Number) = getColorZ(cs, z)


 # create a gradient from a symbol (blues, reds, etc) and vector of boundary values
-function ColorGradient(s::Symbol, vals::AVec{T} = 0:0; kw...) where T<:Real
+function ColorGradient{T<:Real}(s::Symbol, vals::AVec{T} = 0:0; kw...)
  haskey(_gradients, s) || error("Invalid gradient symbol.  Choose from: ", sort(collect(keys(_gradients))))
  cs = _gradients[s]
  if vals == 0:0
-    vals = range(0, stop=1, length=length(cs))
+    vals = linspace(0, 1, length(cs))
  end
  ColorGradient(cs, vals; kw...)
 end
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ end
 # --------------------------------------------------------------

 "Wraps a function, taking an index and returning a Colorant"
-struct ColorFunction <: ColorScheme
+immutable ColorFunction <: ColorScheme
  f::Function
 end

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ getColor(scheme::ColorFunction, idx::Int) = scheme.f(idx)
 # --------------------------------------------------------------

 "Wraps a function, taking an z-value and returning a Colorant"
-struct ColorZFunction <: ColorScheme
+immutable ColorZFunction <: ColorScheme
  f::Function
 end

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ getColorZ(scheme::ColorZFunction, z::Real) = scheme.f(z)
 # --------------------------------------------------------------

 "Wraps a vector of colors... may be vector of Symbol/String/Colorant"
-struct ColorVector <: ColorScheme
+immutable ColorVector <: ColorScheme
  v::Vector{Colorant}
  ColorVector(v::AVec; alpha = nothing) = new(convertColor(v,alpha))
 end
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ getColorVector(scheme::ColorVector) = scheme.v
 # --------------------------------------------------------------

 "Wraps a single color"
-struct ColorWrapper <: ColorScheme
+immutable ColorWrapper <: ColorScheme
  c::RGBA
  ColorWrapper(c::Colorant; alpha = nothing) = new(convertColor(c, alpha))
 end
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ ColorWrapper(s::Symbol; alpha = nothing) = ColorWrapper(convertColor(parse(Color

 getColor(scheme::ColorWrapper, idx::Int) = scheme.c
 getColorZ(scheme::ColorWrapper, z::Real) = scheme.c
-convertColor(c::ColorWrapper, α::Nothing) = c.c
+convertColor(c::ColorWrapper, α::Void) = c.c

 # --------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ function generate_colorgradient(bgcolor = colorant"white";
      seed_colors,
      lchoices=Float64[lightness],
      cchoices=Float64[chroma],
-      hchoices=range(0, stop=340, length=20)
+      hchoices=linspace(0, 340, 20)
    )[2:end]
  gradient_from_list(colors)
 end
@@ -347,8 +347,8 @@ function get_color_palette(palette, bgcolor::Union{Colorant,ColorWrapper}, numco
  RGBA[getColorZ(grad, z) for z in zrng]
 end

-function get_color_palette(palette::Vector{C},
-bgcolor::Union{Colorant,ColorWrapper}, numcolors::Integer) where C<:Colorant
+function get_color_palette{C<:Colorant}(palette::Vector{C},
+            bgcolor::Union{Colorant,ColorWrapper}, numcolors::Integer)
  palette
 end

@@ -5,21 +5,21 @@
 # This should cut down on boilerplate code and allow more focused dispatch on type
 # note: returns meta information... mainly for use with automatic labeling from DataFrames for now

-const FuncOrFuncs = Union{Function, AVec{Function}}
+const FuncOrFuncs = @compat(Union{Function, AVec{Function}})

 all3D(d::KW) = trueOrAllTrue(st -> st in (:contour, :contourf, :heatmap, :surface, :wireframe, :contour3d, :image), get(d, :seriestype, :none))

 # missing
-convertToAnyVector(v::Nothing, d::KW) = Any[nothing], nothing
+convertToAnyVector(v::@compat(Void), d::KW) = Any[nothing], nothing

 # fixed number of blank series
 convertToAnyVector(n::Integer, d::KW) = Any[zeros(0) for i in 1:n], nothing

 # numeric vector
-convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) where {T<:Number} = Any[v], nothing
+convertToAnyVector{T<:Number}(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing

 # string vector
-convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) where {T<:AbstractString} = Any[v], nothing
+convertToAnyVector{T<:@compat(AbstractString)}(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing

 function convertToAnyVector(v::AMat, d::KW)
    if all3D(d)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ convertToAnyVector(s::Surface, d::KW) = Any[s], nothing
 # convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{OHLC}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing

 # dates
-convertToAnyVector(dts::AVec{D}, d::KW) where {D<:Union{Date,DateTime}} = Any[dts], nothing
+convertToAnyVector{D<:Union{Date,DateTime}}(dts::AVec{D}, d::KW) = Any[dts], nothing

 # list of things (maybe other vectors, functions, or something else)
 function convertToAnyVector(v::AVec, d::KW)
@@ -65,19 +65,19 @@ end
 # TODO: can we avoid the copy here?  one error that crops up is that mapping functions over the same array
 #       result in that array being shared.  push!, etc will add too many items to that array

-compute_x(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z)      = 1:size(z,1)
-compute_x(x::Nothing, y, z)            = 1:size(y,1)
+compute_x(x::Void, y::Void, z)      = 1:size(z,1)
+compute_x(x::Void, y, z)            = 1:size(y,1)
 compute_x(x::Function, y, z)        = map(x, y)
 compute_x(x, y, z)                  = copy(x)

 # compute_y(x::Void, y::Function, z)  = error()
-compute_y(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z)      = 1:size(z,2)
+compute_y(x::Void, y::Void, z)      = 1:size(z,2)
 compute_y(x, y::Function, z)        = map(y, x)
 compute_y(x, y, z)                  = copy(y)

 compute_z(x, y, z::Function)        = map(z, x, y)
 compute_z(x, y, z::AbstractMatrix)  = Surface(z)
-compute_z(x, y, z::Nothing)            = nothing
+compute_z(x, y, z::Void)            = nothing
 compute_z(x, y, z)                  = copy(z)

 nobigs(v::AVec{BigFloat}) = map(Float64, v)
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ nobigs(v) = v
 end

 # not allowed
-compute_xyz(x::Nothing, y::FuncOrFuncs, z)       = error("If you want to plot the function `$y`, you need to define the x values!")
-compute_xyz(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z::FuncOrFuncs) = error("If you want to plot the function `$z`, you need to define x and y values!")
-compute_xyz(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z::Nothing)        = error("x/y/z are all nothing!")
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::FuncOrFuncs, z)       = error("If you want to plot the function `$y`, you need to define the x values!")
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::Void, z::FuncOrFuncs) = error("If you want to plot the function `$z`, you need to define x and y values!")
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::Void, z::Void)        = error("x/y/z are all nothing!")

 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 Holds all data needed for a documentation example... header, description, and plotting expression (Expr)
 """
-mutable struct PlotExample
+type PlotExample
  header::AbstractString
  desc::AbstractString
  exprs::Vector{Expr}
@@ -18,18 +18,11 @@ PlotExample("Lines",
 ),

 PlotExample("Functions, adding data, and animations",
-"""
-Plot multiple functions.  You can also put the function first, or use the form `plot(f,
-xmin, xmax)` where f is a Function or AbstractVector{Function}.\n\nGet series data:
-`x, y = plt[i]`.  Set series data: `plt[i] = (x,y)`. Add to the series with
-`push!`/`append!`.\n\nEasily build animations.  (`convert` or `ffmpeg` must be available
-to generate the animation.)  Use command `gif(anim, filename, fps=15)` to save the
-animation.
-""",
+    "Plot multiple functions.  You can also put the function first, or use the form `plot(f, xmin, xmax)` where f is a Function or AbstractVector{Function}.\n\nGet series data: `x, y = plt[i]`.  Set series data: `plt[i] = (x,y)`. Add to the series with `push!`/`append!`.\n\nEasily build animations.  (`convert` or `ffmpeg` must be available to generate the animation.)  Use command `gif(anim, filename, fps=15)` to save the animation.",
    [:(begin
        p = plot([sin,cos], zeros(0), leg=false)
        anim = Animation()
-        for x in range(0, stop=10π, length=100)
+        for x in linspace(0, 10π, 100)
            push!(p, x, Float64[sin(x), cos(x)])
            frame(anim)
        end
@@ -44,35 +37,23 @@ PlotExample("Parametric plots",
 ),

 PlotExample("Colors",
-"""
-Access predefined palettes (or build your own with the `colorscheme` method).
-Line/marker colors are auto-generated from the plot's palette, unless overridden.  Set
-the `z` argument to turn on series gradients.
-""",
+    "Access predefined palettes (or build your own with the `colorscheme` method).  Line/marker colors are auto-generated from the plot's palette, unless overridden.  Set the `z` argument to turn on series gradients.",
    [:(begin
-y = rand(100)
-plot(0:10:100,rand(11,4),lab="lines",w=3,palette=:grays,fill=0, α=0.6)
-scatter!(y, zcolor=abs.(y.-0.5), m=(:heat,0.8,stroke(1,:green)), ms=10*abs.(y.-0.5).+4,
-         lab="grad")
+        y = rand(100)
+        plot(0:10:100,rand(11,4),lab="lines",w=3,palette=:grays,fill=0, α=0.6)
+        scatter!(y, zcolor=abs.(y-.5), m=(:heat,0.8,stroke(1,:green)), ms=10*abs.(y-0.5)+4, lab="grad")
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Global",
-"""
-Change the guides/background/limits/ticks.  Convenience args `xaxis` and `yaxis` allow
-you to pass a tuple or value which will be mapped to the relevant args automatically.
-The `xaxis` below will be replaced with `xlabel` and `xlims` args automatically during
-the preprocessing step. You can also use shorthand functions: `title!`, `xaxis!`,
-`yaxis!`, `xlabel!`, `ylabel!`, `xlims!`, `ylims!`, `xticks!`, `yticks!`
-""",
+    "Change the guides/background/limits/ticks.  Convenience args `xaxis` and `yaxis` allow you to pass a tuple or value which will be mapped to the relevant args automatically.  The `xaxis` below will be replaced with `xlabel` and `xlims` args automatically during the preprocessing step. You can also use shorthand functions: `title!`, `xaxis!`, `yaxis!`, `xlabel!`, `ylabel!`, `xlims!`, `ylims!`, `xticks!`, `yticks!`",
    [:(begin
-y = rand(20,3)
-plot(y, xaxis=("XLABEL",(-5,30),0:2:20,:flip), background_color = RGB(0.2,0.2,0.2),
-     leg=false)
-hline!(mean(y, dims = 1)+rand(1,3), line=(4,:dash,0.6,[:lightgreen :green :darkgreen]))
-vline!([5,10])
-title!("TITLE")
-yaxis!("YLABEL", :log10)
+        y = rand(20,3)
+        plot(y, xaxis=("XLABEL",(-5,30),0:2:20,:flip), background_color = RGB(0.2,0.2,0.2), leg=false)
+        hline!(mean(y,1)+rand(1,3), line=(4,:dash,0.6,[:lightgreen :green :darkgreen]))
+        vline!([5,10])
+        title!("TITLE")
+        yaxis!("YLABEL", :log10)
    end)]
 ),

@@ -92,14 +73,7 @@ PlotExample("Images",
 ),

 PlotExample("Arguments",
-"""
-Plot multiple series with different numbers of points.  Mix arguments that apply to all
-series (marker/markersize) with arguments unique to each series (colors).  Special
-arguments `line`, `marker`, and `fill` will automatically figure out what arguments to
-set (for example, we are setting the `linestyle`, `linewidth`, and `color` arguments with
-`line`.)  Note that we pass a matrix of colors, and this applies the colors to each
-series.
-""",
+    "Plot multiple series with different numbers of points.  Mix arguments that apply to all series (marker/markersize) with arguments unique to each series (colors).  Special arguments `line`, `marker`, and `fill` will automatically figure out what arguments to set (for example, we are setting the `linestyle`, `linewidth`, and `color` arguments with `line`.)  Note that we pass a matrix of colors, and this applies the colors to each series.",
    [:(begin
        ys = Vector[rand(10), rand(20)]
        plot(ys, color=[:black :orange], line=(:dot,4), marker=([:hex :d],12,0.8,stroke(3,:gray)))
@@ -141,13 +115,12 @@ PlotExample("Line types",
 PlotExample("Line styles",
    "",
    [:(begin
-styles = filter(s -> s in Plots.supported_styles(),
-                [:solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot])
-styles = reshape(styles, 1, length(styles)) # Julia 0.6 unfortunately gives an error when transposing symbol vectors
-n = length(styles)
-y = cumsum(randn(20,n), dims = 1)
-plot(y, line = (5, styles), label = map(string,styles), legendtitle = "linestyle")
-             end)]
+        styles = filter(s -> s in Plots.supported_styles(), [:solid, :dash, :dot, :dashdot, :dashdotdot])
+        styles = reshape(styles, 1, length(styles)) # Julia 0.6 unfortunately gives an error when transposing symbol vectors
+        n = length(styles)
+        y = cumsum(randn(20,n),1)
+        plot(y, line = (5, styles), label = map(string,styles), legendtitle = "linestyle")
+    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Marker types",
@@ -156,8 +129,8 @@ PlotExample("Marker types",
        markers = filter(m -> m in Plots.supported_markers(), Plots._shape_keys)
        markers = reshape(markers, 1, length(markers))
        n = length(markers)
-        x = range(0, stop=10, length=n+2)[2:end-1]
-        y = repeat(reshape(reverse(x),1,:), n, 1)
+        x = linspace(0,10,n+2)[2:end-1]
+        y = repmat(reshape(reverse(x),1,:), n, 1)
        scatter(x, y, m=(8,:auto), lab=map(string,markers), bg=:linen, xlim=(0,10), ylim=(0,10))
    end)]
 ),
@@ -172,105 +145,79 @@ PlotExample("Bar",
 PlotExample("Histogram",
    "",
    [:(begin
-        histogram(randn(1000), bins = :scott, weights = repeat(1:5, outer = 200))
+        histogram(randn(1000), nbins=20)
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Subplots",
-"""
-Use the `layout` keyword, and optionally the convenient `@layout` macro to generate
-arbitrarily complex subplot layouts.
-""",
+    """
+    Use the `layout` keyword, and optionally the convenient `@layout` macro to generate arbitrarily complex subplot layouts.
+    """,
    [:(begin
-l = @layout([a{0.1h}; b [c;d e]])
-plot(randn(100,5), layout=l, t=[:line :histogram :scatter :steppre :bar], leg=false,
-     ticks=nothing, border=:none)
+        l = @layout([a{0.1h}; b [c;d e]])
+        plot(randn(100,5), layout=l, t=[:line :histogram :scatter :steppre :bar], leg=false, ticks=nothing, border=:none)
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Adding to subplots",
-"""
-Note here the automatic grid layout, as well as the order in which new series are added
-to the plots.
-""",
+    "Note here the automatic grid layout, as well as the order in which new series are added to the plots.",
    [:(begin
-plot(Plots.fakedata(100,10), layout=4, palette=[:grays :blues :heat :lightrainbow],
-     bg_inside=[:orange :pink :darkblue :black])
+        plot(Plots.fakedata(100,10), layout=4, palette=[:grays :blues :heat :lightrainbow], bg_inside=[:orange :pink :darkblue :black])
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("",
    "",
    [:(begin
-        Random.srand(111)
+        srand(111)
        plot!(Plots.fakedata(100,10))
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Open/High/Low/Close",
-"""
-Create an OHLC chart.  Pass in a list of (open,high,low,close) tuples as your `y`
-argument.  This uses recipes to first convert the tuples to OHLC objects, and
-subsequently create a :path series with the appropriate line segments.
-""",
+    "Create an OHLC chart.  Pass in a list of (open,high,low,close) tuples as your `y` argument.  This uses recipes to first convert the tuples to OHLC objects, and subsequently create a :path series with the appropriate line segments.",
    [:(begin
-n=20
-hgt=rand(n).+1
-bot=randn(n)
-openpct=rand(n)
-closepct=rand(n)
-y = OHLC[(openpct[i]*hgt[i]+bot[i], bot[i]+hgt[i], bot[i],
-          closepct[i]*hgt[i]+bot[i]) for i in 1:n]
-ohlc(y)
+        n=20
+        hgt=rand(n)+1
+        bot=randn(n)
+        openpct=rand(n)
+        closepct=rand(n)
+        y = OHLC[(openpct[i]*hgt[i]+bot[i], bot[i]+hgt[i], bot[i], closepct[i]*hgt[i]+bot[i]) for i in 1:n]
+        ohlc(y)
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Annotations",
-"""
-The `annotations` keyword is used for text annotations in data-coordinates.  Pass in a
-tuple (x,y,text) or a vector of annotations.  `annotate!(ann)` is shorthand for `plot!(;
-annotation=ann)`.  Series annotations are used for annotating individual data points.
-They require only the annotation... x/y values are computed.  A `PlotText` object can be
-build with the method `text(string, attr...)`, which wraps font and color attributes.
-""",
+    "The `annotations` keyword is used for text annotations in data-coordinates.  Pass in a tuple (x,y,text) or a vector of annotations.  `annotate!(ann)` is shorthand for `plot!(; annotation=ann)`.  Series annotations are used for annotating individual data points.  They require only the annotation... x/y values are computed.  A `PlotText` object can be build with the method `text(string, attr...)`, which wraps font and color attributes.",
    [:(begin
-y = rand(10)
-plot(y, annotations = (3,y[3],text("this is #3",:left)), leg=false)
-annotate!([(5, y[5], text("this is #5",16,:red,:center)),
-          (10, y[10], text("this is #10",:right,20,"courier"))])
-scatter!(range(2, stop=8, length=6), rand(6), marker=(50,0.2,:orange),
-         series_annotations = ["series","annotations","map","to","series",
-                               text("data",:green)])
+        y = rand(10)
+        plot(y, annotations = (3,y[3],text("this is #3",:left)), leg=false)
+        annotate!([(5, y[5], text("this is #5",16,:red,:center)), (10, y[10], text("this is #10",:right,20,"courier"))])
+        scatter!(linspace(2,8,6), rand(6), marker=(50,0.2,:orange), series_annotations = ["series","annotations","map","to","series",text("data",:green)])
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Custom Markers",
-"""A `Plots.Shape` is a light wrapper around vertices of a polygon.  For supported
-backends, pass arbitrary polygons as the marker shapes.  Note: The center is (0,0) and
-the size is expected to be rougly the area of the unit circle.
-""",
+    "A `Plots.Shape` is a light wrapper around vertices of a polygon.  For supported backends, pass arbitrary polygons as the marker shapes.  Note: The center is (0,0) and the size is expected to be rougly the area of the unit circle.",
    [:(begin
-verts = [(-1.0,1.0),(-1.28,0.6),(-0.2,-1.4),(0.2,-1.4),(1.28,0.6),(1.0,1.0),
-         (-1.0,1.0),(-0.2,-0.6),(0.0,-0.2),(-0.4,0.6),(1.28,0.6),(0.2,-1.4),
-         (-0.2,-1.4),(0.6,0.2),(-0.2,0.2),(0.0,-0.2),(0.2,0.2),(-0.2,-0.6)]
-x = 0.1:0.2:0.9
-y = 0.7rand(5).+0.15
-plot(x, y, line = (3,:dash,:lightblue), marker = (Shape(verts),30,RGBA(0,0,0,0.2)),
-     bg=:pink, fg=:darkblue, xlim = (0,1), ylim=(0,1), leg=false)
+        verts = [(-1.0,1.0),(-1.28,0.6),(-0.2,-1.4),(0.2,-1.4),(1.28,0.6),(1.0,1.0),
+                 (-1.0,1.0),(-0.2,-0.6),(0.0,-0.2),(-0.4,0.6),(1.28,0.6),(0.2,-1.4),
+                 (-0.2,-1.4),(0.6,0.2),(-0.2,0.2),(0.0,-0.2),(0.2,0.2),(-0.2,-0.6)]
+        x = 0.1:0.2:0.9
+        y = 0.7rand(5)+0.15
+        plot(x, y, line = (3,:dash,:lightblue), marker = (Shape(verts),30,RGBA(0,0,0,0.2)),
+                   bg=:pink, fg=:darkblue, xlim = (0,1), ylim=(0,1), leg=false)
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Contours",
-"""
-Any value for fill works here.  We first build a filled contour from a function, then an
-unfilled contour from a matrix.
-""",
+    "Any value for fill works here.  We first build a filled contour from a function, then an unfilled contour from a matrix.",
    [:(begin
        x = 1:0.5:20
        y = 1:0.5:10
        f(x,y) = (3x+y^2)*abs(sin(x)+cos(y))
-        X = repeat(reshape(x,1,:), length(y), 1)
-        Y = repeat(y, 1, length(x))
+        X = repmat(reshape(x,1,:), length(y), 1)
+        Y = repmat(y, 1, length(x))
        Z = map(f, X, Y)
        p1 = contour(x, y, f, fill=true)
        p2 = contour(x, y, Z)
@@ -291,7 +238,7 @@ PlotExample("3D",
    "",
    [:(begin
        n = 100
-        ts = range(0, stop=8π, length=n)
+        ts = linspace(0,8π,n)
        x = ts .* map(cos,ts)
        y = 0.1ts .* map(sin,ts)
        z = 1:n
@@ -305,7 +252,7 @@ PlotExample("DataFrames",
    [:(begin
        import RDatasets
        iris = RDatasets.dataset("datasets", "iris")
-        @df iris scatter(:SepalLength, :SepalWidth, group=:Species,
+        scatter(iris, :SepalLength, :SepalWidth, group=:Species,
            title = "My awesome plot", xlabel = "Length", ylabel = "Width",
            marker = (0.5, [:cross :hex :star7], 12), bg=RGB(.2,.2,.2))
    end)]
@@ -315,15 +262,14 @@ PlotExample("Groups and Subplots",
    "",
    [:(begin
        group = rand(map(i->"group $i",1:4),100)
-        plot(rand(100), layout=@layout([a b;c]), group=group,
-            linetype=[:bar :scatter :steppre], linecolor = :match)
+        plot(rand(100), layout=@layout([a b;c]), group=group, linetype=[:bar :scatter :steppre])
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Polar Plots",
    "",
    [:(begin
-        Θ = range(0, stop=1.5π, length=100)
+        Θ = linspace(0,1.5π,100)
        r = abs.(0.1randn(100)+sin.(3Θ))
        plot(Θ, r, proj=:polar, m=2)
    end)]
@@ -342,10 +288,9 @@ PlotExample("Heatmap, categorical axes, and aspect_ratio",
 PlotExample("Layouts, margins, label rotation, title location",
    "",
    [:(begin
-        using Plots.PlotMeasures # for Measures, e.g. mm and px
        plot(rand(100,6),layout=@layout([a b; c]),title=["A" "B" "C"],
                        title_location=:left, left_margin=[20mm 0mm],
-                        bottom_margin=10px, xrotation=60)
+                        bottom_margin=50px, xrotation=60)
    end)]
 ),

@@ -354,8 +299,8 @@ PlotExample("Boxplot and Violin series recipes",
    [:(begin
        import RDatasets
        singers = RDatasets.dataset("lattice", "singer")
-        @df singers violin(:VoicePart, :Height, line = 0, fill = (0.2, :blue))
-        @df singers boxplot!(:VoicePart, :Height, line = (2,:black), fill = (0.3, :orange))
+        violin(singers, :VoicePart, :Height, line = 0, fill = (0.2, :blue))
+        boxplot!(singers, :VoicePart, :Height, line = (2,:black), fill = (0.3, :orange))
    end)]
 ),

@@ -368,7 +313,7 @@ PlotExample("Animation with subplots",
        plot(log,1,xlims=(1,10π),ylims=(0,5),leg=false),layout=l)

        anim = Animation()
-        for x = range(1, stop=10π, length=100)
+        for x = linspace(1,10π,100)
          plot(push!(p,x,Float64[sin(x),cos(x),atan(x),cos(x),log(x)]))
          frame(anim)
        end
@@ -376,22 +321,16 @@ PlotExample("Animation with subplots",
 ),

 PlotExample("Spy",
-"""
-For a matrix `mat` with unique nonzeros `spy(mat)` returns a colorless plot. If `mat` has
-various different nonzero values, a colorbar is added. The colorbar can be disabled with
-`legend = nothing`.
-""",
+    "For a matrix `mat` with unique nonzeros `spy(mat)` returns a colorless plot. If `mat` has various different nonzero values, a colorbar is added. The colorbar can be disabled with `legend = nothing`. As always, the marker shape and size can be changed with `spy(mat, markersize = 3, markershape = :star)`.",
    [:(begin
    a = spdiagm((ones(50), ones(49), ones(49), ones(40), ones(40)),(0, 1, -1, 10, -10))
    b = spdiagm((1:50, 1:49, 1:49, 1:40, 1:40),(0, 1, -1, 10, -10))
-    plot(spy(a), spy(b), title = ["Unique nonzeros" "Different nonzeros"])
+    plot(spy(a, markershape = :dtriangle), spy(b), markersize = 3, title = ["Unique nonzeros" "Different nonzeros"])
    end)]
 ),

 PlotExample("Magic grid argument",
-"""
-The grid lines can be modified individually for each axis with the magic `grid` argument.
-""",
+    "The grid lines can be modified individually for each axis with the magic `grid` argument.",
    [:(begin
    x = rand(10)
    p1 = plot(x, title = "Default looks")
@@ -403,32 +342,10 @@ The grid lines can be modified individually for each axis with the magic `grid`
 ),

 PlotExample("Framestyle",
-"""
-The style of the frame/axes of a (sub)plot can be changed with the `framestyle`
-attribute. The default framestyle is `:axes`.
-""",
+    "The style of the frame/axes of a (sub)plot can be changed with the `framestyle` attribute. The default framestyle is `:axes`.",
    [:(begin
-    scatter(fill(randn(10), 6), fill(randn(10), 6),
-        framestyle = [:box :semi :origin :zerolines :grid :none],
-        title = [":box" ":semi" ":origin" ":zerolines" ":grid" ":none"],
-        color = RowVector(1:6), layout = 6, label = "", markerstrokewidth = 0,
-        ticks = -2:2)
-    end)]
-),
-
-PlotExample("Lines and markers with varying colors",
-"""
-You can use the `line_z` and `marker_z` properties to associate a color with
-each line segment or marker in the plot.
-""",
-    [:(begin
-        t = range(0, stop=1, length=100)
-        θ = 6π .* t
-        x = t .* cos.(θ)
-        y = t .* sin.(θ)
-        p1 = plot(x, y, line_z=t, linewidth=3, legend=false)
-        p2 = scatter(x, y, marker_z=t, color=:bluesreds, legend=false)
-        plot(p1, p2)
+    histogram(fill(randn(1000), 5), framestyle = [:box :semi :axes :grid :none],
+        title = [":box" ":semi" ":axes" ":grid" ":none"], color = RowVector(1:5), layout = 5, label = "")
    end)]
 ),

@@ -439,7 +356,7 @@ each line segment or marker in the plot.
 # make and display one plot
 function test_examples(pkgname::Symbol, idx::Int; debug = false, disp = true)
  Plots._debugMode.on = debug
-  @info("Testing plot: $pkgname:$idx:$(_examples[idx].header)")
+  info("Testing plot: $pkgname:$idx:$(_examples[idx].header)")
  backend(pkgname)
  backend()
  map(eval, _examples[idx].exprs)
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@

 # NOTE: (0,0) is the top-left !!!

+# allow pixels and percentages
+const px = AbsoluteLength(0.254)
+const pct = Length{:pct, Float64}(1.0)
+
 to_pixels(m::AbsoluteLength) = m.value / 0.254

 const _cbar_width = 5mm
@@ -13,7 +17,7 @@ Base.zero(::Type{typeof(mm)}) = 0mm
 Base.one(::Type{typeof(mm)}) = 1mm
 Base.typemin(::typeof(mm)) = -Inf*mm
 Base.typemax(::typeof(mm)) = Inf*mm
-Base.convert(::Type{F}, l::AbsoluteLength) where {F<:AbstractFloat} = convert(F, l.value)
+Base.convert{F<:AbstractFloat}(::Type{F}, l::AbsoluteLength) = convert(F, l.value)

 # TODO: these are unintuitive and may cause tricky bugs
 # Base.:+(m1::AbsoluteLength, m2::Length{:pct}) = AbsoluteLength(m1.value * (1 + m2.value))
@@ -95,7 +99,7 @@ end
 # -----------------------------------------------------------

 # points combined by x/y, pct, and length
-mutable struct MixedMeasures
+type MixedMeasures
    xy::Float64
    pct::Float64
    len::AbsoluteLength
@@ -216,7 +220,7 @@ bottompad(layout::AbstractLayout) = 0mm
 # RootLayout

 # this is the parent of the top-level layout
-struct RootLayout <: AbstractLayout end
+immutable RootLayout <: AbstractLayout end

 Base.parent(::RootLayout) = nothing
 parent_bbox(::RootLayout) = defaultbox
@@ -226,7 +230,7 @@ bbox(::RootLayout) = defaultbox
 # EmptyLayout

 # contains blank space
-mutable struct EmptyLayout <: AbstractLayout
+type EmptyLayout <: AbstractLayout
    parent::AbstractLayout
    bbox::BoundingBox
    attr::KW  # store label, width, and height for initialization
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ _update_min_padding!(layout::EmptyLayout) = nothing
 # GridLayout

 # nested, gridded layout with optional size percentages
-mutable struct GridLayout <: AbstractLayout
+type GridLayout <: AbstractLayout
    parent::AbstractLayout
    minpad::Tuple # leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad
    bbox::BoundingBox
@@ -268,7 +272,7 @@ function GridLayout(dims...;
                    widths = zeros(dims[2]),
                    heights = zeros(dims[1]),
                    kw...)
-    grid = Matrix{AbstractLayout}(undef, dims...)
+    grid = Matrix{AbstractLayout}(dims...)
    layout = GridLayout(
        parent,
        (20mm, 5mm, 2mm, 10mm),
@@ -357,10 +361,10 @@ function update_child_bboxes!(layout::GridLayout, minimum_perimeter = [0mm,0mm,0
    # get the max horizontal (left and right) padding over columns,
    # and max vertical (bottom and top) padding over rows
    # TODO: add extra padding here
-    pad_left   = maximum(minpad_left,   dims = 1)
-    pad_top    = maximum(minpad_top,    dims = 2)
-    pad_right  = maximum(minpad_right,  dims = 1)
-    pad_bottom = maximum(minpad_bottom, dims = 2)
+    pad_left   = maximum(minpad_left,   1)
+    pad_top    = maximum(minpad_top,    2)
+    pad_right  = maximum(minpad_right,  1)
+    pad_bottom = maximum(minpad_bottom, 2)

    # make sure the perimeter match the parent
    pad_left[1]     = max(pad_left[1], minimum_perimeter[1])
@@ -481,12 +485,12 @@ function layout_args(n::Integer)
    GridLayout(nr, nc), n
 end

-function layout_args(sztup::NTuple{2,I}) where I<:Integer
+function layout_args{I<:Integer}(sztup::NTuple{2,I})
    nr, nc = sztup
    GridLayout(nr, nc), nr*nc
 end

-function layout_args(sztup::NTuple{3,I}) where I<:Integer
+function layout_args{I<:Integer}(sztup::NTuple{3,I})
    n, nr, nc = sztup
    nr, nc = compute_gridsize(n, nr, nc)
    GridLayout(nr, nc), n
@@ -566,7 +570,7 @@ function build_layout(layout::GridLayout, numsp::Integer, plts::AVec{Plot})
    for r=1:nr, c=1:nc
        l = layout[r,c]
        if isa(l, EmptyLayout) && !get(l.attr, :blank, false)
-            plt = popfirst!(plts)  # grab the first plot out of the list
+            plt = shift!(plts)  # grab the first plot out of the list
            layout[r,c] = plt.layout
            append!(subplots, plt.subplots)
            merge!(spmap, plt.spmap)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ps(fn::AbstractString) = ps(current(), fn)
 function eps(plt::Plot, fn::AbstractString)
  fn = addExtension(fn, "eps")
  io = open(fn, "w")
-  show(io, MIME("image/eps"), plt)
+  writemime(io, MIME("image/eps"), plt)
  close(io)
 end
 eps(fn::AbstractString) = eps(current(), fn)
@@ -146,8 +146,7 @@ function Base.display(::PlotsDisplay, plt::Plot)
 end

 # override the REPL display to open a gui window
-using REPL
-Base.display(::REPL.REPLDisplay, ::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot) = gui(plt)
+Base.display(::Base.REPL.REPLDisplay, ::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot) = gui(plt)


 _do_plot_show(plt, showval::Bool) = showval && gui(plt)
@@ -158,16 +157,25 @@ end

 # ---------------------------------------------------------

+const _mimeformats = Dict(
+    "application/eps"         => "eps",
+    "image/eps"               => "eps",
+    "application/pdf"         => "pdf",
+    "image/png"               => "png",
+    "application/postscript"  => "ps",
+    "image/svg+xml"           => "svg",
+    "text/plain"              => "txt",
+    "application/x-tex"       => "tex",
+)
+
 const _best_html_output_type = KW(
    :pyplot => :png,
    :unicodeplots => :txt,
-    :glvisualize => :png,
-    :plotlyjs => :html,
-    :plotly => :html
+    :glvisualize => :png
 )

 # a backup for html... passes to svg or png depending on the html_output_format arg
-function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot)
+function Base.show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot)
    output_type = Symbol(plt.attr[:html_output_format])
    if output_type == :auto
        output_type = get(_best_html_output_type, backend_name(plt.backend), :svg)
@@ -181,32 +189,26 @@ function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/html", plt::Plot)
    elseif output_type == :txt
        show(io, MIME("text/plain"), plt)
    else
-        error("only png or svg allowed. got: $(repr(output_type))")
+        error("only png or svg allowed. got: $output_type")
    end
 end

-# delegate mimewritable (showable on julia 0.7) to _show instead
-function Base.mimewritable(m::M, plt::P) where {M<:MIME, P<:Plot}
-    return hasmethod(_show, Tuple{IO, M, P})
+function _show{B}(io::IO, m, plt::Plot{B})
+    # Base.show_backtrace(STDOUT, backtrace())
+    warn("_show is not defined for this backend. m=", string(m))
 end
-
 function _display(plt::Plot)
-    @warn("_display is not defined for this backend.")
+    warn("_display is not defined for this backend.")
 end

 # for writing to io streams... first prepare, then callback
-for mime in ("text/plain", "text/html", "image/png", "image/eps", "image/svg+xml",
-             "application/eps", "application/pdf", "application/postscript",
-             "application/x-tex")
-    @eval function Base.show(io::IO, m::MIME{Symbol($mime)}, plt::Plot)
+for mime in keys(_mimeformats)
+    @eval function Base.show{B}(io::IO, m::MIME{Symbol($mime)}, plt::Plot{B})
        prepare_output(plt)
        _show(io, m, plt)
    end
 end

-# default text/plain for all backends
-_show(io::IO, ::MIME{Symbol("text/plain")}, plt::Plot) = show(io, plt)
-
 "Close all open gui windows of the current backend"
 closeall() = closeall(backend())

@@ -214,10 +216,9 @@ closeall() = closeall(backend())
 # ---------------------------------------------------------
 # A backup, if no PNG generation is defined, is to try to make a PDF and use FileIO to convert

-const PDFBackends = Union{PGFPlotsBackend,PlotlyJSBackend,PyPlotBackend,InspectDRBackend,GRBackend}
 if is_installed("FileIO")
    @eval import FileIO
-    function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot{<:PDFBackends})
+    function _show(io::IO, ::MIME"image/png", plt::Plot)
        fn = tempname()

        # first save a pdf file
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ if is_installed("FileIO")
        FileIO.save(pngfn, s)

        # now write from the file
-        write(io, read(open(pngfn), String))
+        write(io, readstring(open(pngfn)))
    end
 end

@@ -255,68 +256,45 @@ end
 # IJulia
 # ---------------------------------------------------------

-@require IJulia = "7073ff75-c697-5162-941a-fcdaad2a7d2a" begin
+const _ijulia_output = String["text/html"]
+
+using Requires
+@require IJulia begin
    if IJulia.inited
+        export set_ijulia_output

-        """
-        Add extra jupyter mimetypes to display_dict based on the plot backed.
-
-        The default is nothing, except for plotly based backends, where it
-        adds data for `application/vnd.plotly.v1+json` that is used in
-        frontends like jupyterlab and nteract.
-        """
-        _extra_mime_info!(plt::Plot, out::Dict) = out
-        function _extra_mime_info!(plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend}, out::Dict)
-            out["application/vnd.plotly.v1+json"] = JSON.lower(plt.o)
-            out
+        function set_ijulia_output(mimestr::AbstractString)
+            # info("Setting IJulia output format to $mimestr")
+            global _ijulia_output
+            _ijulia_output[1] = mimestr
        end
-
-        function _extra_mime_info!(plt::Plot{PlotlyBackend}, out::Dict)
-            out["application/vnd.plotly.v1+json"] = Dict(
-                :data => plotly_series(plt),
-                :layout => plotly_layout(plt)
-            )
-            out
-        end
-
        function IJulia.display_dict(plt::Plot)
-            output_type = Symbol(plt.attr[:html_output_format])
-            if output_type == :auto
-                output_type = get(_best_html_output_type, backend_name(plt.backend), :svg)
-            end
-            out = Dict()
-            if output_type == :txt
-                mime = "text/plain"
-                out[mime] = sprint(show, MIME(mime), plt)
-            elseif output_type == :png
-                mime = "image/png"
-                out[mime] = base64encode(show, MIME(mime), plt)
-            elseif output_type == :svg
-                mime = "image/svg+xml"
-                out[mime] = sprint(show, MIME(mime), plt)
-            elseif output_type == :html
-                mime = "text/html"
-                out[mime] = sprint(show, MIME(mime), plt)
-            else
-                error("Unsupported output type $output_type")
-            end
-            _extra_mime_info!(plt, out)
-            out
+            global _ijulia_output
+            Dict{String, String}(_ijulia_output[1] => sprint(show, _ijulia_output[1], plt))
+        end
+
+        # default text/plain passes to html... handles Interact issues
+        function Base.show(io::IO, m::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot)
+            show(io, MIME("text/html"), plt)
        end

        ENV["MPLBACKEND"] = "Agg"
+        set_ijulia_output("text/html")
    end
 end

 # ---------------------------------------------------------
 # Atom PlotPane
 # ---------------------------------------------------------
-@require Juno = "e5e0dc1b-0480-54bc-9374-aad01c23163d" begin
+@require Juno begin
    import Hiccup, Media

    if Juno.isactive()
        Media.media(Plot, Media.Plot)

+
+        _show{B}(io::IO, m::MIME"text/plain", plt::Plot{B}) = print(io, "Plot{$B}()")
+
        function Juno.render(e::Juno.Editor, plt::Plot)
            Juno.render(e, nothing)
        end
@@ -325,20 +303,13 @@ end
            function Juno.render(pane::Juno.PlotPane, plt::Plot)
                # temporarily overwrite size to be Atom.plotsize
                sz = plt[:size]
-                dpi = plt[:dpi]
-                thickness_scaling = plt[:thickness_scaling]
                jsize = Juno.plotsize()
                jsize[1] == 0 && (jsize[1] = 400)
                jsize[2] == 0 && (jsize[2] = 500)

-                scale = minimum(jsize[i] / sz[i] for i in 1:2)
-                plt[:size] = (s * scale for s in sz)
-                plt[:dpi] = Plots.DPI
-                plt[:thickness_scaling] *= scale
+                plt[:size] = jsize
                Juno.render(pane, HTML(stringmime(MIME("text/html"), plt)))
                plt[:size] = sz
-                plt[:dpi] = dpi
-                plt[:thickness_scaling] = thickness_scaling
            end
            # special handling for PlotlyJS
            function Juno.render(pane::Juno.PlotPane, plt::Plot{PlotlyJSBackend})
@@ -11,13 +11,11 @@ function _expand_seriestype_array(d::KW, args)
    sts = get(d, :seriestype, :path)
    if typeof(sts) <: AbstractArray
        delete!(d, :seriestype)
-        rd = Vector{RecipeData}(undef, size(sts, 1))
-        for r in 1:size(sts, 1)
+        RecipeData[begin
            dc = copy(d)
            dc[:seriestype] = sts[r:r,:]
-            rd[r] = RecipeData(dc, args)
-        end
-        rd
+            RecipeData(dc, args)
+        end for r=1:size(sts,1)]
    else
        RecipeData[RecipeData(copy(d), args)]
    end
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ function _process_userrecipes(plt::Plot, d::KW, args)
        # grab the first in line to be processed and either add it to the kw_list or
        # pass it through apply_recipe to generate a list of RecipeData objects (data + attributes)
        # for further processing.
-        next_series = popfirst!(still_to_process)
+        next_series = shift!(still_to_process)
        # recipedata should be of type RecipeData.  if it's not then the inputs must not have been fully processed by recipes
        if !(typeof(next_series) <: RecipeData)
            error("Inputs couldn't be processed... expected RecipeData but got: $next_series")
@@ -153,7 +151,7 @@ function _add_smooth_kw(kw_list::Vector{KW}, kw::KW)
        x, y = kw[:x], kw[:y]
        β, α = convert(Matrix{Float64}, [x ones(length(x))]) \ convert(Vector{Float64}, y)
        sx = [ignorenan_minimum(x), ignorenan_maximum(x)]
-        sy = β .* sx .+ α
+        sy = β * sx + α
        push!(kw_list, merge(copy(kw), KW(
            :seriestype => :path,
            :x => sx,
@@ -266,7 +264,7 @@ function _subplot_setup(plt::Plot, d::KW, kw_list::Vector{KW})

        # extract subplot/axis attributes from kw and add to sp_attr
        attr = KW()
-        for (k,v) in collect(kw)
+        for (k,v) in kw
            if haskey(_subplot_defaults, k) || haskey(_axis_defaults_byletter, k)
                attr[k] = pop!(kw, k)
            end
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ end

 # getting ready to add the series... last update to subplot from anything
 # that might have been added during series recipes
-function _prepare_subplot(plt::Plot{T}, d::KW) where T
+function _prepare_subplot{T}(plt::Plot{T}, d::KW)
    st::Symbol = d[:seriestype]
    sp::Subplot{T} = d[:subplot]
    sp_idx = get_subplot_index(plt, sp)
@@ -329,9 +327,9 @@ end

 function _override_seriestype_check(d::KW, st::Symbol)
    # do we want to override the series type?
-    if !is3d(st) && !(st in (:contour,:contour3d))
+    if !is3d(st)
        z = d[:z]
-        if !isa(z, Nothing) && (size(d[:x]) == size(d[:y]) == size(z))
+        if !isa(z, Void) && (size(d[:x]) == size(d[:y]) == size(z))
            st = (st == :scatter ? :scatter3d : :path3d)
            d[:seriestype] = st
        end
@@ -359,17 +357,13 @@ end
 function _expand_subplot_extrema(sp::Subplot, d::KW, st::Symbol)
    # adjust extrema and discrete info
    if st == :image
-        xmin, xmax = ignorenan_extrema(d[:x]); ymin, ymax = ignorenan_extrema(d[:y])
-        expand_extrema!(sp[:xaxis], (xmin, xmax))
-        expand_extrema!(sp[:yaxis], (ymin, ymax))
+        w, h = size(d[:z])
+        expand_extrema!(sp[:xaxis], (0,w))
+        expand_extrema!(sp[:yaxis], (0,h))
+        sp[:yaxis].d[:flip] = true
    elseif !(st in (:pie, :histogram, :bins2d, :histogram2d))
        expand_extrema!(sp, d)
    end
-    # expand for zerolines (axes through origin)
-    if sp[:framestyle] in (:origin, :zerolines)
-        expand_extrema!(sp[:xaxis], 0.0)
-        expand_extrema!(sp[:yaxis], 0.0)
-    end
 end

 function _add_the_series(plt, sp, d)
@@ -400,7 +394,6 @@ function _process_seriesrecipe(plt::Plot, d::KW)
        sp = _prepare_subplot(plt, d)
        _prepare_annotations(sp, d)
        _expand_subplot_extrema(sp, d, st)
-        _update_series_attributes!(d, plt, sp)
        _add_the_series(plt, sp, d)

    else
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@

-mutable struct CurrentPlot
-    nullableplot::Union{AbstractPlot, Nothing}
+type CurrentPlot
+    nullableplot::Nullable{AbstractPlot}
 end
-const CURRENT_PLOT = CurrentPlot(nothing)
+const CURRENT_PLOT = CurrentPlot(Nullable{AbstractPlot}())

-isplotnull() = CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot == nothing
+isplotnull() = isnull(CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot)

 """
    current()
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ function current()
    if isplotnull()
        error("No current plot/subplot")
    end
-    CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot
+    get(CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot)
 end
-current(plot::AbstractPlot) = (CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot = plot)
+current(plot::AbstractPlot) = (CURRENT_PLOT.nullableplot = Nullable(plot))

 # ---------------------------------------------------------

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ convertSeriesIndex(plt::Plot, n::Int) = n


 """
-The main plot command. Use `plot` to create a new plot object, and `plot!` to add to an existing one:
+The main plot command.  Use `plot` to create a new plot object, and `plot!` to add to an existing one:

 ```
    plot(args...; kw...)                  # creates a new plot window, and sets it to be the current
@@ -42,12 +42,11 @@ The main plot command. Use `plot` to create a new plot object, and `plot!` to ad
 ```

 There are lots of ways to pass in data, and lots of keyword arguments... just try it and it will likely work as expected.
-When you pass in matrices, it splits by columns. To see the list of available attributes, use the `plotattr([attr])`
-function, where `attr` is the symbol `:Series:`, `:Subplot:`, `:Plot` or `:Axis`. Pass any attribute to `plotattr`
-as a String to look up its docstring; e.g. `plotattr("seriestype")`.
+When you pass in matrices, it splits by columns.  See the documentation for more info.
 """
+
+# this creates a new plot with args/kw and sets it to be the current plot
 function plot(args...; kw...)
-    # this creates a new plot with args/kw and sets it to be the current plot
    d = KW(kw)
    preprocessArgs!(d)

@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ function plot(plt1::Plot, plts_tail::Plot...; kw...)

    # build our plot vector from the args
    n = length(plts_tail) + 1
-    plts = Array{Plot}(undef, n)
+    plts = Array{Plot}(n)
    plts[1] = plt1
    for (i,plt) in enumerate(plts_tail)
        plts[i+1] = plt
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ function plot(plt1::Plot, plts_tail::Plot...; kw...)
    # TODO: replace this with proper processing from a merged user_attr KW
    # update plot args, first with existing plots, then override with d
    for p in plts
-        _update_plot_args(plt, copy(p.attr))
+        _update_plot_args(plt, p.attr)
        plt.n += p.n
    end
    _update_plot_args(plt, d)
@@ -101,13 +100,8 @@ function plot(plt1::Plot, plts_tail::Plot...; kw...)
        end
    end

-    # create the layout
+    # create the layout and initialize the subplots
    plt.layout, plt.subplots, plt.spmap = build_layout(layout, num_sp, copy(plts))
-
-    # do we need to link any axes together?
-    link_axes!(plt.layout, plt[:link])
-
-    # initialize the subplots
    cmdidx = 1
    for (idx, sp) in enumerate(plt.subplots)
        _initialize_subplot(plt, sp)
@@ -131,6 +125,9 @@ function plot(plt1::Plot, plts_tail::Plot...; kw...)
        _update_subplot_args(plt, sp, d, idx, false)
    end

+    # do we need to link any axes together?
+    link_axes!(plt.layout, plt[:link])
+
    # finish up
    current(plt)
    _do_plot_show(plt, get(d, :show, default(:show)))
@@ -168,7 +165,7 @@ function _plot!(plt::Plot, d::KW, args::Tuple)

    if !isempty(args) && !isdefined(Main, :StatPlots) &&
            first(split(string(typeof(args[1])), ".")) == "DataFrames"
-        @warn("You're trying to plot a DataFrame, but this functionality is provided by StatPlots")
+        warn("You're trying to plot a DataFrame, but this functionality is provided by StatPlots")
    end

    # --------------------------------
@@ -192,7 +189,7 @@ function _plot!(plt::Plot, d::KW, args::Tuple)
    still_to_process = kw_list
    kw_list = KW[]
    while !isempty(still_to_process)
-        next_kw = popfirst!(still_to_process)
+        next_kw = shift!(still_to_process)
        _process_plotrecipe(plt, next_kw, kw_list, still_to_process)
    end

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ end
 num_series(x::AMat) = size(x,2)
 num_series(x) = 1

-RecipesBase.apply_recipe(d::KW, ::Type{T}, plt::AbstractPlot) where {T} = throw(MethodError("Unmatched plot recipe: $T"))
+RecipesBase.apply_recipe{T}(d::KW, ::Type{T}, plt::AbstractPlot) = throw(MethodError("Unmatched plot recipe: $T"))

 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -79,101 +79,55 @@ function hvline_limits(axis::Axis)
 end

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:hline}}, x, y, z)
+    xmin, xmax = hvline_limits(d[:subplot][:xaxis])
    n = length(y)
-    newx = repeat(Float64[-1, 1, NaN], n)
+    newx = repmat(Float64[xmin, xmax, NaN], n)
    newy = vec(Float64[yi for i=1:3,yi=y])
    x := newx
    y := newy
-    seriestype := :straightline
+    seriestype := :path
    ()
 end
-@deps hline straightline
+@deps hline path

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:vline}}, x, y, z)
+    ymin, ymax = hvline_limits(d[:subplot][:yaxis])
    n = length(y)
    newx = vec(Float64[yi for i=1:3,yi=y])
-    newy = repeat(Float64[-1, 1, NaN], n)
+    newy = repmat(Float64[ymin, ymax, NaN], n)
    x := newx
    y := newy
-    seriestype := :straightline
+    seriestype := :path
    ()
 end
-@deps vline straightline
-
-@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:hspan}}, x, y, z)
-    n = div(length(y), 2)
-    newx = repeat([-Inf, Inf, Inf, -Inf, NaN], outer = n)
-    newy = vcat([[y[2i-1], y[2i-1], y[2i], y[2i], NaN] for i in 1:n]...)
-    linewidth --> 0
-    x := newx
-    y := newy
-    seriestype := :shape
-    ()
-end
-@deps hspan shape
-
-@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:vspan}}, x, y, z)
-    n = div(length(y), 2)
-    newx = vcat([[y[2i-1], y[2i-1], y[2i], y[2i], NaN] for i in 1:n]...)
-    newy = repeat([-Inf, Inf, Inf, -Inf, NaN], outer = n)
-    linewidth --> 0
-    x := newx
-    y := newy
-    seriestype := :shape
-    ()
-end
-@deps vspan shape
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# path and scatter
-
-# create a path from steps
-@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:scatterpath}}, x, y, z)
-    x := x
-    y := y
-    seriestype := :scatter
-    @series begin
-        seriestype := :path
-        label := ""
-        primary := false
-        ()
-    end
-()
-end
-@deps scatterpath path scatter
-
+@deps vline path

 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # steps

-make_steps(x, st) = x
-function make_steps(x::AbstractArray, st)
+function make_steps(x, y, st)
    n = length(x)
-    n == 0 && return zeros(0)
-    newx = zeros(2n - 1)
-    for i in 1:n
-        idx = 2i - 1
+    n == 0 && return zeros(0),zeros(0)
+    newx, newy = zeros(2n-1), zeros(2n-1)
+    for i=1:n
+        idx = 2i-1
        newx[idx] = x[i]
+        newy[idx] = y[i]
        if i > 1
-            newx[idx - 1] = x[st == :pre ? i : i - 1]
+            newx[idx-1] = x[st == :steppre ? i-1 : i]
+            newy[idx-1] = y[st == :steppre ? i   : i-1]
        end
    end
-    return newx
+    newx, newy
 end
-make_steps(t::Tuple, st) = Tuple(make_steps(ti, st) for ti in t)
-

 # create a path from steps
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:steppre}}, x, y, z)
-    plotattributes[:x] = make_steps(x, :post)
-    plotattributes[:y] = make_steps(y, :pre)
+    d[:x], d[:y] = make_steps(x, y, :steppre)
    seriestype := :path

-    # handle fillrange
-    plotattributes[:fillrange] = make_steps(plotattributes[:fillrange], :pre)
-
    # create a secondary series for the markers
-    if plotattributes[:markershape] != :none
+    if d[:markershape] != :none
        @series begin
            seriestype := :scatter
            x := x
@@ -190,15 +144,11 @@ end

 # create a path from steps
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:steppost}}, x, y, z)
-    plotattributes[:x] = make_steps(x, :pre)
-    plotattributes[:y] = make_steps(y, :post)
+    d[:x], d[:y] = make_steps(x, y, :steppost)
    seriestype := :path

-    # handle fillrange
-    plotattributes[:fillrange] = make_steps(plotattributes[:fillrange], :post)
-
    # create a secondary series for the markers
-    if plotattributes[:markershape] != :none
+    if d[:markershape] != :none
        @series begin
            seriestype := :scatter
            x := x
@@ -220,9 +170,9 @@ end
 # create vertical line segments from fill
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:sticks}}, x, y, z)
    n = length(x)
-    fr = plotattributes[:fillrange]
+    fr = d[:fillrange]
    if fr == nothing
-        yaxis = plotattributes[:subplot][:yaxis]
+        yaxis = d[:subplot][:yaxis]
        fr = if yaxis[:scale] == :identity
            0.0
        else
@@ -241,7 +191,7 @@ end
    seriestype := :path

    # create a secondary series for the markers
-    if plotattributes[:markershape] != :none
+    if d[:markershape] != :none
        @series begin
            seriestype := :scatter
            x := x
@@ -274,7 +224,7 @@ end
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:curves}}, x, y, z; npoints = 30)
    args = z != nothing ? (x,y,z) : (x,y)
    newx, newy = zeros(0), zeros(0)
-    fr = plotattributes[:fillrange]
+    fr = d[:fillrange]
    newfr = fr != nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
    newz = z != nothing ? zeros(0) : nothing
    # lz = d[:line_z]
@@ -324,9 +274,9 @@ end

 # create a bar plot as a filled step function
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:bar}}, x, y, z)
-    procx, procy, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_barlike(plotattributes, x, y)
+    procx, procy, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_barlike(d, x, y)
    nx, ny = length(procx), length(procy)
-    axis = plotattributes[:subplot][isvertical(plotattributes) ? :xaxis : :yaxis]
+    axis = d[:subplot][isvertical(d) ? :xaxis : :yaxis]
    cv = [discrete_value!(axis, xi)[1] for xi=procx]
    procx = if nx == ny
        cv
@@ -337,19 +287,15 @@ end
    end

    # compute half-width of bars
-    bw = plotattributes[:bar_width]
+    bw = d[:bar_width]
    hw = if bw == nothing
-        if nx > 1
-            0.5*_bar_width*ignorenan_minimum(filter(x->x>0, diff(procx)))
-        else
-            0.5 * _bar_width
-        end
+        0.5ignorenan_mean(diff(procx))
    else
        Float64[0.5_cycle(bw,i) for i=1:length(procx)]
    end

    # make fillto a vector... default fills to 0
-    fillto = plotattributes[:fillrange]
+    fillto = d[:fillrange]
    if fillto == nothing
        fillto = 0
    end
@@ -374,7 +320,7 @@ end
    expand_extrema!(axis, widen(ignorenan_extrema(xseg.pts)...))

    # switch back
-    if !isvertical(plotattributes)
+    if !isvertical(d)
        xseg, yseg = yseg, xseg
    end

@@ -389,34 +335,6 @@ end
 end
@deps bar shape

-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Plots Heatmap
-@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:plots_heatmap}}, x, y, z)
-    xe, ye = heatmap_edges(x), heatmap_edges(y)
-    m, n = size(z.surf)
-    x_pts, y_pts = fill(NaN, 6 * m * n), fill(NaN, 6 * m * n)
-    fz = zeros(m * n)
-    for i in 1:m # y
-        for j in 1:n # x
-            k = (j - 1) * m + i
-            inds = (6 * (k - 1) + 1):(6 * k - 1)
-            x_pts[inds] .= [xe[j], xe[j + 1], xe[j + 1], xe[j], xe[j]]
-            y_pts[inds] .= [ye[i], ye[i], ye[i + 1], ye[i + 1], ye[i]]
-            fz[k] = z.surf[i, j]
-        end
-    end
-    ensure_gradient!(plotattributes, :fillcolor, :fillalpha)
-    fill_z := fz
-    line_z := fz
-    x := x_pts
-    y := y_pts
-    z := nothing
-    seriestype := :shape
-    label := ""
-    widen --> false
-    ()
-end
-@deps plots_heatmap shape

 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Histograms
@@ -425,9 +343,9 @@ _bin_centers(v::AVec) = (v[1:end-1] + v[2:end]) / 2

 _is_positive(x) = (x > 0) && !(x ≈ 0)

-_positive_else_nan(::Type{T}, x::Real) where {T} = _is_positive(x) ? T(x) : T(NaN)
+_positive_else_nan{T}(::Type{T}, x::Real) = _is_positive(x) ? T(x) : T(NaN)

-function _scale_adjusted_values(::Type{T}, V::AbstractVector, scale::Symbol) where T<:AbstractFloat
+function _scale_adjusted_values{T<:AbstractFloat}(::Type{T}, V::AbstractVector, scale::Symbol)
    if scale in _logScales
        [_positive_else_nan(T, x) for x in V]
    else
@@ -436,7 +354,7 @@ function _scale_adjusted_values(::Type{T}, V::AbstractVector, scale::Symbol) whe
 end


-function _binbarlike_baseline(min_value::T, scale::Symbol) where T<:Real
+function _binbarlike_baseline{T<:Real}(min_value::T, scale::Symbol)
    if (scale in _logScales)
        !isnan(min_value) ? min_value / T(_logScaleBases[scale]^log10(2)) : T(1E-3)
    else
@@ -445,7 +363,7 @@ function _binbarlike_baseline(min_value::T, scale::Symbol) where T<:Real
 end


-function _preprocess_binbarlike_weights(::Type{T}, w, wscale::Symbol) where T<:AbstractFloat
+function _preprocess_binbarlike_weights{T<:AbstractFloat}(::Type{T}, w, wscale::Symbol)
    w_adj = _scale_adjusted_values(T, w, wscale)
    w_min = ignorenan_minimum(w_adj)
    w_max = ignorenan_maximum(w_adj)
@@ -471,8 +389,8 @@ end


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:barbins}}, x, y, z)
-    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)
-    if (plotattributes[:bar_width] == nothing)
+    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(d, x, y)
+    if (d[:bar_width] == nothing)
        bar_width := diff(edge)
    end
    x := _bin_centers(edge)
@@ -484,7 +402,7 @@ end


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:scatterbins}}, x, y, z)
-    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)
+    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(d, x, y)
    xerror := diff(edge)/2
    x := _bin_centers(edge)
    y := weights
@@ -547,17 +465,17 @@ end


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:stepbins}}, x, y, z)
-    axis = plotattributes[:subplot][Plots.isvertical(plotattributes) ? :xaxis : :yaxis]
+    axis = d[:subplot][Plots.isvertical(d) ? :xaxis : :yaxis]

-    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, x, y)
+    edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(d, x, y)

    xpts, ypts = _stepbins_path(edge, weights, baseline, xscale, yscale)
-    if !isvertical(plotattributes)
+    if !isvertical(d)
        xpts, ypts = ypts, xpts
    end

    # create a secondary series for the markers
-    if plotattributes[:markershape] != :none
+    if d[:markershape] != :none
        @series begin
            seriestype := :scatter
            x := _bin_centers(edge)
@@ -579,73 +497,66 @@ end
 end
 Plots.@deps stepbins path

-wand_edges(x...) = (warn("Load the StatPlots package in order to use :wand bins. Defaulting to :auto", once = true); :auto)

-function _auto_binning_nbins(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer; mode::Symbol = :auto) where N
+function _auto_binning_nbins{N}(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer; mode::Symbol = :auto)
    _cl(x) = ceil(Int, NaNMath.max(x, one(x)))
-    _iqr(v) = (q = quantile(v, 0.75) - quantile(v, 0.25); q > 0 ? q : oftype(q, 1))
+    _iqr(v) = quantile(v, 0.75) - quantile(v, 0.25)
    _span(v) = ignorenan_maximum(v) - ignorenan_minimum(v)

-    n_samples = length(LinearIndices(first(vs)))
-
-    # The nd estimator is the key to most automatic binning methods, and is modified for twodimensional histograms to include correlation
-    nd = n_samples^(1/(2+N))
-    nd = N == 2 ? min(n_samples^(1/(2+N)), nd / (1-cor(first(vs), last(vs))^2)^(3//8)) : nd # the >2-dimensional case does not have a nice solution to correlations
+    n_samples = length(linearindices(first(vs)))
+    # Estimator for number of samples in one row/column of bins along each axis:
+    n = max(1, n_samples^(1/N))

    v = vs[dim]

    if mode == :auto
-        mode = :fd
-    end
-
-    if mode == :sqrt  # Square-root choice
-        _cl(sqrt(n_samples))
+        30
+    elseif mode == :sqrt  # Square-root choice
+        _cl(sqrt(n))
    elseif mode == :sturges  # Sturges' formula
-        _cl(log2(n_samples) + 1)
+        _cl(log2(n)) + 1
    elseif mode == :rice  # Rice Rule
-        _cl(2 * nd)
+        _cl(2 * n^(1/3))
    elseif mode == :scott  # Scott's normal reference rule
-        _cl(_span(v) / (3.5 * std(v) / nd))
+        _cl(_span(v) / (3.5 * std(v) / n^(1/3)))
    elseif mode == :fd  # Freedman–Diaconis rule
-        _cl(_span(v) / (2 * _iqr(v) / nd))
-    elseif mode == :wand
-        wand_edges(v)  # this makes this function not type stable, but the type instability does not propagate
+        _cl(_span(v) / (2 * _iqr(v) / n^(1/3)))
    else
        error("Unknown auto-binning mode $mode")
-    end
+    end::Int
 end

-_hist_edge(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::Integer) where {N} = StatsBase.histrange(vs[dim], binning, :left)
-_hist_edge(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::Symbol) where {N} = _hist_edge(vs, dim, _auto_binning_nbins(vs, dim, mode = binning))
-_hist_edge(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::AbstractVector) where {N} = binning
+_hist_edge{N}(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::Integer) = StatsBase.histrange(vs[dim], binning, :left)
+_hist_edge{N}(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::Symbol) = _hist_edge(vs, dim, _auto_binning_nbins(vs, dim, mode = binning))
+_hist_edge{N}(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, dim::Integer, binning::AbstractVector) = binning

-_hist_edges(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning::NTuple{N}) where {N} =
-    map(dim -> _hist_edge(vs, dim, binning[dim]), (1:N...,))
+_hist_edges{N}(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning::NTuple{N}) =
+    map(dim -> _hist_edge(vs, dim, binning[dim]), (1:N...))

-_hist_edges(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning::Union{Integer, Symbol, AbstractVector}) where {N} =
-    map(dim -> _hist_edge(vs, dim, binning), (1:N...,))
+_hist_edges{N}(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning::Union{Integer, Symbol, AbstractVector}) =
+    map(dim -> _hist_edge(vs, dim, binning), (1:N...))

 _hist_norm_mode(mode::Symbol) = mode
 _hist_norm_mode(mode::Bool) = mode ? :pdf : :none

-function _make_hist(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning; normed = false, weights = nothing) where N
+function _make_hist{N}(vs::NTuple{N,AbstractVector}, binning; normed = false, weights = nothing)
    edges = _hist_edges(vs, binning)
    h = float( weights == nothing ?
        StatsBase.fit(StatsBase.Histogram, vs, edges, closed = :left) :
-        StatsBase.fit(StatsBase.Histogram, vs, StatsBase.Weights(weights), edges, closed = :left)
+        StatsBase.fit(StatsBase.Histogram, vs, weights, edges, closed = :left)
    )
    normalize!(h, mode = _hist_norm_mode(normed))
 end


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:histogram}}, x, y, z)
-    seriestype := length(y) > 1e6 ? :stephist : :barhist
+    seriestype := :barhist
    ()
 end
@deps histogram barhist

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:barhist}}, x, y, z)
-    h = _make_hist((y,), plotattributes[:bins], normed = plotattributes[:normalize], weights = plotattributes[:weights])
+    h = _make_hist((y,), d[:bins], normed = d[:normalize], weights = d[:weights])
    x := h.edges[1]
    y := h.weights
    seriestype := :barbins
@@ -654,7 +565,7 @@ end
@deps barhist barbins

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:stephist}}, x, y, z)
-    h = _make_hist((y,), plotattributes[:bins], normed = plotattributes[:normalize], weights = plotattributes[:weights])
+    h = _make_hist((y,), d[:bins], normed = d[:normalize], weights = d[:weights])
    x := h.edges[1]
    y := h.weights
    seriestype := :stepbins
@@ -663,7 +574,7 @@ end
@deps stephist stepbins

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:scatterhist}}, x, y, z)
-    h = _make_hist((y,), plotattributes[:bins], normed = plotattributes[:normalize], weights = plotattributes[:weights])
+    h = _make_hist((y,), d[:bins], normed = d[:normalize], weights = d[:weights])
    x := h.edges[1]
    y := h.weights
    seriestype := :scatterbins
@@ -672,18 +583,18 @@ end
@deps scatterhist scatterbins


-@recipe function f(h::StatsBase.Histogram{T, 1, E}) where {T, E}
+@recipe function f{T, E}(h::StatsBase.Histogram{T, 1, E})
    seriestype --> :barbins

    st_map = Dict(
        :bar => :barbins, :scatter => :scatterbins, :step => :stepbins,
        :steppost => :stepbins # :step can be mapped to :steppost in pre-processing
    )
-    seriestype := get(st_map, plotattributes[:seriestype], plotattributes[:seriestype])
+    seriestype := get(st_map, d[:seriestype], d[:seriestype])

-    if plotattributes[:seriestype] == :scatterbins
+    if d[:seriestype] == :scatterbins
        # Workaround, error bars currently not set correctly by scatterbins
-        edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(plotattributes, h.edges[1], h.weights)
+        edge, weights, xscale, yscale, baseline = _preprocess_binlike(d, h.edges[1], h.weights)
        xerror --> diff(h.edges[1])/2
        seriestype := :scatter
        (Plots._bin_centers(edge), weights)
@@ -693,7 +604,7 @@ end
 end


-@recipe function f(hv::AbstractVector{H}) where H <: StatsBase.Histogram
+@recipe function f{H <: StatsBase.Histogram}(hv::AbstractVector{H})
    for h in hv
        @series begin
            h
@@ -730,7 +641,7 @@ Plots.@deps bins2d heatmap


@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:histogram2d}}, x, y, z)
-    h = _make_hist((x, y), plotattributes[:bins], normed = plotattributes[:normalize], weights = plotattributes[:weights])
+    h = _make_hist((x, y), d[:bins], normed = d[:normalize], weights = d[:weights])
    x := h.edges[1]
    y := h.edges[2]
    z := Surface(h.weights)
@@ -740,7 +651,7 @@ end
@deps histogram2d bins2d


-@recipe function f(h::StatsBase.Histogram{T, 2, E}) where {T, E}
+@recipe function f{T, E}(h::StatsBase.Histogram{T, 2, E})
    seriestype --> :bins2d
    (h.edges[1], h.edges[2], Surface(h.weights))
 end
@@ -751,7 +662,7 @@ end

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:scatter3d}}, x, y, z)
    seriestype := :path3d
-    if plotattributes[:markershape] == :none
+    if d[:markershape] == :none
        markershape := :circle
    end
    linewidth := 0
@@ -792,7 +703,7 @@ end

 function error_coords(xorig, yorig, ebar)
    # init empty x/y, and zip errors if passed Tuple{Vector,Vector}
-    x, y = Array{float_extended_type(xorig)}(undef, 0), Array{Float64}(undef, 0)
+    x, y = Array{float_extended_type(xorig)}(0), Array{Float64}(0)
    # for each point, create a line segment from the bottom to the top of the errorbar
    for i = 1:max(length(xorig), length(yorig))
        xi = _cycle(xorig, i)
@@ -814,17 +725,17 @@ end
 # we will create a series of path segments, where each point represents one
 # side of an errorbar
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:yerror}}, x, y, z)
-    error_style!(plotattributes)
+    error_style!(d)
    markershape := :hline
-    plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y] = error_coords(plotattributes[:x], plotattributes[:y], error_zipit(plotattributes[:yerror]))
+    d[:x], d[:y] = error_coords(d[:x], d[:y], error_zipit(d[:yerror]))
    ()
 end
@deps yerror path

@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:xerror}}, x, y, z)
-    error_style!(plotattributes)
+    error_style!(d)
    markershape := :vline
-    plotattributes[:y], plotattributes[:x] = error_coords(plotattributes[:y], plotattributes[:x], error_zipit(plotattributes[:xerror]))
+    d[:y], d[:x] = error_coords(d[:y], d[:x], error_zipit(d[:xerror]))
    ()
 end
@deps xerror path
@@ -923,9 +834,9 @@ end
 # function apply_series_recipe(d::KW, ::Type{Val{:quiver}})
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:quiver}}, x, y, z)
    if :arrow in supported_attrs()
-        quiver_using_arrows(plotattributes)
+        quiver_using_arrows(d)
    else
-        quiver_using_hack(plotattributes)
+        quiver_using_hack(d)
    end
    ()
 end
@@ -937,7 +848,7 @@ end
 # TODO: move OHLC to PlotRecipes finance.jl

 "Represent Open High Low Close data (used in finance)"
-mutable struct OHLC{T<:Real}
+type OHLC{T<:Real}
  open::T
  high::T
  low::T
@@ -976,10 +887,10 @@ end

 # to squash ambiguity warnings...
@recipe f(x::AVec{Function}, v::AVec{OHLC}) = error()
-@recipe f(x::AVec{Function}, v::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number} = error()
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}(x::AVec{Function}, v::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) = error()

 # this must be OHLC?
-@recipe f(x::AVec, ohlc::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number} = x, OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in ohlc]
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}(x::AVec, ohlc::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) = x, OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in ohlc]

@recipe function f(x::AVec, v::AVec{OHLC})
    seriestype := :path
@@ -1019,7 +930,6 @@ end
    mat = g.args[1]
    if length(unique(mat[mat .!= 0])) < 2
        legend --> nothing
-        seriescolor --> cgrad([invisible(), fg_color(plotattributes)])
    end
    n,m = size(mat)
    Plots.SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
@@ -1028,47 +938,49 @@ end
@recipe function f(::Type{Val{:spy}}, x,y,z)
    yflip := true
    aspect_ratio := 1
-
    rs, cs, zs = findnz(z.surf)
-    newz = fill(NaN, size(z)...)
-
-    for i in eachindex(zs)
-        newz[rs[i],cs[i]] = zs[i]
+    xlim := ignorenan_extrema(cs)
+    ylim := ignorenan_extrema(rs)
+    if d[:markershape] == :none
+        markershape := :circle
    end
-
-    seriestype := :heatmap
+    if d[:markersize] == default(:markersize)
+        markersize := 1
+    end
+    markerstrokewidth := 0
+    marker_z := zs
+    label := ""
+    x := cs
+    y := rs
+    z := nothing
+    seriestype := :scatter
    grid --> false
-    framestyle --> :box
-
-    x := x
-    y := y
-    z := Surface(newz)
    ()
 end

 # -------------------------------------------------

-"Adds a+bx... straight line over the current plot, without changing the axis limits"
-abline!(plt::Plot, a, b; kw...) = plot!(plt, [0, 1], [b, b+a]; seriestype = :straightline, kw...)
+"Adds a+bx... straight line over the current plot"
+function abline!(plt::Plot, a, b; kw...)
+    plot!(plt, [ignorenan_extrema(plt)...], x -> b + a*x; kw...)
+end

 abline!(args...; kw...) = abline!(current(), args...; kw...)


 # -------------------------------------------------
-# Dates & Times
+# Dates

 dateformatter(dt) = string(Date(Dates.UTD(dt)))
 datetimeformatter(dt) = string(DateTime(Dates.UTM(dt)))
-timeformatter(t) = string(Dates.Time(Dates.Nanosecond(t)))

@recipe f(::Type{Date}, dt::Date) = (dt -> Dates.value(dt), dateformatter)
@recipe f(::Type{DateTime}, dt::DateTime) = (dt -> Dates.value(dt), datetimeformatter)
-@recipe f(::Type{Dates.Time}, t::Dates.Time) = (t -> Dates.value(t), timeformatter)

 # -------------------------------------------------
 # Complex Numbers

-@recipe function f(A::Array{Complex{T}}) where T<:Number
+@recipe function f{T<:Number}(A::Array{Complex{T}})
    xguide --> "Re(x)"
    yguide --> "Im(x)"
    real.(A), imag.(A)
@@ -1077,7 +989,7 @@ end
 # Splits a complex matrix to its real and complex parts
 # Reals defaults solid, imaginary defaults dashed
 # Label defaults are changed to match the real-imaginary reference / indexing
-@recipe function f(x::AbstractArray{T},y::Array{Complex{T2}}) where {T<:Real,T2}
+@recipe function f{T<:Real,T2}(x::AbstractArray{T},y::Array{Complex{T2}})
  ylabel --> "Re(y)"
  zlabel --> "Im(y)"
  x,real.(y),imag.(y)
@@ -8,22 +8,19 @@

 const FuncOrFuncs{F} = Union{F, Vector{F}, Matrix{F}}

-all3D(d::KW) = trueOrAllTrue(st -> st in (:contour, :contourf, :heatmap, :surface, :wireframe, :contour3d, :image, :plots_heatmap), get(d, :seriestype, :none))
-
-# unknown
-convertToAnyVector(x, d::KW) = error("No user recipe defined for $(typeof(x))")
+all3D(d::KW) = trueOrAllTrue(st -> st in (:contour, :contourf, :heatmap, :surface, :wireframe, :contour3d, :image), get(d, :seriestype, :none))

 # missing
-convertToAnyVector(v::Nothing, d::KW) = Any[nothing], nothing
+convertToAnyVector(v::Void, d::KW) = Any[nothing], nothing

 # fixed number of blank series
 convertToAnyVector(n::Integer, d::KW) = Any[zeros(0) for i in 1:n], nothing

 # numeric vector
-convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) where {T<:Number} = Any[v], nothing
+convertToAnyVector{T<:Number}(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing

 # string vector
-convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) where {T<:AbstractString} = Any[v], nothing
+convertToAnyVector{T<:AbstractString}(v::AVec{T}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing

 function convertToAnyVector(v::AMat, d::KW)
    if all3D(d)
@@ -46,7 +43,7 @@ convertToAnyVector(v::Volume, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing
 # convertToAnyVector(v::AVec{OHLC}, d::KW) = Any[v], nothing

 # # dates
-convertToAnyVector(dts::AVec{D}, d::KW) where {D<:Union{Date,DateTime}} = Any[dts], nothing
+# convertToAnyVector{D<:Union{Date,DateTime}}(dts::AVec{D}, d::KW) = Any[dts], nothing

 # list of things (maybe other vectors, functions, or something else)
 function convertToAnyVector(v::AVec, d::KW)
@@ -72,19 +69,19 @@ end
 # TODO: can we avoid the copy here?  one error that crops up is that mapping functions over the same array
 #       result in that array being shared.  push!, etc will add too many items to that array

-compute_x(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z)      = 1:size(z,1)
-compute_x(x::Nothing, y, z)            = 1:size(y,1)
+compute_x(x::Void, y::Void, z)      = 1:size(z,1)
+compute_x(x::Void, y, z)            = 1:size(y,1)
 compute_x(x::Function, y, z)        = map(x, y)
 compute_x(x, y, z)                  = copy(x)

 # compute_y(x::Void, y::Function, z)  = error()
-compute_y(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z)      = 1:size(z,2)
+compute_y(x::Void, y::Void, z)      = 1:size(z,2)
 compute_y(x, y::Function, z)        = map(y, x)
 compute_y(x, y, z)                  = copy(y)

 compute_z(x, y, z::Function)        = map(z, x, y)
 compute_z(x, y, z::AbstractMatrix)  = Surface(z)
-compute_z(x, y, z::Nothing)            = nothing
+compute_z(x, y, z::Void)            = nothing
 compute_z(x, y, z)                  = copy(z)

 nobigs(v::AVec{BigFloat}) = map(Float64, v)
@@ -99,9 +96,9 @@ nobigs(v) = v
 end

 # not allowed
-compute_xyz(x::Nothing, y::FuncOrFuncs{F}, z) where {F<:Function}       = error("If you want to plot the function `$y`, you need to define the x values!")
-compute_xyz(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z::FuncOrFuncs{F}) where {F<:Function} = error("If you want to plot the function `$z`, you need to define x and y values!")
-compute_xyz(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z::Nothing)        = error("x/y/z are all nothing!")
+compute_xyz{F<:Function}(x::Void, y::FuncOrFuncs{F}, z)       = error("If you want to plot the function `$y`, you need to define the x values!")
+compute_xyz{F<:Function}(x::Void, y::Void, z::FuncOrFuncs{F}) = error("If you want to plot the function `$z`, you need to define x and y values!")
+compute_xyz(x::Void, y::Void, z::Void)        = error("x/y/z are all nothing!")

 # --------------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -109,7 +106,7 @@ compute_xyz(x::Nothing, y::Nothing, z::Nothing)        = error("x/y/z are all no
 # we are going to build recipes to do the processing and splitting of the args

 # ensure we dispatch to the slicer
-struct SliceIt end
+immutable SliceIt end

 # the catch-all recipes
@recipe function f(::Type{SliceIt}, x, y, z)
@@ -128,26 +125,18 @@ struct SliceIt end
        z = z.data
    end

-    xs, _ = convertToAnyVector(x, plotattributes)
-    ys, _ = convertToAnyVector(y, plotattributes)
-    zs, _ = convertToAnyVector(z, plotattributes)
+    xs, _ = convertToAnyVector(x, d)
+    ys, _ = convertToAnyVector(y, d)
+    zs, _ = convertToAnyVector(z, d)

-    fr = pop!(plotattributes, :fillrange, nothing)
+    fr = pop!(d, :fillrange, nothing)
    fillranges, _ = if typeof(fr) <: Number
        ([fr],nothing)
    else
-        convertToAnyVector(fr, plotattributes)
+        convertToAnyVector(fr, d)
    end
    mf = length(fillranges)

-    rib = pop!(plotattributes, :ribbon, nothing)
-    ribbons, _ = if typeof(rib) <: Number
-        ([fr],nothing)
-    else
-        convertToAnyVector(rib, plotattributes)
-    end
-    mr = length(ribbons)
-
    # @show zs

    mx = length(xs)
@@ -156,7 +145,7 @@ struct SliceIt end
    if mx > 0 && my > 0 && mz > 0
        for i in 1:max(mx, my, mz)
            # add a new series
-            di = copy(plotattributes)
+            di = copy(d)
            xi, yi, zi = xs[mod1(i,mx)], ys[mod1(i,my)], zs[mod1(i,mz)]
            di[:x], di[:y], di[:z] = compute_xyz(xi, yi, zi)

@@ -164,10 +153,6 @@ struct SliceIt end
            fr = fillranges[mod1(i,mf)]
            di[:fillrange] = isa(fr, Function) ? map(fr, di[:x]) : fr

-            # handle ribbons
-            rib = ribbons[mod1(i,mr)]
-            di[:ribbon] = isa(rib, Function) ? map(rib, di[:x]) : rib
-
            push!(series_list, RecipeData(di, ()))
        end
    end
@@ -175,10 +160,10 @@ struct SliceIt end
 end

 # this is the default "type recipe"... just pass the object through
-@recipe f(::Type{T}, v::T) where {T<:Any} = v
+@recipe f{T<:Any}(::Type{T}, v::T) = v

 # this should catch unhandled "series recipes" and error with a nice message
-@recipe f(::Type{V}, x, y, z) where {V<:Val} = error("The backend must not support the series type $V, and there isn't a series recipe defined.")
+@recipe f{V<:Val}(::Type{V}, x, y, z) = error("The backend must not support the series type $V, and there isn't a series recipe defined.")

 _apply_type_recipe(d, v) = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(d, typeof(v), v)[1].args[1]

@@ -186,7 +171,6 @@ _apply_type_recipe(d, v) = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(d, typeof(v), v)[1].args[1]
 # This sort of recipe should return a pair of functions... one to convert to number,
 # and one to format tick values.
 function _apply_type_recipe(d, v::AbstractArray)
-    isempty(v) && return Float64[]
    args = RecipesBase.apply_recipe(d, typeof(v[1]), v[1])[1].args
    if length(args) == 2 && typeof(args[1]) <: Function && typeof(args[2]) <: Function
        numfunc, formatter = args
@@ -213,16 +197,16 @@ end
 # end

 # don't do anything for ints or floats
-_apply_type_recipe(d, v::AbstractArray{T}) where {T<:Union{Integer,AbstractFloat}} = v
+_apply_type_recipe{T<:Union{Integer,AbstractFloat}}(d, v::AbstractArray{T}) = v

 # handle "type recipes" by converting inputs, and then either re-calling or slicing
@recipe function f(x, y, z)
    did_replace = false
-    newx = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, x)
+    newx = _apply_type_recipe(d, x)
    x === newx || (did_replace = true)
-    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(d, y)
    y === newy || (did_replace = true)
-    newz = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, z)
+    newz = _apply_type_recipe(d, z)
    z === newz || (did_replace = true)
    if did_replace
        newx, newy, newz
@@ -232,9 +216,9 @@ _apply_type_recipe(d, v::AbstractArray{T}) where {T<:Union{Integer,AbstractFloat
 end
@recipe function f(x, y)
    did_replace = false
-    newx = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, x)
+    newx = _apply_type_recipe(d, x)
    x === newx || (did_replace = true)
-    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(d, y)
    y === newy || (did_replace = true)
    if did_replace
        newx, newy
@@ -243,7 +227,7 @@ end
    end
 end
@recipe function f(y)
-    newy = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, y)
+    newy = _apply_type_recipe(d, y)
    if y !== newy
        newy
    else
@@ -256,7 +240,7 @@ end
@recipe function f(v1, v2, v3, v4, vrest...)
    did_replace = false
    newargs = map(v -> begin
-        newv = _apply_type_recipe(plotattributes, v)
+        newv = _apply_type_recipe(d, v)
        if newv !== v
            did_replace = true
        end
@@ -283,13 +267,13 @@ function wrap_surfaces(d::KW)
    end
 end

-@recipe f(n::Integer) = is3d(get(plotattributes,:seriestype,:path)) ? (SliceIt, n, n, n) : (SliceIt, n, n, nothing)
+@recipe f(n::Integer) = is3d(get(d,:seriestype,:path)) ? (SliceIt, n, n, n) : (SliceIt, n, n, nothing)

 # return a surface if this is a 3d plot, otherwise let it be sliced up
-@recipe function f(mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Union{Integer,AbstractFloat}
-    if all3D(plotattributes)
+@recipe function f{T<:Union{Integer,AbstractFloat}}(mat::AMat{T})
+    if all3D(d)
        n,m = size(mat)
-        wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
+        wrap_surfaces(d)
        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
    else
        SliceIt, nothing, mat, nothing
@@ -297,11 +281,11 @@ end
 end

 # if a matrix is wrapped by Formatted, do similar logic, but wrap data with Surface
-@recipe function f(fmt::Formatted{T}) where T<:AbstractMatrix
-    if all3D(plotattributes)
+@recipe function f{T<:AbstractMatrix}(fmt::Formatted{T})
+    if all3D(d)
        mat = fmt.data
        n,m = size(mat)
-        wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
+        wrap_surfaces(d)
        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Formatted(Surface(mat), fmt.formatter)
    else
        SliceIt, nothing, fmt, nothing
@@ -309,7 +293,7 @@ end
 end

 # assume this is a Volume, so construct one
-@recipe function f(vol::AbstractArray{T,3}, args...) where T<:Number
+@recipe function f{T<:Number}(vol::AbstractArray{T,3}, args...)
    seriestype := :volume
    SliceIt, nothing, Volume(vol, args...), nothing
 end
@@ -317,16 +301,14 @@ end

 # # images - grays

-@recipe function f(mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Gray
-    n, m = size(mat)
+@recipe function f{T<:Gray}(mat::AMat{T})
    if is_seriestype_supported(:image)
        seriestype := :image
-        yflip --> true
+        n, m = size(mat)
        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
    else
        seriestype := :heatmap
        yflip --> true
-        cbar --> false
        fillcolor --> ColorGradient([:black, :white])
        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(convert(Matrix{Float64}, mat))
    end
@@ -334,18 +316,16 @@ end

 # # images - colors

-@recipe function f(mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Colorant
+@recipe function f{T<:Colorant}(mat::AMat{T})
 	n, m = size(mat)

    if is_seriestype_supported(:image)
        seriestype := :image
-        yflip --> true
        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(mat)
    else
        seriestype := :heatmap
        yflip --> true
-        cbar --> false
-        z, plotattributes[:fillcolor] = replace_image_with_heatmap(mat)
+        z, d[:fillcolor] = replace_image_with_heatmap(mat)
        SliceIt, 1:m, 1:n, Surface(z)
    end
 end
@@ -374,36 +354,16 @@ end

 # function without range... use the current range of the x-axis

-@recipe function f(f::FuncOrFuncs{F}) where F<:Function
-    plt = plotattributes[:plot_object]
+@recipe function f{F<:Function}(f::FuncOrFuncs{F})
+    plt = d[:plot_object]
    xmin, xmax = try
        axis_limits(plt[1][:xaxis])
    catch
-        xm = tryrange(f, [-5,-1,0,0.01])
-        xm, tryrange(f, filter(x->x>xm, [5,1,0.99, 0, -0.01]))
+        -5, 5
    end
-
    f, xmin, xmax
 end

-# try some intervals over which the function may be defined
-function tryrange(F::AbstractArray, vec)
-    rets = [tryrange(f, vec) for f in F] # get the preferred for each
-    maxind = maximum(indexin(rets, vec)) # get the last attempt that succeeded (most likely to fit all)
-    rets .= [tryrange(f, vec[maxind:maxind]) for f in F] # ensure that all functions compute there
-    rets[1]
-end
-
-function tryrange(F, vec)
-    for v in vec
-        try
-            tmp = F(v)
-            return v
-        catch
-        end
-    end
-    error("$F is not a Function, or is not defined at any of the values $vec")
-end
 #
 # # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # # 2 arguments
@@ -413,7 +373,7 @@ end
 # # if functions come first, just swap the order (not to be confused with parametric functions...
 # # as there would be more than one function passed in)

-@recipe function f(f::FuncOrFuncs{F}, x) where F<:Function
+@recipe function f{F<:Function}(f::FuncOrFuncs{F}, x)
    F2 = typeof(x)
    @assert !(F2 <: Function || (F2 <: AbstractArray && F2.parameters[1] <: Function))  # otherwise we'd hit infinite recursion here
    x, f
@@ -444,7 +404,7 @@ end
    #         seriestype := :path3d
    #     end
    # end
-    wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
+    wrap_surfaces(d)
    SliceIt, x, y, z
 end

@@ -454,7 +414,7 @@ end
@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, zf::Function)
    # x = X <: Number ? sort(x) : x
    # y = Y <: Number ? sort(y) : y
-    wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
+    wrap_surfaces(d)
    SliceIt, x, y, Surface(zf, x, y)  # TODO: replace with SurfaceFunction when supported
 end

@@ -462,45 +422,13 @@ end
 # # surface-like... matrix grid

@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, z::AMat)
-    if !like_surface(get(plotattributes, :seriestype, :none))
-        plotattributes[:seriestype] = :contour
+    if !like_surface(get(d, :seriestype, :none))
+        d[:seriestype] = :contour
    end
-    wrap_surfaces(plotattributes)
+    wrap_surfaces(d)
    SliceIt, x, y, Surface(z)
 end

-# # images - grays
-
-@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Gray
-    if is_seriestype_supported(:image)
-        seriestype := :image
-        yflip --> true
-        SliceIt, x, y, Surface(mat)
-    else
-        seriestype := :heatmap
-        yflip --> true
-        cbar --> false
-        fillcolor --> ColorGradient([:black, :white])
-        SliceIt, x, y, Surface(convert(Matrix{Float64}, mat))
-    end
-end
-
-# # images - colors
-
-@recipe function f(x::AVec, y::AVec, mat::AMat{T}) where T<:Colorant
-    if is_seriestype_supported(:image)
-        seriestype := :image
-        yflip --> true
-        SliceIt, x, y, Surface(mat)
-    else
-        seriestype := :heatmap
-        yflip --> true
-        cbar --> false
-        z, plotattributes[:fillcolor] = replace_image_with_heatmap(mat)
-        SliceIt, x, y, Surface(z)
-    end
-end
-
 #
 #
 # # --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -513,19 +441,19 @@ end
    xs = adapted_grid(f, (xmin, xmax))
    xs, f
 end
-@recipe function f(fs::AbstractArray{F}, xmin::Number, xmax::Number) where F<:Function
+@recipe function f{F<:Function}(fs::AbstractArray{F}, xmin::Number, xmax::Number)
    xs = Any[adapted_grid(f, (xmin, xmax)) for f in fs]
    xs, fs
 end
-@recipe f(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, u::AVec) where {F<:Function,G<:Function}  = mapFuncOrFuncs(fx, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fy, u)
-@recipe f(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, umin::Number, umax::Number, n = 200) where {F<:Function,G<:Function} = fx, fy, linspace(umin, umax, n)
+@recipe f{F<:Function,G<:Function}(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, u::AVec)  = mapFuncOrFuncs(fx, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fy, u)
+@recipe f{F<:Function,G<:Function}(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, umin::Number, umax::Number, n = 200) = fx, fy, linspace(umin, umax, n)

 #
 # # special handling... 3D parametric function(s)
-@recipe function f(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, fz::FuncOrFuncs{H}, u::AVec) where {F<:Function,G<:Function,H<:Function}
+@recipe function f{F<:Function,G<:Function,H<:Function}(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, fz::FuncOrFuncs{H}, u::AVec)
    mapFuncOrFuncs(fx, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fy, u), mapFuncOrFuncs(fz, u)
 end
-@recipe function f(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, fz::FuncOrFuncs{H}, umin::Number, umax::Number, numPoints = 200) where {F<:Function,G<:Function,H<:Function}
+@recipe function f{F<:Function,G<:Function,H<:Function}(fx::FuncOrFuncs{F}, fy::FuncOrFuncs{G}, fz::FuncOrFuncs{H}, umin::Number, umax::Number, numPoints = 200)
    fx, fy, fz, linspace(umin, umax, numPoints)
 end

@@ -540,28 +468,28 @@ end

 #
 # # (x,y) tuples
-@recipe f(xy::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number} = unzip(xy)
-@recipe f(xy::Tuple{R1,R2}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number}       = [xy[1]], [xy[2]]
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number}(xy::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2}}) = unzip(xy)
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number}(xy::Tuple{R1,R2})       = [xy[1]], [xy[2]]

 #
 # # (x,y,z) tuples
-@recipe f(xyz::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number} = unzip(xyz)
-@recipe f(xyz::Tuple{R1,R2,R3}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number}       = [xyz[1]], [xyz[2]], [xyz[3]]
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number}(xyz::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3}}) = unzip(xyz)
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number}(xyz::Tuple{R1,R2,R3})       = [xyz[1]], [xyz[2]], [xyz[3]]

 # these might be points+velocity, or OHLC or something else
-@recipe f(xyuv::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number} = get(plotattributes,:seriestype,:path)==:ohlc ? OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in xyuv] : unzip(xyuv)
-@recipe f(xyuv::Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}) where {R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}       = [xyuv[1]], [xyuv[2]], [xyuv[3]], [xyuv[4]]
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}(xyuv::AVec{Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4}}) = get(d,:seriestype,:path)==:ohlc ? OHLC[OHLC(t...) for t in xyuv] : unzip(xyuv)
+@recipe f{R1<:Number,R2<:Number,R3<:Number,R4<:Number}(xyuv::Tuple{R1,R2,R3,R4})       = [xyuv[1]], [xyuv[2]], [xyuv[3]], [xyuv[4]]


 #
 # # 2D FixedSizeArrays
-@recipe f(xy::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T}}) where {T<:Number} = unzip(xy)
-@recipe f(xy::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T}) where {T<:Number}       = [xy[1]], [xy[2]]
+@recipe f{T<:Number}(xy::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T}}) = unzip(xy)
+@recipe f{T<:Number}(xy::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T})       = [xy[1]], [xy[2]]

 #
 # # 3D FixedSizeArrays
-@recipe f(xyz::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T}}) where {T<:Number} = unzip(xyz)
-@recipe f(xyz::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T}) where {T<:Number}       = [xyz[1]], [xyz[2]], [xyz[3]]
+@recipe f{T<:Number}(xyz::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T}}) = unzip(xyz)
+@recipe f{T<:Number}(xyz::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T})       = [xyz[1]], [xyz[2]], [xyz[3]]

 #
 # # --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -584,66 +512,23 @@ end
 splittable_kw(key, val, lengthGroup) = false
 splittable_kw(key, val::AbstractArray, lengthGroup) = (key != :group) && size(val,1) == lengthGroup
 splittable_kw(key, val::Tuple, lengthGroup) = all(splittable_kw.(key, val, lengthGroup))
-splittable_kw(key, val::SeriesAnnotations, lengthGroup) = splittable_kw(key, val.strs, lengthGroup)

 split_kw(key, val::AbstractArray, indices) = val[indices, fill(Colon(), ndims(val)-1)...]
 split_kw(key, val::Tuple, indices) = Tuple(split_kw(key, v, indices) for v in val)
-function split_kw(key, val::SeriesAnnotations, indices)
-    split_strs = split_kw(key, val.strs, indices)
-    return SeriesAnnotations(split_strs, val.font, val.baseshape, val.scalefactor)
-end
-
-function groupedvec2mat(x_ind, x, y::AbstractArray, groupby, def_val = y[1])
-    y_mat = Array{promote_type(eltype(y), typeof(def_val))}(length(keys(x_ind)), length(groupby.groupLabels))
-    fill!(y_mat, def_val)
-    for i in 1:length(groupby.groupLabels)
-        xi = x[groupby.groupIds[i]]
-        yi = y[groupby.groupIds[i]]
-        y_mat[getindex.(x_ind, xi), i] = yi
-    end
-    return y_mat
-end
-
-groupedvec2mat(x_ind, x, y::Tuple, groupby) = Tuple(groupedvec2mat(x_ind, x, v, groupby) for v in y)
-
-group_as_matrix(t) = false

 # split the group into 1 series per group, and set the label and idxfilter for each
@recipe function f(groupby::GroupBy, args...)
    lengthGroup = maximum(union(groupby.groupIds...))
-    if !(group_as_matrix(args[1]))
-        for (i,glab) in enumerate(groupby.groupLabels)
-            @series begin
-                label     --> string(glab)
-                idxfilter --> groupby.groupIds[i]
-                for (key,val) in plotattributes
-                    if splittable_kw(key, val, lengthGroup)
-                        :($key) := split_kw(key, val, groupby.groupIds[i])
-                    end
+    for (i,glab) in enumerate(groupby.groupLabels)
+        @series begin
+            label     --> string(glab)
+            idxfilter --> groupby.groupIds[i]
+            for (key,val) in d
+                if splittable_kw(key, val, lengthGroup)
+                    :($key) := split_kw(key, val, groupby.groupIds[i])
                end
-                args
            end
+            args
        end
-    else
-        g = args[1]
-        if length(g.args) == 1
-            x = zeros(Int, lengthGroup)
-            for indexes in groupby.groupIds
-                x[indexes] = 1:length(indexes)
-            end
-            last_args = g.args
-        else
-            x = g.args[1]
-            last_args = g.args[2:end]
-        end
-        x_u = unique(x)
-        x_ind = Dict(zip(x_u, 1:length(x_u)))
-        for (key,val) in plotattributes
-            if splittable_kw(key, val, lengthGroup)
-                :($key) := groupedvec2mat(x_ind, x, val, groupby)
-            end
-        end
-        label --> reshape(groupby.groupLabels, 1, :)
-        typeof(g)((x_u, (groupedvec2mat(x_ind, x, arg, groupby, NaN) for arg in last_args)...))
    end
 end
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@


-function Subplot(::T; parent = RootLayout()) where T<:AbstractBackend
+function Subplot{T<:AbstractBackend}(::T; parent = RootLayout())
    Subplot{T}(
        parent,
        Series[],
@@ -4,165 +4,43 @@
 Specify the colour theme for plots.
 """
 function theme(s::Symbol; kw...)
-    defaults = _get_defaults(s)
-    _theme(s, defaults; kw...)
-end
-
-function _get_defaults(s::Symbol)
-    thm = PlotThemes._themes[s]
-    if :defaults in fieldnames(thm)
-        return thm.defaults
-    else # old PlotTheme type
-        defaults = KW(
-            :bg       => thm.bg_secondary,
-            :bginside => thm.bg_primary,
-            :fg       => thm.lines,
-            :fgtext   => thm.text,
-            :fgguide  => thm.text,
-            :fglegend => thm.text,
-            :palette  => thm.palette,
-        )
-        if thm.gradient != nothing
-            push!(defaults, :gradient => thm.gradient)
-        end
-        return defaults
-    end
-end
-
-function _theme(s::Symbol, defaults::KW; kw...)
-    # Reset to defaults to overwrite active theme
-    reset_defaults()
-
-    # Set the theme's gradient as default
-    if haskey(defaults, :gradient)
-        PlotUtils.clibrary(:misc)
-        PlotUtils.default_cgrad(default = :sequential, sequential = PlotThemes.gradient_name(s))
-    else
+    # reset?
+    if s == :none || s == :default
        PlotUtils.clibrary(:Plots)
        PlotUtils.default_cgrad(default = :sequential, sequential = :inferno)
+        default(;
+            bg        = :white,
+            bglegend  = :match,
+            bginside  = :match,
+            bgoutside = :match,
+            fg        = :auto,
+            fglegend  = :match,
+            fggrid    = :match,
+            fgaxis    = :match,
+            fgtext    = :match,
+            fgborder  = :match,
+            fgguide   = :match,
+            palette   = :auto
+        )
+        return
    end

-    # maybe overwrite the theme's gradient
-    kw = KW(kw)
-    if haskey(kw, :gradient)
-        kwgrad = pop!(kw, :gradient)
-        for clib in clibraries()
-            if kwgrad in cgradients(clib)
-                PlotUtils.clibrary(clib)
-                PlotUtils.default_cgrad(default = :sequential, sequential = kwgrad)
-                break
-            end
-        end
+    # update the default gradient and other defaults
+    thm = PlotThemes._themes[s]
+    if thm.gradient != nothing
+        PlotUtils.clibrary(:misc)
+        PlotUtils.default_cgrad(default = :sequential, sequential = PlotThemes.gradient_name(s))
    end
-
-    # Set the theme's defaults
-    default(; defaults..., kw...)
-    return
+    default(;
+        bg       = thm.bg_secondary,
+        bginside = thm.bg_primary,
+        fg       = thm.lines,
+        fgtext   = thm.text,
+        fgguide  = thm.text,
+        fglegend = thm.text,
+        palette  = thm.palette,
+        kw...
+    )
 end

@deprecate set_theme(s) theme(s)
-
-@userplot ShowTheme
-
-_color_functions = KW(
-    :protanopic => protanopic,
-    :deuteranopic => deuteranopic,
-    :tritanopic => tritanopic,
-)
-_get_showtheme_args(thm::Symbol) = thm, identity
-_get_showtheme_args(thm::Symbol, func::Symbol) = thm, get(_color_functions, func, identity)
-
-@recipe function showtheme(st::ShowTheme)
-    thm, cfunc = _get_showtheme_args(st.args...)
-    defaults = _get_defaults(thm)
-
-    # get the gradient
-    gradient_colors = get(defaults, :gradient, cgrad(:inferno).colors)
-    gradient = cgrad(cfunc.(RGB.(gradient_colors)))
-
-    # get the palette
-    palette = get(defaults, :palette, get_color_palette(:auto, plot_color(:white), 17))
-    palette = cfunc.(RGB.(palette))
-
-    # apply the theme
-    for k in keys(defaults)
-        k in (:gradient, :palette) && continue
-        def = defaults[k]
-        arg = get(_keyAliases, k, k)
-        plotattributes[arg] = if typeof(def) <: Colorant
-            cfunc(RGB(def))
-        elseif eltype(def) <: Colorant
-            cfunc.(RGB.(def))
-        elseif occursin("color", string(arg))
-            cfunc.(RGB.(plot_color.(def)))
-        else
-            def
-        end
-    end
-
-    srand(1)
-
-    label := ""
-    colorbar := false
-    layout := (2, 3)
-
-    for j in 1:4
-        @series begin
-            subplot := 1
-            palette := palette
-            seriestype := :path
-            cumsum(randn(50))
-        end
-
-        @series begin
-            subplot := 2
-            seriestype := :scatter
-            palette := palette
-            marker := (:circle, :diamond, :star5, :square)[j]
-            randn(10), randn(10)
-        end
-    end
-
-    @series begin
-        subplot := 3
-        seriestype := :histogram
-        palette := palette
-        randn(1000) .+ (0:2:4)'
-    end
-
-    f(r) = sin(r) / r
-    _norm(x, y) = norm([x, y])
-    x = y = linspace(-3π, 3π, 30)
-    z = f.(_norm.(x, y'))
-    wi = 2:3:30
-
-    @series begin
-        subplot := 4
-        seriestype := :heatmap
-        seriescolor := gradient
-        ticks := -5:5:5
-        x, y, z
-    end
-
-    @series begin
-        subplot := 5
-        seriestype := :surface
-        seriescolor := gradient
-        x, y, z
-    end
-
-    n = 100
-    ts = linspace(0, 10π, n)
-    x = ts .* cos.(ts)
-    y = (0.1ts) .* sin.(ts)
-    z = 1:n
-
-    @series begin
-        subplot := 6
-        seriescolor := gradient
-        linewidth := 3
-        line_z := z
-        x, y, z
-    end
-
-end
@@ -6,20 +6,20 @@ const AVec = AbstractVector
 const AMat = AbstractMatrix
 const KW = Dict{Symbol,Any}

-struct PlotsDisplay <: AbstractDisplay end
+immutable PlotsDisplay <: Display end

 # -----------------------------------------------------------

-struct InputWrapper{T}
+immutable InputWrapper{T}
    obj::T
 end
-wrap(obj::T) where {T} = InputWrapper{T}(obj)
+wrap{T}(obj::T) = InputWrapper{T}(obj)
 Base.isempty(wrapper::InputWrapper) = false


 # -----------------------------------------------------------

-mutable struct Series
+type Series
    d::KW
 end

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ attr!(series::Series, v, k::Symbol) = (series.d[k] = v)
 # -----------------------------------------------------------

 # a single subplot
-mutable struct Subplot{T<:AbstractBackend} <: AbstractLayout
+type Subplot{T<:AbstractBackend} <: AbstractLayout
    parent::AbstractLayout
    series_list::Vector{Series}  # arguments for each series
    minpad::Tuple # leftpad, toppad, rightpad, bottompad
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ Base.show(io::IO, sp::Subplot) = print(io, "Subplot{$(sp[:subplot_index])}")
 # -----------------------------------------------------------

 # simple wrapper around a KW so we can hold all attributes pertaining to the axis in one place
-mutable struct Axis
+type Axis
    sps::Vector{Subplot}
    d::KW
 end

-mutable struct Extrema
+type Extrema
    emin::Float64
    emax::Float64
 end
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ const SubplotMap = Dict{Any, Subplot}
 # -----------------------------------------------------------


-mutable struct Plot{T<:AbstractBackend} <: AbstractPlot{T}
+type Plot{T<:AbstractBackend} <: AbstractPlot{T}
    backend::T                   # the backend type
    n::Int                       # number of series
    attr::KW                     # arguments for the whole plot
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ calcMidpoints(edges::AbstractVector) = Float64[0.5 * (edges[i] + edges[i+1]) for
 "Make histogram-like bins of data"
 function binData(data, nbins)
  lo, hi = ignorenan_extrema(data)
-  edges = collect(range(lo, stop=hi, length=nbins+1))
+  edges = collect(linspace(lo, hi, nbins+1))
  midpoints = calcMidpoints(edges)
  buckets = Int[max(2, min(searchsortedfirst(edges, x), length(edges)))-1 for x in data]
  counts = zeros(Int, length(midpoints))
@@ -114,12 +114,12 @@ function regressionXY(x, y)
  regx, regy
 end

-function replace_image_with_heatmap(z::Array{T}) where T<:Colorant
+function replace_image_with_heatmap{T<:Colorant}(z::Array{T})
    @show T, size(z)
    n, m = size(z)
    # idx = 0
    colors = ColorGradient(vec(z))
-    newz = reshape(range(0, stop=1, length=n*m), n, m)
+    newz = reshape(linspace(0, 1, n*m), n, m)
    newz, colors
    # newz = zeros(n, m)
    # for i=1:n, j=1:m
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@ end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------

 "Build line segments for plotting"
-mutable struct Segments{T}
+type Segments{T}
    pts::Vector{T}
 end

 # Segments() = Segments{Float64}(zeros(0))

 Segments() = Segments(Float64)
-Segments(::Type{T}) where {T} = Segments(T[])
+Segments{T}(::Type{T}) = Segments(T[])
 Segments(p::Int) = Segments(NTuple{2,Float64}[])


@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ to_nan(::Type{NTuple{2,Float64}}) = (NaN, NaN)
 coords(segs::Segments{Float64}) = segs.pts
 coords(segs::Segments{NTuple{2,Float64}}) = Float64[p[1] for p in segs.pts], Float64[p[2] for p in segs.pts]

-function Base.push!(segments::Segments{T}, vs...) where T
+function Base.push!{T}(segments::Segments{T}, vs...)
    if !isempty(segments.pts)
        push!(segments.pts, to_nan(T))
    end
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ function Base.push!(segments::Segments{T}, vs...) where T
    segments
 end

-function Base.push!(segments::Segments{T}, vs::AVec) where T
+function Base.push!{T}(segments::Segments{T}, vs::AVec)
    if !isempty(segments.pts)
        push!(segments.pts, to_nan(T))
    end
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ end
 # -----------------------------------------------------
 # helper to manage NaN-separated segments

-mutable struct SegmentsIterator
+type SegmentsIterator
    args::Tuple
    n::Int
 end
@@ -192,32 +192,14 @@ function iter_segments(args...)
    SegmentsIterator(tup, n)
 end

-function iter_segments(series::Series)
-    x, y, z = series[:x], series[:y], series[:z]
-    if has_attribute_segments(series)
-        if series[:seriestype] in (:scatter, :scatter3d)
-            return [[i] for i in 1:length(y)]
-        else
-            return [i:(i + 1) for i in 1:(length(y) - 1)]
-        end
-    else
-        segs = UnitRange{Int}[]
-        args = is3d(series) ? (x, y, z) : (x, y)
-        for seg in iter_segments(args...)
-            push!(segs, seg)
-        end
-        return segs
-    end
-end
-
 # helpers to figure out if there are NaN values in a list of array types
-anynan(i::Int, args::Tuple) = any(a -> try isnan(_cycle(a,i)) catch MethodError false end, args)
+anynan(i::Int, args::Tuple) = any(a -> !isfinite(_cycle(a,i)), args)
 anynan(istart::Int, iend::Int, args::Tuple) = any(i -> anynan(i, args), istart:iend)
 allnan(istart::Int, iend::Int, args::Tuple) = all(i -> anynan(i, args), istart:iend)

 function Base.start(itr::SegmentsIterator)
    nextidx = 1
-    if !any(isempty,itr.args) && anynan(1, itr.args)
+    if anynan(1, itr.args)
        _, nextidx = next(itr, 1)
    end
    nextidx
@@ -250,8 +232,8 @@ end
 # Find minimal type that can contain NaN and x
 # To allow use of NaN separated segments with categorical x axis

-float_extended_type(x::AbstractArray{T}) where {T} = Union{T,Float64}
-float_extended_type(x::AbstractArray{T}) where {T<:Real} = Float64
+float_extended_type{T}(x::AbstractArray{T}) = Union{T,Float64}
+float_extended_type{T<:Real}(x::AbstractArray{T}) = Float64

 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -259,7 +241,7 @@ float_extended_type(x::AbstractArray{T}) where {T<:Real} = Float64
 nop() = nothing
 notimpl() = error("This has not been implemented yet")

-isnothing(x::Nothing) = true
+isnothing(x::Void) = true
 isnothing(x) = false

 _cycle(wrapper::InputWrapper, idx::Int) = wrapper.obj
@@ -277,27 +259,27 @@ _cycle(grad::ColorGradient, idx::Int) = _cycle(grad.colors, idx)
 _cycle(grad::ColorGradient, indices::AVec{Int}) = _cycle(grad.colors, indices)

 makevec(v::AVec) = v
-makevec(v::T) where {T} = T[v]
+makevec{T}(v::T) = T[v]

 "duplicate a single value, or pass the 2-tuple through"
 maketuple(x::Real)                     = (x,x)
-maketuple(x::Tuple{T,S}) where {T,S} = x
+maketuple{T,S}(x::Tuple{T,S}) = x

 mapFuncOrFuncs(f::Function, u::AVec)        = map(f, u)
-mapFuncOrFuncs(fs::AVec{F}, u::AVec) where {F<:Function} = [map(f, u) for f in fs]
+mapFuncOrFuncs{F<:Function}(fs::AVec{F}, u::AVec) = [map(f, u) for f in fs]

-unzip(xy::AVec{Tuple{X,Y}}) where {X,Y}              = [t[1] for t in xy], [t[2] for t in xy]
-unzip(xyz::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,Z}}) where {X,Y,Z}         = [t[1] for t in xyz], [t[2] for t in xyz], [t[3] for t in xyz]
-unzip(xyuv::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,U,V}}) where {X,Y,U,V}    = [t[1] for t in xyuv], [t[2] for t in xyuv], [t[3] for t in xyuv], [t[4] for t in xyuv]
+unzip{X,Y}(xy::AVec{Tuple{X,Y}})              = [t[1] for t in xy], [t[2] for t in xy]
+unzip{X,Y,Z}(xyz::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,Z}})         = [t[1] for t in xyz], [t[2] for t in xyz], [t[3] for t in xyz]
+unzip{X,Y,U,V}(xyuv::AVec{Tuple{X,Y,U,V}})    = [t[1] for t in xyuv], [t[2] for t in xyuv], [t[3] for t in xyuv], [t[4] for t in xyuv]

-unzip(xy::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T}}) where {T}  = T[t[1] for t in xy], T[t[2] for t in xy]
-unzip(xy::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T}) where {T}        = T[xy[1]], T[xy[2]]
+unzip{T}(xy::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T}})  = T[t[1] for t in xy], T[t[2] for t in xy]
+unzip{T}(xy::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{2,T})        = T[xy[1]], T[xy[2]]

-unzip(xyz::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T}}) where {T} = T[t[1] for t in xyz], T[t[2] for t in xyz], T[t[3] for t in xyz]
-unzip(xyz::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T}) where {T}       = T[xyz[1]], T[xyz[2]], T[xyz[3]]
+unzip{T}(xyz::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T}}) = T[t[1] for t in xyz], T[t[2] for t in xyz], T[t[3] for t in xyz]
+unzip{T}(xyz::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{3,T})       = T[xyz[1]], T[xyz[2]], T[xyz[3]]

-unzip(xyuv::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{4,T}}) where {T} = T[t[1] for t in xyuv], T[t[2] for t in xyuv], T[t[3] for t in xyuv], T[t[4] for t in xyuv]
-unzip(xyuv::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{4,T}) where {T}       = T[xyuv[1]], T[xyuv[2]], T[xyuv[3]], T[xyuv[4]]
+unzip{T}(xyuv::AVec{FixedSizeArrays.Vec{4,T}}) = T[t[1] for t in xyuv], T[t[2] for t in xyuv], T[t[3] for t in xyuv], T[t[4] for t in xyuv]
+unzip{T}(xyuv::FixedSizeArrays.Vec{4,T})       = T[xyuv[1]], T[xyuv[2]], T[xyuv[3]], T[xyuv[4]]

 # given 2-element lims and a vector of data x, widen lims to account for the extrema of x
 function _expand_limits(lims, x)
@@ -307,7 +289,6 @@ function _expand_limits(lims, x)
    lims[2] = NaNMath.max(lims[2], e2)
  # catch err
  #   warn(err)
-  catch
  end
  nothing
 end
@@ -344,7 +325,7 @@ function replaceAliases!(d::KW, aliases::Dict{Symbol,Symbol})
  end
 end

-createSegments(z) = collect(repeat(reshape(z,1,:),2,1))[2:end]
+createSegments(z) = collect(repmat(reshape(z,1,:),2,1))[2:end]

 Base.first(c::Colorant) = c
 Base.first(x::Symbol) = x
@@ -356,22 +337,23 @@ sortedkeys(d::Dict) = sort(collect(keys(d)))
 const _scale_base = Dict{Symbol, Real}(
    :log10 => 10,
    :log2 => 2,
-    :ln => ℯ,
+    :ln => e,
 )

-function _heatmap_edges(v::AVec)
-  vmin, vmax = ignorenan_extrema(v)
-  extra_min = (v[2] - v[1]) / 2
-  extra_max = (v[end] - v[end - 1]) / 2
-  vcat(vmin-extra_min, 0.5 * (v[1:end-1] + v[2:end]), vmax+extra_max)
-end
-
 "create an (n+1) list of the outsides of heatmap rectangles"
 function heatmap_edges(v::AVec, scale::Symbol = :identity)
-  f, invf = scalefunc(scale), invscalefunc(scale)
-  map(invf, _heatmap_edges(map(f,v)))
+  vmin, vmax = ignorenan_extrema(v)
+  extra_min = extra_max = 0.5 * (vmax-vmin) / (length(v)-1)
+  if scale in _logScales
+      vmin > 0 || error("The axis values must be positive for a $scale scale")
+      while vmin - extra_min <= 0
+          extra_min /= _scale_base[scale]
+      end
+  end
+  vcat(vmin-extra_min, 0.5 * (v[1:end-1] + v[2:end]), vmax+extra_max)
 end

+
 function calc_r_extrema(x, y)
    xmin, xmax = ignorenan_extrema(x)
    ymin, ymax = ignorenan_extrema(y)
@@ -381,26 +363,15 @@ end

 function convert_to_polar(x, y, r_extrema = calc_r_extrema(x, y))
    rmin, rmax = r_extrema
-    theta, r = filter_radial_data(x, y, r_extrema)
-    r = (r .- rmin) ./ (rmax .- rmin)
-    x = r.*cos.(theta)
-    y = r.*sin.(theta)
-    x, y
-end
-
-# Filters radial data for points within the axis limits
-function filter_radial_data(theta, r, r_extrema::Tuple{Real, Real})
-    n = max(length(theta), length(r))
-    rmin, rmax = r_extrema
-    x, y = zeros(n), zeros(n)
+    phi, r = x, y
+    r = (r - rmin) / (rmax - rmin)
+    n = max(length(phi), length(r))
+    x = zeros(n)
+    y = zeros(n)
    for i in 1:n
-        x[i] = _cycle(theta, i)
-        y[i] = _cycle(r, i)
+        x[i] = _cycle(r,i) * cos.(_cycle(phi,i))
+        y[i] = _cycle(r,i) * sin.(_cycle(phi,i))
    end
-    points = map((a, b) -> (a, b), x, y)
-    filter!(a -> a[2] >= rmin && a[2] <= rmax, points)
-    x = map(a -> a[1], points)
-    y = map(a -> a[2], points)
    x, y
 end

@@ -417,7 +388,7 @@ isatom() = isdefined(Main, :Atom) && Main.Atom.isconnected()

 function is_installed(pkgstr::AbstractString)
    try
-        Pkg.installed(pkgstr) === nothing ? false : true
+        Pkg.installed(pkgstr) === nothing ? false: true
    catch
        false
    end
@@ -439,20 +410,20 @@ isvertical(d::KW) = get(d, :orientation, :vertical) in (:vertical, :v, :vert)
 isvertical(series::Series) = isvertical(series.d)


-ticksType(ticks::AVec{T}) where {T<:Real}                      = :ticks
-ticksType(ticks::AVec{T}) where {T<:AbstractString}            = :labels
-ticksType(ticks::Tuple{T,S}) where {T<:AVec,S<:AVec}  = :ticks_and_labels
+ticksType{T<:Real}(ticks::AVec{T})                      = :ticks
+ticksType{T<:AbstractString}(ticks::AVec{T})            = :labels
+ticksType{T<:AVec,S<:AVec}(ticks::Tuple{T,S})  = :ticks_and_labels
 ticksType(ticks)                                        = :invalid

-limsType(lims::Tuple{T,S}) where {T<:Real,S<:Real}    = :limits
+limsType{T<:Real,S<:Real}(lims::Tuple{T,S})    = :limits
 limsType(lims::Symbol)                                  = lims == :auto ? :auto : :invalid
 limsType(lims)                                          = :invalid

 # axis_Symbol(letter, postfix) = Symbol(letter * postfix)
 # axis_symbols(letter, postfix...) = map(s -> axis_Symbol(letter, s), postfix)

-Base.convert(::Type{Vector{T}}, rng::AbstractRange{T}) where {T<:Real}         = T[x for x in rng]
-Base.convert(::Type{Vector{T}}, rng::AbstractRange{S}) where {T<:Real,S<:Real} = T[x for x in rng]
+Base.convert{T<:Real}(::Type{Vector{T}}, rng::Range{T})         = T[x for x in rng]
+Base.convert{T<:Real,S<:Real}(::Type{Vector{T}}, rng::Range{S}) = T[x for x in rng]

 Base.merge(a::AbstractVector, b::AbstractVector) = sort(unique(vcat(a,b)))

@@ -568,136 +539,6 @@ xlims(sp_idx::Int = 1) = xlims(current(), sp_idx)
 ylims(sp_idx::Int = 1) = ylims(current(), sp_idx)
 zlims(sp_idx::Int = 1) = zlims(current(), sp_idx)

-
-function get_clims(sp::Subplot)
-    zmin, zmax = Inf, -Inf
-    z_colored_series = (:contour, :contour3d, :heatmap, :histogram2d, :surface)
-    for series in series_list(sp)
-        for vals in (series[:seriestype] in z_colored_series ? series[:z] : nothing, series[:line_z], series[:marker_z], series[:fill_z])
-            if (typeof(vals) <: AbstractSurface) && (eltype(vals.surf) <: Real)
-                zmin, zmax = _update_clims(zmin, zmax, ignorenan_extrema(vals.surf)...)
-            elseif (vals != nothing) && (eltype(vals) <: Real)
-                zmin, zmax = _update_clims(zmin, zmax, ignorenan_extrema(vals)...)
-            end
-        end
-    end
-    clims = sp[:clims]
-    if is_2tuple(clims)
-        isfinite(clims[1]) && (zmin = clims[1])
-        isfinite(clims[2]) && (zmax = clims[2])
-    end
-    return zmin < zmax ? (zmin, zmax) : (-0.1, 0.1)
-end
-
-_update_clims(zmin, zmax, emin, emax) = min(zmin, emin), max(zmax, emax)
-
-function hascolorbar(series::Series)
-    st = series[:seriestype]
-    hascbar = st == :heatmap
-    if st == :contour
-        hascbar = (isscalar(series[:levels]) ? (series[:levels] > 1) : (length(series[:levels]) > 1)) && (length(unique(Array(series[:z]))) > 1)
-    end
-    if series[:marker_z] != nothing || series[:line_z] != nothing || series[:fill_z] != nothing
-        hascbar = true
-    end
-    # no colorbar if we are creating a surface LightSource
-    if xor(st == :surface, series[:fill_z] != nothing)
-        hascbar = true
-    end
-    return hascbar
-end
-
-function hascolorbar(sp::Subplot)
-    cbar = sp[:colorbar]
-    hascbar = false
-    if cbar != :none
-        for series in series_list(sp)
-            if hascolorbar(series)
-                hascbar = true
-            end
-        end
-    end
-    hascbar
-end
-
-function get_linecolor(series, i::Int = 1)
-    lc = series[:linecolor]
-    lz = series[:line_z]
-    if lz == nothing
-        isa(lc, ColorGradient) ? lc : plot_color(_cycle(lc, i))
-    else
-        cmin, cmax = get_clims(series[:subplot])
-        grad = isa(lc, ColorGradient) ? lc : cgrad()
-        grad[clamp((_cycle(lz, i) - cmin) / (cmax - cmin), 0, 1)]
-    end
-end
-
-function get_linealpha(series, i::Int = 1)
-    _cycle(series[:linealpha], i)
-end
-
-function get_linewidth(series, i::Int = 1)
-    _cycle(series[:linewidth], i)
-end
-
-function get_linestyle(series, i::Int = 1)
-    _cycle(series[:linestyle], i)
-end
-
-function get_fillcolor(series, i::Int = 1)
-    fc = series[:fillcolor]
-    fz = series[:fill_z]
-    if fz == nothing
-        isa(fc, ColorGradient) ? fc : plot_color(_cycle(fc, i))
-    else
-        cmin, cmax = get_clims(series[:subplot])
-        grad = isa(fc, ColorGradient) ? fc : cgrad()
-        grad[clamp((_cycle(fz, i) - cmin) / (cmax - cmin), 0, 1)]
-    end
-end
-
-function get_fillalpha(series, i::Int = 1)
-    _cycle(series[:fillalpha], i)
-end
-
-function get_markercolor(series, i::Int = 1)
-    mc = series[:markercolor]
-    mz = series[:marker_z]
-    if mz == nothing
-        isa(mc, ColorGradient) ? mc : plot_color(_cycle(mc, i))
-    else
-        cmin, cmax = get_clims(series[:subplot])
-        grad = isa(mc, ColorGradient) ? mc : cgrad()
-        grad[clamp((_cycle(mz, i) - cmin) / (cmax - cmin), 0, 1)]
-    end
-end
-
-function get_markeralpha(series, i::Int = 1)
-    _cycle(series[:markeralpha], i)
-end
-
-function get_markerstrokecolor(series, i::Int = 1)
-    msc = series[:markerstrokecolor]
-    isa(msc, ColorGradient) ? msc : _cycle(msc, i)
-end
-
-function get_markerstrokealpha(series, i::Int = 1)
-    _cycle(series[:markerstrokealpha], i)
-end
-
-function has_attribute_segments(series::Series)
-    # we want to check if a series needs to be split into segments just because
-    # of its attributes
-    for letter in (:x, :y, :z)
-        # If we have NaNs in the data they define the segments and
-        # SegmentsIterator is used
-        series[letter] != nothing && NaN in collect(series[letter]) && return false
-    end
-    series[:seriestype] == :shape && return false
-    # ... else we check relevant attributes if they have multiple inputs
-    return any((typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractVector && length(series[attr]) > 1) for attr in [:seriescolor, :seriesalpha, :linecolor, :linealpha, :linewidth, :fillcolor, :fillalpha, :markercolor, :markeralpha, :markerstrokecolor, :markerstrokealpha]) || any(typeof(series[attr]) <: AbstractArray{<:Real} for attr in (:line_z, :fill_z, :marker_z))
-end
-
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------

 makekw(; kw...) = KW(kw)
@@ -809,7 +650,7 @@ end
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------

-mutable struct DebugMode
+type DebugMode
  on::Bool
 end
 const _debugMode = DebugMode(false)
@@ -847,17 +688,17 @@ end

 extendSeriesByOne(v::UnitRange{Int}, n::Int = 1) = isempty(v) ? (1:n) : (minimum(v):maximum(v)+n)
 extendSeriesByOne(v::AVec, n::Integer = 1)       = isempty(v) ? (1:n) : vcat(v, (1:n) + ignorenan_maximum(v))
-extendSeriesData(v::AbstractRange{T}, z::Real) where {T}        = extendSeriesData(float(collect(v)), z)
-extendSeriesData(v::AbstractRange{T}, z::AVec) where {T}        = extendSeriesData(float(collect(v)), z)
-extendSeriesData(v::AVec{T}, z::Real) where {T}         = (push!(v, convert(T, z)); v)
-extendSeriesData(v::AVec{T}, z::AVec) where {T}         = (append!(v, convert(Vector{T}, z)); v)
+extendSeriesData{T}(v::Range{T}, z::Real)        = extendSeriesData(float(collect(v)), z)
+extendSeriesData{T}(v::Range{T}, z::AVec)        = extendSeriesData(float(collect(v)), z)
+extendSeriesData{T}(v::AVec{T}, z::Real)         = (push!(v, convert(T, z)); v)
+extendSeriesData{T}(v::AVec{T}, z::AVec)         = (append!(v, convert(Vector{T}, z)); v)


 # -------------------------------------------------------
 # NOTE: backends should implement the following methods to get/set the x/y/z data objects

 tovec(v::AbstractVector) = v
-tovec(v::Nothing) = zeros(0)
+tovec(v::Void) = zeros(0)

 function getxy(plt::Plot, i::Integer)
    d = plt.series_list[i].d
@@ -868,14 +709,14 @@ function getxyz(plt::Plot, i::Integer)
    tovec(d[:x]), tovec(d[:y]), tovec(d[:z])
 end

-function setxy!(plt::Plot, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer) where {X,Y}
+function setxy!{X,Y}(plt::Plot, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer)
    series = plt.series_list[i]
    series.d[:x], series.d[:y] = xy
    sp = series.d[:subplot]
    reset_extrema!(sp)
    _series_updated(plt, series)
 end
-function setxyz!(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}, i::Integer) where {X,Y,Z}
+function setxyz!{X,Y,Z}(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}, i::Integer)
    series = plt.series_list[i]
    series.d[:x], series.d[:y], series.d[:z] = xyz
    sp = series.d[:subplot]
@@ -883,7 +724,7 @@ function setxyz!(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}, i::Integer) where {X,Y,Z}
    _series_updated(plt, series)
 end

-function setxyz!(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}, i::Integer) where {X,Y,Z<:AbstractMatrix}
+function setxyz!{X,Y,Z<:AbstractMatrix}(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}, i::Integer)
    setxyz!(plt, (xyz[1], xyz[2], Surface(xyz[3])), i)
 end

@@ -892,8 +733,8 @@ end
 # indexing notation

 # Base.getindex(plt::Plot, i::Integer) = getxy(plt, i)
-Base.setindex!(plt::Plot, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer) where {X,Y} = (setxy!(plt, xy, i); plt)
-Base.setindex!(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}, i::Integer) where {X,Y,Z} = (setxyz!(plt, xyz, i); plt)
+Base.setindex!{X,Y}(plt::Plot, xy::Tuple{X,Y}, i::Integer) = (setxy!(plt, xy, i); plt)
+Base.setindex!{X,Y,Z}(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}, i::Integer) = (setxyz!(plt, xyz, i); plt)

 # -------------------------------------------------------

@@ -1005,10 +846,10 @@ function Base.append!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, x::AVec, y::AVec, z::AVec)
 end

 # tuples
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, xy::Tuple{X,Y}) where {X,Y}                  = push!(plt, 1, xy...)
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}) where {X,Y,Z}             = push!(plt, 1, xyz...)
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, xy::Tuple{X,Y}) where {X,Y}      = push!(plt, i, xy...)
-Base.push!(plt::Plot, i::Integer, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}) where {X,Y,Z} = push!(plt, i, xyz...)
+Base.push!{X,Y}(plt::Plot, xy::Tuple{X,Y})                  = push!(plt, 1, xy...)
+Base.push!{X,Y,Z}(plt::Plot, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z})             = push!(plt, 1, xyz...)
+Base.push!{X,Y}(plt::Plot, i::Integer, xy::Tuple{X,Y})      = push!(plt, i, xy...)
+Base.push!{X,Y,Z}(plt::Plot, i::Integer, xyz::Tuple{X,Y,Z}) = push!(plt, i, xyz...)

 # -------------------------------------------------------
 # push/append for all series
@@ -1078,146 +919,3 @@ xmax(plt::Plot) = ignorenan_maximum([ignorenan_maximum(series.d[:x]) for series

 "Extrema of x-values in plot"
 ignorenan_extrema(plt::Plot) = (xmin(plt), xmax(plt))
-
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------
-# get fonts from objects:
-
-titlefont(sp::Subplot) = font(
-    sp[:titlefontfamily],
-    sp[:titlefontsize],
-    sp[:titlefontvalign],
-    sp[:titlefonthalign],
-    sp[:titlefontrotation],
-    sp[:titlefontcolor],
-)
-
-legendfont(sp::Subplot) = font(
-    sp[:legendfontfamily],
-    sp[:legendfontsize],
-    sp[:legendfontvalign],
-    sp[:legendfonthalign],
-    sp[:legendfontrotation],
-    sp[:legendfontcolor],
-)
-
-tickfont(ax::Axis) = font(
-    ax[:tickfontfamily],
-    ax[:tickfontsize],
-    ax[:tickfontvalign],
-    ax[:tickfonthalign],
-    ax[:tickfontrotation],
-    ax[:tickfontcolor],
-)
-
-guidefont(ax::Axis) = font(
-    ax[:guidefontfamily],
-    ax[:guidefontsize],
-    ax[:guidefontvalign],
-    ax[:guidefonthalign],
-    ax[:guidefontrotation],
-    ax[:guidefontcolor],
-)
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------
-# converts unicode scientific notation unsupported by pgfplots and gr
-# into a format that works
-
-function convert_sci_unicode(label::AbstractString)
-    unicode_dict = Dict(
-    '⁰' => "0",
-    '¹' => "1",
-    '²' => "2",
-    '³' => "3",
-    '⁴' => "4",
-    '⁵' => "5",
-    '⁶' => "6",
-    '⁷' => "7",
-    '⁸' => "8",
-    '⁹' => "9",
-    '⁻' => "-",
-    "×10" => "×10^{",
-    )
-    for key in keys(unicode_dict)
-        label = replace(label, key => unicode_dict[key])
-    end
-    if occursin("10^{", label)
-        label = string(label, "}")
-    end
-    label
-end
-
-function straightline_data(series)
-    sp = series[:subplot]
-    xl, yl = isvertical(series) ? (xlims(sp), ylims(sp)) : (ylims(sp), xlims(sp))
-    x, y = series[:x], series[:y]
-    n = length(x)
-    if n == 2
-        return straightline_data(xl, yl, x, y)
-    else
-        k, r = divrem(n, 3)
-        if r == 0
-            xdata, ydata = fill(NaN, n), fill(NaN, n)
-            for i in 1:k
-                inds = (3 * i - 2):(3 * i - 1)
-                xdata[inds], ydata[inds] = straightline_data(xl, yl, x[inds], y[inds])
-            end
-            return xdata, ydata
-        else
-            error("Misformed data. `straightline_data` either accepts vectors of length 2 or 3k. The provided series has length $n")
-        end
-    end
-end
-
-function straightline_data(xl, yl, x, y)
-    x_vals, y_vals = if y[1] == y[2]
-        if x[1] == x[2]
-            error("Two identical points cannot be used to describe a straight line.")
-        else
-            [xl[1], xl[2]], [y[1], y[2]]
-        end
-    elseif x[1] == x[2]
-        [x[1], x[2]], [yl[1], yl[2]]
-    else
-        # get a and b from the line y = a * x + b through the points given by
-        # the coordinates x and x
-        b = y[1] - (y[1] - y[2]) * x[1] / (x[1] - x[2])
-        a = (y[1] - y[2]) / (x[1] - x[2])
-        # get the data values
-        xdata = [clamp(x[1] + (x[1] - x[2]) * (ylim - y[1]) / (y[1] - y[2]), xl...) for ylim in yl]
-
-        xdata, a .* xdata .+ b
-    end
-    # expand the data outside the axis limits, by a certain factor too improve
-    # plotly(js) and interactive behaviour
-    factor = 100
-    x_vals = x_vals .+ (x_vals[2] - x_vals[1]) .* factor .* [-1, 1]
-    y_vals = y_vals .+ (y_vals[2] - y_vals[1]) .* factor .* [-1, 1]
-    return x_vals, y_vals
-end
-
-function shape_data(series)
-    sp = series[:subplot]
-    xl, yl = isvertical(series) ? (xlims(sp), ylims(sp)) : (ylims(sp), xlims(sp))
-    x, y = series[:x], series[:y]
-    factor = 100
-    for i in eachindex(x)
-        if x[i] == -Inf
-            x[i] = xl[1] - factor * (xl[2] - xl[1])
-        elseif x[i] == Inf
-            x[i] = xl[2] + factor * (xl[2] - xl[1])
-        end
-    end
-    for i in eachindex(y)
-        if y[i] == -Inf
-            y[i] = yl[1] - factor * (yl[2] - yl[1])
-        elseif y[i] == Inf
-            y[i] = yl[2] + factor * (yl[2] - yl[1])
-        end
-    end
-    return x, y
-end
-
-function construct_categorical_data(x::AbstractArray, axis::Axis)
-    map(xi -> axis[:discrete_values][searchsortedfirst(axis[:continuous_values], xi)], x)
-end
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ StatPlots
 Images
 ImageMagick
@osx QuartzImageIO
-GR 0.31.0
+GR
 RDatasets
 VisualRegressionTests
 UnicodePlots
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 using VisualRegressionTests
 # using ExamplePlots

-# import DataFrames, RDatasets
+import DataFrames, RDatasets

 # don't let pyplot use a gui... it'll crash
 # note: Agg will set gui -> :none in PyPlot
-# ENV["MPLBACKEND"] = "Agg"
-# try
-#   @eval import PyPlot
-#   info("Matplotlib version: $(PyPlot.matplotlib[:__version__])")
-# end
+ENV["MPLBACKEND"] = "Agg"
+try
+  @eval import PyPlot
+  info("Matplotlib version: $(PyPlot.matplotlib[:__version__])")
+end


 using Plots
-# using StatPlots
-using Test
+using StatPlots
+using Base.Test

 default(size=(500,300))

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ default(size=(500,300))
 # TODO: use julia's Condition type and the wait() and notify() functions to initialize a Window, then wait() on a condition that
 #       is referenced in a button press callback (the button clicked callback will call notify() on that condition)

-const _current_plots_version = v"0.17.3"
+const _current_plots_version = v"0.12.3"


 function image_comparison_tests(pkg::Symbol, idx::Int; debug = false, popup = isinteractive(), sigma = [1,1], eps = 1e-2)
@@ -8,21 +8,20 @@ default(show=false, reuse=true)
 img_eps = isinteractive() ? 1e-2 : 10e-2

@testset "GR" begin
-    ENV["PLOTS_TEST"] = "true"
    ENV["GKSwstype"] = "100"
    @test gr() == Plots.GRBackend()
    @test backend() == Plots.GRBackend()

-    image_comparison_facts(:gr, eps=img_eps, skip = [25, 30])
+    image_comparison_facts(:gr, eps=img_eps)
 end


-#@testset "PyPlot" begin
-#    @test pyplot() == Plots.PyPlotBackend()
-#    @test backend() == Plots.PyPlotBackend()
-#
-#    image_comparison_facts(:pyplot, eps=img_eps)
-#end
+@testset "PyPlot" begin
+    @test pyplot() == Plots.PyPlotBackend()
+    @test backend() == Plots.PyPlotBackend()
+
+    image_comparison_facts(:pyplot, eps=img_eps)
+end

@testset "UnicodePlots" begin
    @test unicodeplots() == Plots.UnicodePlotsBackend()
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ end
 #     @test plotlyjs() == Plots.PlotlyJSBackend()
 #     @test backend() == Plots.PlotlyJSBackend()
 #
-#     if Sys.islinux() && isinteractive()
+#     if is_linux() && isinteractive()
 #         image_comparison_facts(:plotlyjs,
 #             skip=[
 #                 2,  # animation (skipped for speed)
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ end
 #     @test backend() == Plots.PlotlyBackend()
 #
 #     # # until png generation is reliable on OSX, just test on linux
-#     # @static Sys.islinux() && image_comparison_facts(:plotly, only=[1,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,20,22,23,27], eps=img_eps)
+#     # @static is_linux() && image_comparison_facts(:plotly, only=[1,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,20,22,23,27], eps=img_eps)
 # end


@@ -130,9 +129,6 @@ end
    @test Plots.ignorenan_extrema(axis) == (0.5, 7.5)
 end

-@testset "NoFail" begin
-    histogram([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
-end

 # tests for preprocessing recipes

@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
-using Pkg
-
 Pkg.add("ImageMagick")
 Pkg.build("ImageMagick")

-# Pkg.clone("GR")
-# Pkg.build("GR")
+Pkg.clone("GR")
+Pkg.build("GR")

-Pkg.checkout("https://github.com/JuliaPlots/PlotReferenceImages.jl.git")
+Pkg.clone("https://github.com/JuliaPlots/PlotReferenceImages.jl.git")

 # Pkg.clone("https://github.com/JuliaStats/KernelDensity.jl.git")

-# Pkg.add("StatPlots")
+Pkg.clone("StatPlots")
 Pkg.checkout("PlotUtils")
-Pkg.checkout("RecipesBase")

 # Pkg.clone("Blink")
 # Pkg.build("Blink")
@@ -25,9 +22,9 @@ Pkg.checkout("RecipesBase")
 # Pkg.clone("VisualRegressionTests")

 # need this to use Conda
-# ENV["PYTHON"] = ""
-# Pkg.add("PyPlot")
-# Pkg.build("PyPlot")
+ENV["PYTHON"] = ""
+Pkg.add("PyPlot")
+Pkg.build("PyPlot")

 # Pkg.add("InspectDR")